While it has been decades since scholars accepted that humans are not the only tool makers and users, contemporary scholarship seems less aware that, after humans, chimpanzees are by far the most inveterate tool makers and users in the animal kingdom; they use tools more than all other primates combined (McGrew, 1992, 2010). Alone among the primates, humans are considered to be dependent on hunting vertebrates to survive. But what does that mean? If an entire human population was exposed to Alpha-Gal and became allergic to meat, would it wither and die? Perhaps people would reproduce more slowly and the population density would decrease, but would every person inevitably die? Unlikely. Consider chimpanzees, then. They hunt once a week and most populations depend on meat to fill a substantial part of their nutritional needs. They could live without meat, but it probably helps sustain their population size.