Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wg55d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-18T07:20:36.460Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Introduction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2023

Miriam Manchin
Affiliation:
Politecnico di Milano
Laura Puccio
Affiliation:
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Aydin B. Yildirim
Affiliation:
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
Get access

Summary

The European Union’s trade policy has seen a dramatic increase in attention over the past few years. In face of the challenges facing the global trade regime, ranging from trade conflicts between the EU and major world powers to the maintenance of a rules-based trade order under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO), policymakers, experts, and the public have converged in highlighting the importance of trade policy making. The attention paid to trade policy has increased disproportionately in the wake of Covid-19, which led to political pressure to re-shore global value chains and enhance “strategic autonomy”, and reinforced the need to use trade as a tool to pursue non-trade policy objectives (NTPOs) – such as human rights, labour rights, and environmental commitments – in third countries.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abman, R., Lundberg, C., & Ruta, M. (2021). The Effectiveness of Environmental Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements. Washington, DC: World Bank.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aissi, J., Peels, R., & Samaan, D. (2018). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Labour Provisions in Trade Agreements: An Analytical and Methodological Framework. International Labour Review, 157, 671698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baghdadi, L., Martinez-Zarzoso, I., & Zitouna, H. (2013). Are RTA Agreements with Environmental Provisions Reducing Emissions? Journal of International Economics, 90(2), 378390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, L. (2013). Human Rights and Sustainable Development Obligations in EU Free Trade Agreements. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 40(4), 297313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blockmans, S., & Wessel, R. A. (2012). Principles and Practices of EU External Representation. CLEER Working Papers 2012/5.Google Scholar
Bouwen, P. (2002). Corporate Lobbying in the European Union: The Logic of Access. Journal of European Public Policy, 9(3): 365390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronckers, M., & Gruni, G. (2019). Taking the Enforcement of Labour Standards in the EU’s Free Trade Agreements Seriously. Common Market Law Review, 56(6), 15911622.Google Scholar
Bronckers, M., & Gruni, G. (2021). Retooling the Sustainability Standards in EU Free Trade Agreements. Journal of International Economic Law, 24(1) 2551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conceicao-Heldt, E. D., & Meunier, S. (2014). Speaking with a Single Voice: Internal Cohesiveness and External Effectiveness of the EU in Global Governance. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(7), 961979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conconi, P. (2019). Linking Trade Policy to Non-Trade Issues: Selected Survey of the Literature. Unpublished manuscript. https://respect.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/01/D2.1-Issue-Linkage.pdfGoogle Scholar
Conconi, P., & Perroni, C. (2002). Issue Linkage and Issue Tie-in in Multilateral Negotiations. Journal of International Economics, 57, 423447.Google Scholar
Copeland, B. R. (2000). Trade and Environment: Policy Linkages. Environment and Development Economics, 5, 405432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cremona, M. (2011). Coherence in European Union Foreign Relations Law. In Koutrakos, P. (Ed.), European Foreign Policy: Legal and Political Perspectives (pp. 5591). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Cremona, M. (2021). Human Rights as a Value of EU Trade Policy. In Balboni, M. & Danisi, C. (Eds.), Human Rights as a Horizontal Issue in EU External Policy: Les droits de l’homme comme domaine horizontal de la politique extérieure de l’Union européenne (pp. 161194). Napoli: Editoriale scientifica.Google Scholar
De Baere, G. (2011). ‘O, Where Is Faith?’ Some Thoughts on the Duty of Loyal Cooperation and the Union’s External Environmental Competences in the Light of the PFOS Case. European Law Review, 36(3), 405419.Google Scholar
De Bièvre, D., & Poletti, A. (2020). Towards Explaining Varying Degrees of Politicization of EU Trade Agreement Negotiations. Politics and Governance, 8(1), 243253.Google Scholar
de Waele, H., & Kuipers, J. J. (Eds.). (2013). The Emergence of the Union’s International Identity: Views from the Global Arena. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Google Scholar
den Hertog, L., & Simon Stroß, S. (2013). Coherence in EU External Relations: Concepts and Legal Rooting of an Ambiguous Term” European Foreign Affairs Review, 18(3), 373388.Google Scholar
Donno, D., & Neureiter, M. (2018). Can Human Rights Conditionality Reduce Repression? Examining the European Union’s Economic Agreements. Review of International Organizations, 13(3), 335357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dür, A., Eckhardt, J. and Poletti, A. (2019). Global Value Chains, the Anti-globalization Backlash, and EU Trade Policy: A Research Agenda. Journal of European Public Policy, 2(6), 944956.Google Scholar
Durán, G. M., & Morgera, E. (2012). Dedication. In Environmental Integration in the EU’s External Relations: Beyond Multilateral Dimensions (pp. vvi). London: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Ederington, J. (2001). International Coordination of Trade and Domestic Policies. American Economic Review, 91, 15801593.Google Scholar
Elsig, M. and Dupont, C. (2007) European Union Meets South Korea: Bureaucratic Interests, Exporter Discrimination and the Negotiations of Trade Agreements. Journal of Common Market Studies, 50(3), 492507.Google Scholar
Espa, I., & Durán, G. M. (2020). Promoting Green Energy through EU Preferential Trade Agreements: Potential and Limitations. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 47(2), 115150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
European Commission (2015). Directorate-General for Trade, Trade for All – Towards a More Responsible Trade and Investment Policy, Publications Office. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_15_5806Google Scholar
European Commission (2017). Report on the Implementation of the Trade Policy Strategy Trade for All Delivering a Progressive Trade Policy to Harness Globalisation, COM/2017/0491 final.Google Scholar
European Commission (2019). Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. The European Green Deal, COM/2019/640 final.Google Scholar
Hachez, N. (2015). ‘Essential Elements’ Clauses in EU Trade Agreements: Making Trade Work in a Way That Helps Human Rights? KU Leuven Working Paper 158.Google Scholar
Hafner-Burton, E. M. (2009). Forced to Be Good: Why Trade Agreements Boost Human Rights. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hillion, C. (2008). Tous pour un, un pour tous! Coherence in the External Relations of the European Union. In Cremona, Marise (Ed.), Developments in EU External Relations Law, Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press (online ed., Oxford Academic, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552894.003.0002).Google Scholar
Hillion, C. (2009). Mixity and Coherence in EU External Relations: The Significance of the Duty of Cooperation. CLEER Working Papers 2009/2.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, K. E. (Ed.). (2009). The European Union and International Organisations. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kaddous, C. (Ed.). (2015). The European Union in International Organisations: Recent Developments. London: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Kim, M. (2012). Ex Ante Due Diligence: Formation of PTAs and Protection of Labor Rights. International Studies Quarterly, 56(4), 704719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klamert, M. (2014). The Principle of Loyalty in EU Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konstadinides, T. (2015). In the Union of Wine: Loose Ends in the Relationship between the European Union and the Member States in the Field of External Representation – Case C-399/12 Germany v. Council, Judgment of the Court of Justice of 7 October 2014. European Public Law, 21(4), 679689.Google Scholar
Koutrakos, P. (2019). Institutional Balance and Sincere Cooperation in Treaty-Making under EU Law. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 68(1), 133.Google Scholar
Krämer-Hoppe, R. (2019). Positive Integration – EU and WTO Approaches towards the ‘Trade and’ Debate. Special issue of the European Yearbook of International Economic Law. Cham Springer.Google Scholar
Leal-Arcas, R., & Alvarez Armas, E. (2018). The Climate–Energy–Trade Nexus in EU External Relations. In Minas, S. & Nitousas, V. (Eds.), EU Climate Diplomacy: Politics, Law and Negotiations (pp. 153169). London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Limão, N. (2005). Trade Policy, Cross-Border Externalities and Lobbies: Do Linked Agreements Enforce More Cooperative Outcomes? Journal of International Economics, 67, 175199.Google Scholar
Limão, N. (2007). Are Preferential Trade Agreements with Non-Trade Objectives a Stumbling Block for Multilateral Liberalization? Review of Economic Studies, 74, 821855.Google Scholar
Macaj, G., & Nicolaïdis, K. (2014). Beyond ‘One Voice’? Global Europe’s Engagement with Its Own Diversity. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(7), 10671083.Google Scholar
Maggi, G. (2016). Issue Linkage. In Bagwell, K. & Staiger, R. (Eds.), Handbook of Commercial Policy (pp. 513564). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Marhold, A. (2019). Externalising Europe’s Energy Policy in EU Free Trade Agreements: A Cognitive Dissonance between Promoting Sustainable Development and Ensuring Security of Supply? Europe and the World: A Law Review, 3(1), 118.Google Scholar
Meissner, K. L., & McKenzie, L. (2019). The Paradox of Human Rights Conditionality in EU Trade Policy: When Strategic Interests Drive Policy Outcomes. Journal of European Public Policy, 26(9), 12731291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meunier, S. (2014). Divide and Conquer? China and the Cacophony of Foreign Investment Rules in the EU. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(7), 9961016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meunier, S., and Nicolaidis, K. 2006. The European Union as a Conflicted Trade Power. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(6): 906925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, S. M., & Hensel, P. R. (2007). International Institutions and Compliance with Agreements. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 721737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moschella, M., & Quaglia, L. (2016). To Agree or Not to Agree? Explaining the Cohesiveness of the European Union in the Group of Twenty. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(6), 906924.Google Scholar
Neframi, E. (2010). The Duty of Loyalty: Rethinking its Scope through Its Application in the Field of EU External Relations. Common Market Law Review, 47(2), 323359.Google Scholar
Orsini, A. (Ed.). (2016). The European Union with(in) International Organisations: Commitment, Consistency and Effects across Time. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Poast, P. (2012). Does Issue Linkage Work? Evidence from European Alliance Negotiations, 1860 to 1945. International Organization, 66, 277310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poletti, A., and Sicurelli, D. (2018). The Political Economy of Normative Trade Power Europe. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Portela, C., & Raube, K. (2012). The EU Polity and EU Foreign Policy Coherence. Journal of European Contemporary Research, 8(1), 320.Google Scholar
Postnikov, E. (2014). The Design of Social Standards in EU and US Preferential Trade Agreements. In Deese, D. A. (Ed.), Handbook of the International Political Economy of Trade (pp. 531549). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Raess, D., Dür, A., & Sari, D. (2018). Protecting Labor Rights in Preferential Trade Agreements: The Role of Trade Unions, Left Governments, and Skilled Labor. Review of International Organizations, 13(2), 143162.Google Scholar
Rommerskirchen, C. (2013). Keeping the Agents Leashed: The EU’s External Economic Governance in the G20. Journal of European Integration, 35(3), 347360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sicurelli, D. (2017). The Conditions for Effectiveness of EU Human Rights Promotion in Non-democratic States: A Case Study of Vietnam. Journal of European Integration, 39(6), 739753.Google Scholar
Spilker, G., & Böhmelt, T. (2013). The Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on Governmental Repression Revisited. Review of International Organizations, 8(3), 343361.Google Scholar
Van den Hoven, A. (2006). European Union Regulatory Capitalism and Multilateral Trade Negotiations. In Lucarelli, S. and Manners, I. (eds.), Values and Principles in European Foreign Policy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Van den Putte, L., & Orbie, J. (2015). EU Bilateral Trade Agreements and the Surprising Rise of Labour Provisions. International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations, 31(3), 263283.Google Scholar
Woll, C. (2009). Who Captures Whom? Trade Policy Lobbying in the European Union. In Coen, D. and Richardson, J. (Eds.), Lobbying in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Young, A., & Peterson, J. 2014. Parochial Global Europe: 21st Century Trade Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zerk, J. (2019). Human Rights Impact Assessment of Trade Agreements. Chatham House Research Paper, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2019/02/human-rights-impact-assessment-trade-agreementsGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×