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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 August 2018

Tamir Moustafa
Tamir Moustafa
Affiliation:
Simon Fraser University, British Columbia

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Chapter
Information
Constituting Religion
Islam, Liberal Rights, and the Malaysian State
 , pp. 178 - 187
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Abdul Aziz Ab Rahim, 148
Abdul Aziz Mohamad, 73, 99
Abdul Ghafar bin Baba, 61–62
Abdul Hadi Awang, 102
Abdul Hamid Mohamad, 45–46, 55–56, 65, 140, 144
Abdul Kadir Sulaiman, 70–71
Abdul Kahar bin Ahmad, 143
Abdul Kahar bin Ahmad v. Kerajaan Negeri Selangor (2008), 143
Abdullah Badawi, 98–99, 101, 104
Abdullah Zaik Abd Rahman, 122
Abdul Rahim Sinwan, 150, 151
ABIM. See Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement (ABIM)
Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid, 25–26
Adenan Satem, 84
Administration of Muslim Law Enactments, 38–39. See also specific State
Adrianus Petrus Hertogh v. Amina Binte Mohamed (1951), 59
Afghanistan, Islamic law in, 1, 162
Agrama, Hussein, 14, 47
Ahmad Fairuz, 74, 106
Ahmad Ibrahim School of Law, 144
Ahmed, Shahab, 16–17, 40
Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim, 59–61, 72–73
Alauddin Mohd Sheriff, 74, 106
Algeria, Islamic law in, 162
Aliens Ordinance (1933), 51
Allah, Liberty and Love (Manji), 145
Allah, use of name, 147–148
Alliance (coalition government), 52–53, 55, 95, 140–141, 157
All Women’s Action Society, 94, 96, 97–98, 151
Amina Binte Mohamed v. HE Consul-General for Netherlands (1950), 59
Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 37
Anglo-Muslim law. See also specific Act
Administration of Muslim Law Enactments, 38–39 (See also specific State)
British colonialism and, 37–38
codification of, 36–39
during independence period, 38–39
liberalism versus, 17
Secular/religious binary and, 23
shariah courts and, 5
state monopoly on, 31–32, 41–47, 135
substantive provisions, 57
use of term, 5
Anwar Ibrahim, 68
Apostasy, 66–67, 74
Arifin Zakaria, 73, 99
Article 3. See “Religion of the Federation” clause
Article 121 (1A)
“Religion of the Federation” clause, relation to, 141–145
shariah courts versus civil courts, 58, 61, 62, 64, 80, 89–90
Article 11 Coalition, 97–98, 102–104, 122
Asad, Talal, 14, 15, 28
Asri Muda, 40
Authoritarianism
Anglo-Muslim law and, 17
legal institutions and, 3–4
Azmi Mohamad Azam, 81–84
Azmi Mohamad Azam v. Director of Jabatan Agama Islam Sarawak (2016), 81–84
Bahrain, Islamic law in, 162
Balan, Nantha, 151–
Balbir bin Abdullah Iwn. Mahadzir bin Mohd Nor (2006), 76
Bangladesh, Islamic law in, 162
Barisan Nasional (BN), 84, 110, 112, 157
Bashi, Vilna, 50
Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, 105, 106
Berita Harian, 9, 27, 93, 102–103, 113, 114
Berjaya Books Sdn Bhd v. Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (2013), 146
Blurred boundaries, 20–21
“Body snatching” cases, 64–68, 99–101, 143
Bon Tai, Edmund, 77, 136–137
Borders Bookstore, 145–146
Boto’ Binto Taha v. Jaafar Bin Muhamed (1985), 58–59, 61
Bright boundaries, 20–21
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 104–105
British colonialism
immigration to Malaysia under, 49–50
Islamic law and, 37–38
race, treatment of, 50–51
British High Commission, 109
Brunei Darussalam, Islamic law in, 162
Buddhism, 7–8
Burials, 64–68
Case law. See also specific case
overview, 11, 63–64
burials, 64–68
child custody, 58–59, 84–89
conversion, 19–20, 68–84 (See also Conversion)
division of marital property, 58–59
name changes, 71–72
as “technical accounts,” 26
Catalyst for judicialization of religion, legal system as, 2–4, 13–14, 20–24, 122–123, 157
Catholic Lawyers Society, 96
Central Bank of Malaysia, 145
Chang Ah Mee, 84–85
Chang Ah Mee v. Islamic Religious Affairs Department (2003), 84–85
Che Omar bin Che Soh v. Public Prosecutor (1988), 138–141
Child Act (2001), 89
Child custody, 58–59, 84–89
China, immigration to Malaysia from, 49–51
Chinese-Malaysians
citizenship of, 53
demographics of, 7–8
immigration of, 49–51
MCA (See Malayan Chinese Association (MCA))
public opinion and, 110
2008 elections and, 110–112
Chinese newspapers, 113
Christianity, 7–8
Chua Jui Meng, 61
Citizenship
of Chinese, 53
equal citizenship versus race-based privileges, 53–54
of Indians, 53
oath of, 54
Codification of Islamic law, 36–39
Colonialism
immigration to Malaysia under, 49–50
Islamic law and, 37–38
race, treatment of, 50–51
Communications Commission, 135–136
Community versus individual rights, 72–73, 92
Comoros, Islamic law in, 162
Comparative background, 10
Concerned Lawyers for Justice, 151
Conference of Rulers, 115
Constitution
overview, 11, 49
Article 3 (See “Religion of the Federation” clause)
Article 8 (equality), 42, 55–56
Article 11 (freedom of religion), 19–20, 56–57, 70, 71–72, 77, 79, 82, 142, 147–148
Article 12 (4) (religion of minors), 84–86, 115
Article 121 (1A) (See Article 121 (1A))
Article 153 (quotas for Malays), 54
Article 160 (2) (definition of Malay), 51, 54
Article 160B (authoritative text), 39, 86
Bahasa Malaysia version, 86, 114
burials and, 64–65
child custody under, 84–86
conversion under, 69, 70–71, 115
equal citizenship versus race-based privileges, 53–54
family law under, 63
freedom of religion under, 19–20, 71–73, 74, 77, 82–83
individual versus community rights, 91–92
Islamic Family Law Act versus, 42
“Islamic state” debate and, 95, 130
media coverage, 97
Ninth Schedule, 57, 82, 95
race, treatment of, 51, 53–54, 74–75
“Religion of the Federation” clause (See “Religion of the Federation” clause)
sermons on, 119–122
shariah courts versus civil courts under, 58, 61, 62, 64, 80, 89–90
special interests of communities, 54
as undermining Islam, 125–126
Constitutional Theocracy (Hirschl), 2
Conversion
Azmi Mohamad Azam v. Director of Jabatan Agama Islam Sarawak (2016), 80
case law, 19–20, 68–84
child custody and, 84–89
under Constitution, 69, 70–71, 115
legal pluralism and, 19–20
Lina Joy v. Islamic Religious Council (2004), 19–20, 71–75
Penang Religious Council v. Siti Fatimah Tan Abdullah (2009), 78–79
Priyathaseny v. Perak Department of Islamic Religious Affairs (2003), 80
race and, 74–75, 81–82
secular/religious binary and, 18–19
in shariah courts, 75–76
Zaina Abidin bin Hamid v. Kerajaan Malaysia (2009), 76–78
Council of Religion and Malay Custom, 38–39
Courts. See Legal system
Cover, Robert, 31
Dakwah, 4–5, 41, 91
Dalam Perkara Permohonan Perisytiharan Status Agama Si Mati Mohammad Adbullah @ Moorthy a/l Maniam, 100
Dalip Kaur v. Pegawi Polis Daerah (1992), 65–68
Das, Cyrus, 150
Data collection, 8–10
Dawson, Benjamin, 71–72, 150
Death penalty, 138
Democratic Action Party (DAP), 61, 100–101, 112, 115
Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM), 41, 46, 117–122
Department of Syriah Judiciary (JKSM), 144
Deviant sects, 132
Dewan Pemuda Masjid Malaysia v. SIS Forum (2011), 135
Dirks, Nicholas B., 16
Dispute transformation, 21, 22
Distorting the Law (Haltom and McCann), 27
Diversity in religion in Malaysia, 7–8
Division of marital property, 58–59
Djibouti, Islamic law in, 162
Drug trafficking, 138
Dupret, Baudouin, 33
Dzulkifli Ahmad, 92
The Economist, 104–105
Edelman, Murray, 28, 91
Egypt
Constitution, 25, 156–157
family law, reform efforts, 133–134
fiqh in, 156
Islamic law in, 1, 2, 162
“Religion of the Federation” clause compared, 156–157
Supreme Constitutional Court, 156
Elections, 2008, 110–112
Expansion of grievances, 22–23
Ezra Zaid, 145, 146
Fahri Azzat, 77, 137, 150–151
Faiza Tamby Chik, 72–73, 86, 141–142, 148–150
Family law. See also specific case
child custody, 58–59, 84–89
under Constitution, 63
division of marital property, 58–59
legal pluralism and, 18–20
reform efforts, 133–134
secular/religious binary and, 16
Fatimah Fong Abdullah, 116
Fatwas (legal opinions)
communication contrary to, 44
in Dalip Kaur case, 67
defined, 31, 34
diversity of, 34
force of law, 31
Islamic Legal Consultative Committee and, 43–44
in popular legal consciousness, 131–132
shari’a versus, 35
Sisters in Islam, against, 135–136
Federal Constitution. See Constitution
Federal Mosque Resolution, 104
Federal Religious Council, 41
Federal Territories
Administration of Islamic Law Act (1993), 43–45, 46, 70–71, 76, 88, 135
Islamic Family Law Act (1984), 41–43, 129
Islamic Religious Affairs Council, 70–72, 100, 141, 151
Islamic Religious Affairs Department (JAWI), 145–147
Shariah Civil Procedure Act (1998), 45
Shariah Criminal Offences Act (1997), 44, 68, 130, 135, 145
Shariah Criminal Procedure Act (1997), 45
Federation of Malaya Agreement (1948), 52, 53–54, 57
Fiqh
in Egypt, 156
Islamic Family Law Act and, 129
shari’a versus, 34–36, 39, 48, 134–135
siyasa versus, 36
state monopoly of religious law and, 32
Fire Arms (Increased Penalties) Act (1971), 138–139
Fitzpatrick, Peter, 23
Focus on Malaysia, 7–8
Fong Mee Hui, 116
Freedom of religion. See also specific case
under Constitution, 19–20, 71–73, 74, 77, 82–83
conversion (See Conversion)
individual versus community rights, 72–73, 92
jurisdiction and, 73–74
name changes and, 71–72
restrictions on, 31
Galanter, Marc, 3, 24–25, 92
Gamson, William A., 22
Gandhi, Indira, 89, 111–112
Germany, Christian Democratic Union, 98
Goidel, Kirby, 30
Gomez, Laura, 50
Government Involvement in Religion Index, 7, 31
Grundnorm (basic norm), 23–24, 138, 145
Guardian, 104–105
Guardianship of Infants Act (1961), 86
Haji Sulaiman Abdullah, 141
HAKAM. See National Human Rights Society (HAKAM)
Hallaq, Wael, 32–33, 35–36
Haltom, William, 27
Hanafi school, 34
Hanbali school, 34
Hanipah Farikullah, 135–136
Harakah, 9, 27, 105–106, 113, 114
Haris Ibrahim, 87, 136
Harmonization, 144–145
Hashim Yeop Sani, 67–68
Herald, 147
Hertogh, Maria, 59
Hinduism, 7–8
Hindu Rights Action Force, 108–110
Hindu Sangam, 96
Hirschl, Ran, 2
Hishamudin Mohd Yunus, 151
Historical background
overview, 11, 31–33
British colonialism, Islamic law under, 37–38
immigration to Malaysia, 49–50
independence period, Islamic law during, 38–39
race, treatment of, 50–51
“Religion of the Federation” clause, 54–57
Hj Raimi bin Abdullah v. Siti Hasnah Vangarama bt Abdullah (2014), 117
Hobsbawm, Eric, 39
Hooker, Michael Barry, 38
Human Rights Watch, 151
Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman, 14
Hussin, Iza, 38
Ibrahim Ali, 111
IDEAS (Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs), 131
Ideological mobilization, legal system as avenue for, 24–26
IIUM. See International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM)
Ijtihad, 34, 35
Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (Isma), 122
Ikhtilaf, 34
IKIM. See Institute of Islamic Understanding (IKIM)
Immigration to Malaysia, 49–51
Independence period, Islamic law during, 38–39
India
immigration to Malaysia from, 49–51
“shared adjudication model” in, 19
Indian-Malaysians
citizenship of, 53
demographics of, 7–8
Hindu Rights Action Front, 108–110
immigration of, 49–51
MIC (See Malayan Indian Congress (MIC))
public opinion and, 112–114
2008 elections and, 110–112
Indira Gandhi v. Pathamanathan a/l Krishnan (aka Muhammad Ridzuan Abdullah) (2016), 26–27, 88–89, 111–114, 126–127
Individual versus community rights, 72–73, 92
Indonesia, immigration to Malaysia from, 50
Informal accommodation, unavailability of, 106–108
Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs (IDEAS), 131
Institute of Islamic Understanding (IKIM), 41, 46–47, 135
Interfaith Commission, 98–99, 103
Internal Security Act, 61
International Commission of Jurists, 151
International Herald Tribune, 104–105
International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM), 41, 43, 144
Iran
family law, reform efforts, 133–134
Islamic law in, 162
Iraq, Islamic law in, 1, 162
Isa Abd. Ralip, 114
Islamic law
overview, 1
British colonialism and, 37–38
codification of, 36–39 (See also Anglo-Muslim law)
deviant sects and, 132
fatwas (See Fatwas)
fiqh (See Fiqh)
ijtihad, 34, 35
ikhtilaf, 34
during independence period, 38–39
interpretation in, 33–36
kafir dzimmi, 120
kafir harbi, 120
liberalism versus, 2, 28–29, 128–129, 130–131
madhhab, 34, 35
modern state versus, 32–33
mujtahid, 34
object of law versus essence of law, 39–40
in other countries, 1, 2, 3, 162
pluralism in, 33–36
public policy and, 132
schools of jurisprudence in, 34
semantics, importance of, 39–41
sermons, 46, 117–123, 135
shari’a (See Shari’a)
siyasa, 36
state monopoly on, 31–32, 41–47, 135
taqlid, 35
uniformity of, 131–132
usul al-fiqh, 33, 34, 38, 43, 135
Islamic Legislative Consultative Committee, 43–44
Islamic Missionary Foundation, 41
Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS), 40, 92, 95, 102, 106, 113–114, 132, 135, 155
Islamic Religious Council, 43–44, 64–65
Islamic Renaissance Front, 133
“Islamic state” debate, 95, 130
Islam in Liberalism (Massad), 28
Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan v. Berjaya Books Sdn Bhd (2015), 146
Jackson, Sherman, 31
Ja’fari school, 34
JAKIM. See Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM)
Jamaah Islah Malaysia (JIM), 92, 94, 104, 113–114
JKSM (Department of Syriah Judiciary), 144
Johor
family law in, 37
Islamic Religious Council, 151
Joint Action Group (JAG) for Gender Equality, 137
Jordan, Islamic law in, 162
Josiah, Ivy, 102
Joy, Lina, 71–75, 101, 102, 104, 128
Judicialization of religion
overview, 63–64, 155–157
as conflict between Islamic law and liberalism, 2
defined, 2
legal studies and, 4
legal system as catalyst for, 2–4, 13–14, 20–24, 122–123, 157
media and, 93–94, 112–114
political studies and, 3–4
“radiating effects,” 2–4, 24–26
Kafir dzimmi, 120
Kafir harbi, 120
Kaliammal Sinnasamy v. Federal Territories Islamic Religious Affairs Council (2005), 128
Kamariah binti Ali v. Kelantan State Government (2002), 88
Kanesalingam, Shanmuga, 77, 80, 87, 136, 137, 150–151
Kaur, Dalip, 65, 68
Kedah
Administration of Islamic Law Enactment, 65
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1962), 39, 65–66, 67–68, 69
family law in, 37
Fatwa Committee, 65–68
Islamic Affairs Department, 69
Kelantan
family law in, 37
PAS in, 95
Kelsen, Hans, 24
Khoo Tak Jin, 84
Koh, Philip, 150
Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 98
Koya, Latheefa, 76
Kuala Lumpur. See Federal Territories
Kulasegaran, M., 112, 115
Kuwait, Islamic law in, 162
Latifah bte Mat Zin v. Rosmawati bte Sharibun (2007), 143
Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act (1976), 5, 40, 77, 84, 86, 88, 96–97, 98, 115
Lawyers Defending Islam (Peguam Pembela Islam), 103–104, 114
Lee Swee Seng, 89
Legal pluralism, 18–20
Legal system. See also specific case
advantages of litigation, 24
as catalyst for judicialization of religion, 2–4, 13–14, 20–24, 122–123, 157
dispute settlement in, 13
ideological mobilization, as avenue for, 24–26
secular/religious binary, shaping, 15
strength of in Malaysia, 8
Liberalism
overview, 1–2
Anglo-Muslim law versus, 17
as enabler of Muslim legal mobilization, 152–154
Islamic law versus, 2, 28–29, 128–129, 130–131
mobilization of liberal NGOs, 97–102
Libya, Islamic law in, 1, 162
Lim Kit Siang, 112
Lina Joy v. Islamic Religious Council (2004, 2005), 19–20, 71–75, 91–92, 99, 104–106, 126, 130, 141–142, 148
Long Seh Lih, 136–137
LoyarBurok, 137
Madhhab (schools of jurisprudence), 34, 35
Mahathir Mohammad, 41, 60–61, 62, 95, 142
Makkal Osai, 9, 27, 112–113
Malacca, Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1959), 39
Malanjum, Richard, 74, 76, 106
Malay Administrative Service, 51
Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), 52, 55, 61, 110–111
Malayan Communist Party, 52
Malayan Indian Congress (MIC), 52, 55, 110–111, 112
Malayan Law Journal, 93
Malayan Law Journal Unreporteds, 93
Malayan Union Plan, 52
Malay Civil Service, 51
Malay College, 51
Malay Reservations Act (1913), 50–51, 54, 55
Malaysia. See specific topic
Malaysiakini, 93–94, 97, 99
Malaysia Nanban, 9, 27, 112–113
Malaysian Bar Council, 73, 97–99, 102, 136–137, 151
Malaysian Centre for Constitutionalism and Human Rights (MCCHR), 136–137, 150–151
Malaysian Civil Liberties Society, 97–98
Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Taoism (MCCBCHST), 73, 77, 94, 96–98, 99–100
Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement (ABIM), 40, 73, 92, 94, 98, 104, 113–114, 132
Maldives, Islamic law in, 162
Malik Imtiaz Sarwar, 96, 102
Maliki school, 34
Mamdani, Mahmood, 15–16
Maniam, Moorthy, 99–101, 102, 104, 108, 128
Manji, Irshad, 145
Marina Mahathir, 135
Marriage
under Islamic Family Law Act, 42
secular/religious binary and, 18–20
Marriage and Divorce Act. See Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act (1976)
Masooai, Revathi, 106–108
Massad, Joseph, 28
Mather, Lynn, 21, 22
Maududi, Syed Abul A’la, 139
Mauritania, Islamic law in, 162
MCA. See Malayan Chinese Association (MCA)
McCann, Michael, 25, 27
MCCBCHST. See Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Taoism (MCCBCHST)
MCCHR. See Malaysian Centre for Constitutionalism and Human Rights (MCCHR)
Md Hakim Lee, 70–71
Md Hakim Lee v. Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (1998), 70–71
The Meaning and End of Religion (Smith), 14
Media
Constitution, media coverage of, 97
judicialization of religion and, 93–94, 112–114
role in popular legal consciousness, 26–27
Menteri Dalam Negeri v. Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur (2013), 147–150
Merdeka Centre for Survey Opinion Research, 111, 125, 131
Merry, Sally Engle, 26
Methodology of study, 8–10, 124–125
MIC. See Malayan Indian Congress (MIC)
Ministry of Home Affairs, 147–148
Ministry of Women and Family Development, 96–97, 98
Mogarajah, Jeyaganesh, 86–87, 96
Mohamad Haniff Khatri Abdulla, 87, 107, 143, 148, 151
Mohamed Nazri, 115
Mohamed Yusoff, 68
Mohammad Imam, 72–73, 141–142, 148
Mohd Alias Ibrahim v. RHB Bank Bhd (2011), 145
Mohd Azmi Abdul Hamid, 103
Mohd Syafiq Abdullah @ Tiong Choo Ting v. Director of Jabatan Agama Islam Sawarak (2015), 117
Morocco
family law, reform efforts, 133–134
Islamic law in, 162
Muhamad Juzaili Mohd Khamis v. State Government of Negeri Sembilan (2015), 150–151
Muhammad (Prophet), 33–34
Muhammadan Marriage Ordinance (1880), 37
Muhammad Ridzuan Abdullah, 88–89, 111–112
Mujtahid, 34
Multimedia Commission, 135–136
Muslim Lawyers Association, 73
Muslim NGOs, mobilization of, 102–104, 152–154
Muslim Organizations for the Defense of Islam (Pertubuhan-Pertubuhan Pembela Islam), 6, 104, 106, 113–114, 119, 122
Muslim Professionals Forum, 104, 122
Muslim Women and the Challenge of Islamic Extremism (Othman), 135
MyConstitution Campaign, 136–137
Myriam v. Mohamed Ariff (1971), 58–59, 61
The Mythology of Modern Law (Fitzpatrick), 23
Nafsiah v. Abdul Majid (1969), 58, 61
Najib Abdul Razak, 84, 111, 113–114, 122
Name changes, 71–72
Narrowing of grievances, 21, 22–23
Nasir Bin Disa, 144
National Council for Malaysian Islamic Affairs, 41
National Human Rights Society (HAKAM), 73, 97–98
National Registration Department (NRD), 71, 73–74, 75, 81, 84, 107, 151–
Nedunchelian Uthiradam v. Nurshafiqah Mah Singai Annals (2005), 85–86
Negeri Sembilan
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment, 39
Chief Religious Enforcement Officer, 151
Chief Shariah Prosecutor, 151
Islamic Affairs Department, 151
Religious Council, 151
Shariah Criminal Enactment, 150
Nekoo, Ravi, 76, 96
New Straits Times, 93
New York Times, 104–105
Ng Wan Chan, 64
Ng Wan Chan v. Majlis Ugama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (1991), 64–65
Norani Othman, 135
Oath of citizenship, 54
Office of Islamic Affairs, 41
Office of the Mufti, 43–44
Oman, Islamic law in, 162
“1Malaysia,” 111
Operation Lalang, 61, 93–94
Ottoman Empire
Islamic law in, 16, 36
Mejelle, 37
Pahang, Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1956), 39
Paiva, Aston, 150–151
Pakatan Rakyat, 110, 157
Pakistan, Islamic law in, 1, 2, 162
PAS. See Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS)
Peletz, Michael G., 36, 42
Pembela, 6, 104, 106, 113–114, 119, 122
Penal Code, 68
Penang
Administration of Islamic Law Enactment, 78–79
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1959), 39, 67
Islamic Religious Council, 78, 151
Penang Religious Council v. Siti Fatimah Tan Abdullah (2009), 78–79
Perak
Administration of Islamic Law Enactment, 79–80
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1965), 39
Department of Islamic Religious Affairs, 79, 80
family law in, 37
Islamic Religious Council, 151
Shariah Criminal Enactment (1992), 79–80
Perkasa, 111
Perlis, Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1964), 39
Persatuan Aliran Kesedaran Negara v. Minister of Home Affairs (1988), 114
Pertubuhan Kebajikan Islam Malaysia (PERKIM), 98
Pew Government Restrictions on Religion Index, 7
Pluralism
codification and, 36–39
in Islamic law, 33–36
Police Watch, 108
Popular legal consciousness
overview, 12, 124
civil courts in, 128
Constitution as undermining Islam, 125–126
deviant sects, Islamic law and, 132
economic issues and, 127–128
fatwas in, 131–132
fiqh versus shari’a in, 134–135
importance of court cases, 128
Islamic law versus liberalism in, 128–129, 130–131
media, role of, 26–27
methodology of study, 8–10, 124–125
minority rights paradigm, 127
Muslims, 125–127, 131–132
non-Muslims, 127–128
nonuniformity among Muslims, 126–127
public policy, Islamic law and, 132
salience of court cases, 128
secular/religious binary in, 128–129, 130–131
shared assumptions, 128–131
shariah courts as faithful expression of Islam, 126, 129–130
uniformity of Islamic law and, 131–132
Printing Presses and Publications Act (1984), 93–94
Priyathaseny v. Perak Department of Islamic Religious Affairs (2003), 79–80
Public opinion. See also Popular legal consciousness
overview, 11–12, 91–92
informal accommodation, unavailability of, 106–108
international dimension of, 104–106
liberal NGOs, mobilization of, 97–102
media and, 93–94, 112–114
Muslim NGOs, mobilization of, 102–104, 152–154
sermons and, 117–123
2008 elections and, 110–112
Qatar, Islamic law in, 162
Qur’an, 33–34, 128–129, 156
Race
British colonialism, treatment under, 50–51
Constitution, treatment under, 51, 53–54, 74–75
conversion and, 74–75, 81–82
race-based parties, 52–53
use of term, 50
“Radiating effects,” 2–4, 24–26
Raja Abdullah, 37
Rajasingam, Subashini, 87–88
Rashidah bt Mohamad Myodin, 75–76
Rebit, Roneey, 81–84
Regulation of religion in Malaysia, 7
Reid Commission, 55, 140
“Religion of the Federation” clause
overview, 12, 138, 155
Article 121 (1A), relation to, 141–145
Borders Bookstore case, 147–150
Catholic Herald case, 146–147
Che Omar bin Che Soh v. Public Prosecutor (1988), 138–141
Egypt compared, 156–157
harmonization and, 144–145
historical background, 54–57
liberal litigation as enabler of Islamist legal mobilization, 152–154
in other countries, 162
other countries compared, 55–56
text of clause, 1, 138
transgender rights case, 150–151
ZI Publications Sdn Bhd v. Kerajaan Negeri Selangor (2016), 146–147
Religious freedom. See Freedom of religion
“Rights talk,” 21
“Rights-versus-rites” binary. See Secular/religious binary
Roberts v. Ummi Kalthom (2966), 58, 61
Roff, William R., 37–38
Rule of Law Index, 8
Sabah
Administration of Islamic Law Enactment, 84–85
Department of Islamic Religious Affairs, 84–85
Sadat, Anwar, 25
Sajó, András, 13
Salleh Abas, 139–141
Sarawak
Barisan Nasional (BN) in, 84
Islamic Affairs Department, 81
Sathiyaseelan, Shamala, 86–87, 96, 102, 128
Saudi Arabia, Islamic law in, 162
Saya Anak Bangsa Malaysia (SABM), 136
Schonthal, Benjamin, 3, 21
Secular/religious binary, 47–48
overview, 4–6, 155–157
colonial origins of, 15–16
as constructed categories, 14–18, 23
family law and, 16
fiqh and, 48
Islamic law versus liberalism, 28–29
legal system shaping, 15
political context of, 23–24
in popular legal consciousness, 128–129, 130–131
resistance to, 30, 133–134, 158
shari’a and, 48
shariah courts and, 31–32
women and, 16, 133–134
Selangor
Administration of Islamic Law Enactment (1989), 77
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1952), 38–39, 41–42
Department of Islamic Affairs, 145
Fatwa Committee, 135–136
Islamic Affairs Department (JAIS), 98, 116, 117–118
Shariah Criminal Offences Enactment (1995), 31, 145, 146
Sermons, 46, 117–123, 135
Shabudin Yahaya, 102
Shachar, Ayelet, 158
Shafi’i school, 34
Shamala Sathiyaseelan v. Jeyaganesh Mogarajah (2004), 5–6, 86–87, 96–97, 126, 128, 144, 148–150
“Shared adjudication model,” 19
Shari’a
fatwas versus, 35
fiqh versus, 34–36, 39, 48, 134–135
use of term, 39
Shariah Advisory Council, 145
Shariah courts
civil courts versus, 5, 31–32, 58–62, 64, 89–90
conversion in, 75–76
hierarchy of, 45
as imagined expressions of Islam, 126, 129–130
unreviewability in civil courts, 58–62, 64, 80, 89–90
women, challenges facing, 135
Shariah Judicial Department, 98
Shariah Lawyers Association of Malaysia, 73, 98, 104, 113–114, 151
Shia Islam, 132
Sin Chew, 9, 27
Sin Chew Jit Poh, 93–94
Singh, Gurdev, 65, 66–67
Singh, Karpal, 64–65, 107
Singh, Soon, 68–70
Sinnasamy, Kaliammal, 99–101, 108
SIS Forum v. Dato’ Seri Syed Hamid Bin Syed Jaafar Albar (Menteri Dalam Negri) (2010), 135
Sisters in Islam, 94, 96, 97–98, 122, 124, 133–137, 151
Siti Fatimah Tan Abdullah, 78–79, 101, 106–108
Sivanesan, A., 112
Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, 14
Somalia, Islamic law in, 1, 162
Soon Singh v. Malaysian Islamic Welfare Organization of Kedah (1994, 1999), 68–70, 93
Sreenevasan, Ambiga, 102
Sri Lanka
Buddhist law in, 3
constitutional law in, 21
Sri Ram, Gopal, 73
The Star, 93–94
State Government of Negeri Sembilan v. Muhamad Juzaili Mohd Khamis (2015), 150–151
“State-in-society” approach, 15
State monopoly on religious law, 31–32, 41–47, 135
Suara Rakyat Malaysia (SUARAM), 94, 97–98
Subashini Rajasingam v. Saravanan Thangathoray (2007), 87–88, 101, 128
Subramanian, Deepa, 116–117
Sudan, Islamic law in, 162
Sukma Darmawan, 68
Sukma Darmawan Sasmitaat Madja v. Ketua Pengarah Penjara Malaysia (1999), 68
Sullivan, Winnifred, 15, 22–23
Sultans, 52, 55, 57, 140
Sunni Islam, 34
Susie Teoh Bee Kue, 69–70
Syria, Islamic law in, 162
Tamil Nesan, 112
Tamil newspapers, 112–113
Tan Cheow Hong, 116
Tan Cheow Hong v. Fatimah Fong Abdullah @ Fong Mee Hui (2011), 116
Tan Seri Nazri Aziz, 114
Tan Sri Syed Nasir Ismail, 60
Tan Sung Mooi, 84
Tan Sung Mooi v. Too Miew Kim (1994), 84
Tan Yi Min, 116
Taoism, 7–8
Taqlid, 35
Teoh, Leonard, 150
Teoh Eng Huat v. Kadhi (1990), 69–70
Terengganu
Administration of Islamic Law Enactment (1996), 70
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment (1955), 39
PAS in, 95
Thangathoray, Saravanan, 87–88
Thomas, William Isaac, 124
Tilly, Charles, 26
Time, 104–105
Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v. Menteri Dalam Negeri (2010), 119, 147–150
Too Miew Kim, 84
Transgender rights, 150–151
Treaty of Pangkor, 37, 55, 57
Tuan Haji Hamid Araby bin Haji Md. Salih, 62
Tunisia, Islamic law in, 1, 162
Tun Salleh Abas, 61
United Arab Emirates, Islamic law in, 162
United Kingdom, colonialism and
immigration to Malaysia under, 49–50
Islamic law and, 37–38
race, treatment of, 50–51
United Malays National Organization (UMNO), 40–41, 52, 54–55, 61, 62, 95, 102, 111, 115, 151
United Nations
Commission on Human Rights, 105
Human Rights Council, 105
United States
Affordable Care Act, 29
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores Inc. (2014), 29–30
Congressional Human Rights Caucus, 105
Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 29
rights-oriented discourse in, 29–30
State Department, 105
Usul al-fiqh, 33, 34, 38, 43, 135
Utusan Malaysia, 9, 27, 93, 103, 113, 114, 122
Vellu, Samy, 110
Viran a/l Nagapan v. Deepa Subramanian (2014, 2015, 2016), 116–117
Wall Street Journal, 104–105
Walton, Douglas, 40
Wan Afrah Binti Dato’ Paduka Wan Ibrahim, Dato’, 89
Washington Post, 104–105
What is Islam? (Ahmed), 16–17
Women. See also specific organization
legal challenges facing, 135–136
secular/religious binary and, 16, 133–134
shariah courts and, 135
strategies of, 134–135
Women Lawyers’ Association, 96
Women’s Aid Organization (WAO), 94, 96, 97–98, 151
Women’s Centre for Change, 94, 96
World Justice Project, 8
Yemen, Islamic law in, 162
Yngvesson, Barbara, 21, 22
Yusri Mohamad, 92
Zaid Kamaruddin, 92
Zaina Abidin bin Hamid @ S. Maniam v. Kerajaan Malaysia (2009), 76–78
Zainah Anwar, 133
Zainul Rijal Abu Bakar, 114, 150, 151
ZI Publications, 145–147
ZI Publications Sdn Bhd v. Kerajaan Negeri Selangor (2016), 146–147

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  • Index
  • Tamir Moustafa, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia
  • Book: Constituting Religion
  • Online publication: 04 August 2018
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108539296.012
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  • Index
  • Tamir Moustafa, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia
  • Book: Constituting Religion
  • Online publication: 04 August 2018
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108539296.012
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Tamir Moustafa, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia
  • Book: Constituting Religion
  • Online publication: 04 August 2018
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108539296.012
Available formats
×