Ackrill, M., and Hannah, L., Barclays: The Business of Banking 1690–1996, Cambridge, 2001.Google Scholar

Adler, D. R., British Investment in American Railways, 1834–1898, Charlottesville, 1970.Google Scholar

Albert, M., Capitalisme contre capitalisme, Paris, 1990.Google Scholar

Albion, R. G., The Rise of New York Port (1815–1860), New York, 1939.Google Scholar

Alletzhauser, A., The House of Nomura, London, 1990.Google Scholar

Ambigapathi, B., ‘La stratégie de cartellisation bancaire en France du Crédit Lyonnais entre 1919 et 1925’, in Desjardins, B.et al., Le Crédit Lyonnais 1863–1986, Geneva, 2003.Google Scholar

Andrieu, C., Les banques sous l'occupation. Paradoxes de l'histoire d'une profession, Paris, 1990.Google Scholar

Appel, E., European Monetary Integration 1958–2002, London, 1998.Google Scholar

Artaud, D., ‘Les dettes de guerre de la France, 1919–1929’, in Lévy-Leboyer, M. (ed.), La position internationale de la France. Aspects économiques et financiers, XIXe–XXe siècles, Paris, 1977.Google Scholar

Attali, J., Un homme d'influence. Sir Siegmund Warburg (1902–1982), Paris, 1985.Google Scholar

Aubert, M., Kernen, J. -P. and Schönle, H., Le secret bancaire suisse, Bern, 1982.Google Scholar

Augar, P., The Death of Gentlemanly Capitalism, London, 2000.Google Scholar

Augustine, D., Patricians and Parvenus. Wealth and High Society in Wilhelmine Germany, Oxford, 1994.Google Scholar

Autheman, A., La banque impériale ottomane, Paris, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Autin, J., Les frères Pereire. Le bonheur d'entreprendre, Paris 1984.Google Scholar

Bagehot, W., Lombard Street. A Description of the Money Market, London, 1873.

Bairoch, P., Commerce extérieur et développement économique de l'Europe au XIXe siècle, Paris, 1976.Google Scholar

Bairoch, P., ‘La place de la France sur les marchés internationaux’, in Lévy-Leboyer, M. (ed.), La position internationale de la France. Aspects économiques et sociaux XIXe–XXe siècles, Paris, 1977.Google Scholar

Bairoch, P., Victoires et déboires. Histoire économique et sociale du monde du XVIe siècle à nos jours, 3 vols., Paris, 1997.Google Scholar

Baker, M., and M. Collins, ‘London as an international banking centre, 1950–1980’, in Cassis, Y. and Bussière, E. (eds.), London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balderston, T., ‘The banks and the gold standard in the German financial crisis of 1931’, Financial History Review, 1, 1, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balderston, T., ‘A comparison of British and German monetary policy 1919–1932’, in Feinstein, C. H. (ed.), Banking, Currency and Finance in Europe between the Wars, Oxford, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balderston, T., The Origins and Course of the German Economic Crisis: November 1923 to May 1932, Berlin, 1993.Google Scholar

Balogh, T., Studies in Financial Organization, Cambridge, 1947.Google Scholar

Bankers' Magazine, 1844–89; 1890–1954.

Banque Nationale Suisse 1907–1957, Bern, 1957.

Banque Nationale Suisse, Les banques suisses, various years.

Banque Nationale Suisse, ‘Exportations de capitaux soumises à autorisation’, in Rapport annuel de gestion, années 1980–1995, Zurich.

Barbier, F., Finance et politique. La dynastie des Fould, XVIIIe–XXe siècles, Paris, 1991.Google Scholar

Barth, B., Die Deutsche Hochfinanz und die Imperialismen: Banken und Aussenpolitik vor 1914, Stuttgart, 1995.Google Scholar

Barth, B., ‘The financial history of the Anatolian and Baghdad railways, 1889–1914’, Financial History Review, 5, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baskin, J. B., and Miranti, P., A History of Corporate Finance, Cambridge, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Battilossi, S., ‘Financial innovation and the golden age of international banking: 1890–1931 and 1958–81’, Financial History Review, 7, 2, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Battilossi, S., ‘Banking with multinationals: British Clearing Banks and the Euromarkets’ challenge, 1958–1976', in Battilossi, S. and Cassis, Y. (eds.), European Banks and the American Challenge. Competition and Cooperation in International Banking Under Bretton Woods, Oxford, 2002.Google Scholar

Battilossi, S., and Cassis, Y. (eds.), European Banks and the American Challenge. Competition and Cooperation in International Banking Under Bretton Woods, Oxford, 2002.Google Scholar

Bauer, H., Société de Banque Suisse, 1872–1972, Basle, 1972.Google Scholar

Beckert, S., The Monied Metropolis. New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850–1896, Cambridge, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beckhart, B. H., The New York Money Market, 4 vols., New York, 1931–32.Google Scholar

Bergeron, L., Banquiers, négociants et manufacturiers parisiens du Directoire à l'Empire, Paris, 1978.Google Scholar

Bergeron, L., Les Rothschild et les autres … La gloire des banquiers, Paris, 1991.Google Scholar

Bernstein, P. L., Capital Ideas. The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street, New York, 1992.Google Scholar

Bird, G., Commercial Bank Lending and Third World Debt, London, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

BIS, Annual Reports, various years.

Bitsch, M.- T., La Belgique entre la France et l'Allemagne 1905–1914, Paris, 1994.Google Scholar

Blakey, G., The Post-War History of the London Stock Market, 2nd edn, London, 1994.Google Scholar

Bodmer, D., L'intervention de la Confédération dans l'économie bancaire suisse, Basle, 1948.Google Scholar

Bonin, H., ‘L'outre-mer, marché pour la banque commerciale de 1875 à 1985?’, in Marseilles, J. (ed.), La France et l'outre-mer. Un siècle de relations monétaires et financières, Paris, 1998.Google Scholar

Bonin, H., L'apogée de l'économie libérale bancaire française (1919–1935), Paris, 2000.Google Scholar

Bonin, H., La Banque de l'union parisienne (1874/1904–1974). Histoire de la deuxième grande banque d'affaires françaises, Paris, 2001.Google Scholar

Bonin, H., La Banque nationale de crédit. Histoire de la quatrième banque de dépôts française en 1913–1932, Paris, 2002.Google Scholar

Bonin, H., ‘Le Crédit Lyonnais, la Société générale et les autres: essai d'appréciation des rapports de force (1864–1966)’, in Desjardins, B.et al. (eds.), Le Crédit Lyonnais (1863–1986), Geneva, 2003.Google Scholar

Bordo, M., and Schwartz, A. J. (eds.), A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821–1931, Chicago, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bordo, M., and Eichengreen, B. (eds.), A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System. Lessons for International Monetary Reform, Chicago, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bordo, M., and Rockoff, H., ‘The Gold Standard as a “Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval”’, Journal of Economic History, 56, 2, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bordo, M., and Sylla, R. (eds.), Anglo-American Financial Systems: Institutions and Markets in the Twentieth Century, Burr Ridge, Ill., 1996.Google Scholar

Bordo, M., Taylor, A. and Williamson, J. (eds.), Globalization in Historical Perspective, Chicago, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Born, K. E., Die Deutsche Bankenkrise 1931, Munich, 1967.Google Scholar

Born, K. E., International Banking in the 19th and 20th Centuries, Leamington Spa, 1977.Google Scholar

Bouvier, J., Le Crédit Lyonnais de 1863 à 1882. Les années de formation d'une banque de dépôts, 2 vols., Paris, 1961.Google Scholar

Bouvier, J., Les Rothschild, 2nd edn, Brussels, 1983.Google Scholar

Braga de Macedo, J., Eichengreen, B. and Reis, J. (eds.), Currency Convertibility. The Gold Standard and Beyond, London, 1996.Google Scholar

Braillard, P., La place financière suisse. Politique gouvernementale et compétitivité internationale, Geneva, 1987.Google Scholar

Bramsen, B., and Wain, K., The Hambros 1779–1979, London, 1979.Google Scholar

Brummer, A., and Cowe, R., Hanson. A Biography, London, 1994.Google Scholar

Bryant, R. C., ‘The evolution of Singapore as a financial centre’, in Sandhu, K. S and Wheatley, P. (eds.), Management of Success. The Moulding of Modern Singapore, Singapore, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buist, M. G., At spes non fracta: Hope and Co. 1770–1815, Merchant Bankers and Diplomats at work, La Haye, 1974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bullock, H., The Story of Investment Companies, New York, 1959.Google Scholar

Burk, K., Morgan Grenfell 1838–1988. The Biography of a Merchant bank, Oxford, 1989.Google Scholar

Burk, K., ‘Money and power: the shift from Great Britain to the United States’, in Cassis, Y. (ed.), Finance and Financiers in European History, Cambridge, 1992.Google Scholar

Burn, G., ‘The state, the City and the Euromarkets’, Review of International Political Economy, 6, 2, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burrin, P., La France à l'heure allemande 1940–1944, Paris, 1995.Google Scholar

Büschgen, H. E., ‘Deutsche Bank from 1957 to the present: the emergence of an international financial conglomerate’, in Gall, L.et al., The Deutsche Bank 1870–1975, London, 1995.Google Scholar

Bussière, E., Paribas. L'Europe et le monde, 1872–1992, Anvers, 1992.Google Scholar

Bussière, E., ‘The French ‘Banques d'affaires’ in the interwar period: the case of the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (Paribas)’, in Kasuya, M. (ed.), Coping with Crisis. International Financial Institutions in the Interwar Period, Oxford, 2003.Google Scholar

Bussière, E., ‘French banks and the Eurobonds issue market in the 1960s’, in Cassis, Y. and Bussière, E. (eds.), London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cain, P. J., and Hopkins, A. G., British Imperialism, 2 vols., London, 1993.Google Scholar

Cairncross, A., and Eichengreen, B., Sterling in Decline. The Devaluations of 1931, 1949 and 1967, Oxford, 1983.Google Scholar

Cameron, R., France and the Economic Development of Europe 1800–1914, Princeton, 1961Google Scholar

Cameron, R., and Bovykin, V. I., International Banking 1870–1914, Oxford, 1991.Google Scholar

Capie, F., ‘Structure and performance in British banking, 1870–1939’, in Cottrell, P. L. and Moggridge, D. E. (eds.), Money and Power. Essays in Honour of L. S. Presnell, London, 1988.Google Scholar

Capie, F., and Rodrik-Bali, G., ‘Concentration in British banking, 1870–1920’, Business History, 29, 3, 1982.Google Scholar

Caron, F., Les deux révolutions industrielles du XXe siècle, Paris, 1997.Google Scholar

Carosso, V., Investment Banking in America. A History, Cambridge, Mass., 1970.Google Scholar

Carosso, V., The Morgans. Private International Bankers 1854–1913, Cambridge, Mass., 1987.Google Scholar

Cassis, Y., Les banquiers de la City à l'époque édouardienne, 1890–1914, Geneva, 1984.Google Scholar

Cassis, Y., La City de Londres, 1870–1914, Paris, 1987.Google Scholar

Cassis, Y., ‘Swiss international banking, 1900–1950’, in Jones, G. (ed.), Banks as Multinationals, London, 1990.Google Scholar

Cassis, Y., ‘The emergence of a new financial institution: investment trusts in Britain 1870–1939’, in Helten, J. J. and Cassis, Y. (eds.), Capitalism in a Mature Economy. Financial Institutions, Capital Exports and British Industry, Aldershot, 1990.Google Scholar

Cassis, Y., ‘La place financière Suisse et la City de Londres, 1890–1990’, in Bairoch, P. and Körner, M. (eds.), La Suisse dans l'économie mondiale (15ème–20ème siècle), Zurich, 1990.Google Scholar

Cassis, Y., City Bankers, 1890–1914, Cambridge, 1994.Google Scholar

Cassis, Y., Big Business. The European Experience in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 1997.Google Scholar

Cassis, Y., ‘Le Crédit Lyonnais à Genève, 1876–2001’, in Desjardins, B.et al., Le Crédit Lyonnais 1863–1986, Geneva, 2003.Google Scholar

Cassis, Y., ‘Commercial Banks in 20th Century Switzerland’, in Cassis, Y., Feldman, G. D. and Olsson, U. (eds.), The Evolution of Financial Institutions and Markets in Twentieth-Century Europe, Aldershot, 1995.Google Scholar

Cassis, Y., ‘Financial elites revisited’, in Michie, R. and Williamson, P. (eds.), The British Government and the City of London in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cassis, Y . and Bussière, E., London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cassis, Y., and Tanner, J., Banques et crédit en Suisse (1850–1930), Zurich, 1993.Google Scholar

Cassis, Y., Feldman, G. D. and Olsson, U. (eds.), The Evolution of Financial Institutions and Markets in Twentieth-Century Europe, Aldershot, 1995.Google Scholar

Cassis, Y. (ed.), Finance and Financiers in European History 1880–1960, Cambridge, 1992.Google Scholar

Chadeau, E., L'économie du risque. Les entrepreneurs 1850–1980, Paris, 1988.Google Scholar

Chancellor, E., Devil Take the Hindmost. A History of Financial Speculation, London, 1999.Google Scholar

Chandler, L. V., Benjamin Strong, Central Banker, Washington, DC, 1958.Google Scholar

Chapman, S. D., The Rise of Merchant Banking, London, 1984.Google Scholar

Chapman, S. D., ‘British-based investment groups before 1914’, Economic History Review, 38, 2, 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chapman, S. D., Merchant Enterprise in Britain, Cambridge, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chernow, R., The House of Morgan. An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance, London, 1990.Google Scholar

Chernow, R., The Warburgs. A Family Saga, London, 1993.Google Scholar

Chlepner, B. S., Le marché financier belge depuis cent ans, Brussels, 1930.Google Scholar

Clarke, S. V. O., Central Bank Cooperation 1924–31, New York, 1967.Google Scholar

Clarke, W. M., The City's Invisible Earnings, London, 1958.Google Scholar

Clay, C., Gold for the Sultan: Western Bankers and Ottoman Finance, 1856–1881. A Contribution to Ottoman and to International Financial History, London, 2000.

Clay, H., Lord Norman, London, 1957.Google Scholar

Cleveland, H. Van B., and Huertas, T., Citibank 1812–1970, Cambridge, Mass., 1985.Google Scholar

Collins, M., Money and Banking in the UK. A History, London, 1988.Google Scholar

Commission Indépendante d'Experts Suisse-Seconde Guerre Mondiale, La Suisse, le national-socialisme et la Seconde Guerre Mondiale. Rapport final, Zurich, 2002.

Cope, S. R., Walter Boyd. A Merchant Banker in the Age of Napoleon, London, 1983.Google Scholar

Coste, P., La lutte pour la suprématie financière. Les grands marchés financiers, Paris, London, New York, Paris, 1932.Google Scholar

Cottrell, P. L., British Overseas Investment in the Nineteenth Century, London, 1975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cottrell, P. L., ‘Great Britain’, in Cameron, R. and Bovykin, V. I. (eds.), International Banking 1870–1914, Oxford, 1991.Google Scholar

Cottrell, P. L., ‘A cluster of corporate international banks, 1855–75’, Business History, 33, 3, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cottrell, P. L., ‘Silver, gold and the international monetary order 1851–1896’, in Broadberry, S. N. and Crafts, N. F. R. (eds.), Britain in the International Economy, 1870–1939, Cambridge, 1992.Google Scholar

Cottrell, P. L., ‘Aspects of commercial banking in Northern and Central Europe, 1880–1931’, in Kinsey, S. and Newton, L. (eds.), International Banking in an Age of Transition, Aldershot, 1998.Google Scholar

Cottrell, P. L., ‘Established connections and new opportunities. London as an international financial centre, 1914–1958’, in Cassis, Y. and Bussière, E. (eds.), London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crafts, N., British Economic Growth during the Industrial Revolution, Oxford, 1985.Google Scholar

Crafts, N., and G. Toniolo, ‘Postwar growth: an overview’, in Crafts, N. and Toniolo, G. (eds.), Economic Growth in Europe since 1945, Oxford, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crick, W. F., and Wadsworth, J. E., A Hundred Years of Joint Stock Banking, London, 1936.Google Scholar

Crouzet, F., ‘Commerce extérieur et empire. L'expérience britannique du libre-échange à la Première Guerre Mondiale’, Annales E.S.C., 19, 2, 1964.Google Scholar

Crouzet, F., L'économie de la Grande-Bretagne victorienne, Paris, 1978.Google Scholar

Crouzet, F., ‘Politics and banking in revolutionary and Napoleonic France’, in Sylla, R., Tilly, R. and Tortella, G. (eds.), The State, the Financial System and Economic Modernization, Cambridge, 1999.Google Scholar

Daumard, A., Les fortunes françaises au XIXe siècle, Paris, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davies, H., ‘Regulation and politics: the need for a new dialogue’ Or ‘A letter to John Redwood’, Hume Occasional Papers, 66, 2005.Google Scholar

Davis, L. E., and Cull, R. J., International Capital Markets and American Economic Growth 1820–1914, Cambridge, 1994.Google Scholar

Davis, L. E., and Huttenback, R. A., Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire. The Political Economy of British Imperialism, 1860–1912, Cambridge, 1986.Google Scholar

Davis, L. E., and Neal, L., ‘Micro rules and macro outcomes: the impact of micro structures on the efficiency of security exchanges, London, New York and Paris, 1800–1914’, American Economic Review, 88, 2, 1998.Google Scholar

Cecco, M., Money and Empire. The International Gold Standard, 1890–1914, Oxford, 1974.Google Scholar

Cecco, M., and Giovannini, A. (eds.), A European Central Bank? Perspectives on Monetary Unification after Ten Years of the EMS, Cambridge, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clercq, G. (ed.), A la Bourse. Histoire du marché des valeurs en Belgique de 1300 à 1990, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1992.Google Scholar

De Long, J. B., ‘Did J. P. Morgan's men add value? An economist's perspective on financial capitalism’, in Temin, P. (ed.), Inside the Business Enterprise. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Information, Chicago and London, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vries, J., and Woude, A., The First Modern Economy. Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815, Cambridge, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Desjardins, B., Lescure, M., Nougaret, R., Plessis, A. and Straus, A. (eds.), Le Crédit Lyonnais (1863–1986), Geneva, 2003.Google Scholar

Bundesbank, Deutsche (ed.), Fifty Years of the Deutsche Mark. Central Bank and the Currency in Germany since 1948, Oxford, 1999.Google Scholar

Dickhaus, M., Die Bundesbank im westeuropäischen Wiederaufbau. Die internationale Währungspolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1948 bis 1958, Munich, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dickhaus, M., ‘Fostering “the bank that rules Europe”: the Bank of England, the Allied Banking Commission and the Bank deutscher Länder, 1948–51’, Contemporary European History, 7, 2, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dickson, P. G. M., The Financial Revolution in England. A Study in the Development of Public Credit, 1688–1756, London, 1967.Google Scholar

Diederiks, H. A., and Reeder, D. (eds.), Cities of Finance, Amsterdam, 1996.Google Scholar

Diouritch, G., L'expansion des banques allemandes à l'étranger, Paris, 1909.Google Scholar

Dominguez, K. M., ‘The role of the yen’, in Feldstein, M. (ed.), International Capital Flows, Chicago, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dreyfus, J.-M., ‘La spoliation des banques juives: Trois études de cas’, in Margairaz, M. (ed.), Banques, Banque de France et Seconde Guerre mondiale, Paris, 2002.Google Scholar

Duffey, G., and Giddy, I. H., The International Money Market, New York, 1978.Google Scholar

Dufourcq-Lagelouse, L., Les banques étrangères en France, Paris, 1922.Google Scholar

Dulles, E. L., The Bank for International Settlements at Work, New York, 1932.Google Scholar

Dupont-Ferrier, A., Le marché financier de Paris sous le Second Empire, Paris, 1925.Google Scholar

Edwards, J., and Fischer, K., Banks, Finance and Investment in Germany, Cambridge, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edwards, J., and Ogilvie, S., ‘Universal banks and German industrialization: a reappraisal’, Economic History Review, 49, 3, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ehrsam, P., ‘Die Bankenkrise der 30er Jahre in der Schweiz’, in Bankenkommission, Eidgenössische (ed.), 50 Jahre eidgenössische Bankenaufsicht, Zurich, 1985.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, B., Golden Fetters. The Gold Standard and the Great Depression 1919–1939, Oxford, 1995.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, B., Globalizing Capital. A History of the International Monetary System, Princeton, 1996.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, B. (ed.), Europe's Post-war Recovery, Cambridge, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eichengreen, B., and M. Flandreau, ‘The geography of the gold standard’, in Macedo, J. Braga de, Eichengreen, B. and Reis, J. (eds.), Currency Convertibility. The Gold Standard and Beyond, London, 1996.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, B., and Flandreau, M., The Gold Standard in Theory and History, New York, 1997.Google Scholar

Einaudi, L., Money and Politics. European Monetary Unification and the International Gold Standard (1865–1873), Cambridge, 2001.Google Scholar

Einzig, P., The Fight for Financial Supremacy, London, 1931.Google Scholar

Eken, S., ‘Integration of domestic and international financial markets: the Japanese experience’, International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, 33, 3, 1984.Google Scholar

Eldem, E., A History of the Ottoman Bank, Istanbul, 1999.Google Scholar

Emden, P., Money Powers of Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, London, 1938.Google Scholar

Feiertag, O., ‘La Banque de France et les problèmes monétaires européens de la Conférence de Gênes à la création de la B.R.I. (1922–1930)’, in Bussière, E. and Dumoulin, M. (eds.), Milieux économiques et intégration européenne en Europe occidentale au XXe siècle, Arras, 1998.Google Scholar

Feiertag, O., ‘Le Crédit Lyonnais et le Trésor public dans l'entre-deux-guerres: les ressorts de l’économie d'endettement du XXe siècle', in Desjardins, B.et al. (ed.), Le Crédit Lyonnais 1863–1986, Geneva, 2003.Google Scholar

Feiertag, O., ‘The international opening-up of the Paris Bourse: overdraft-economy curbs and market dynamics’, in Cassis, Y. and Bussière, E. (eds.), London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feiertag, O., and Margairaz, M. (eds.), Politiques et pratiques des banques d'émission en Europe (XVII–XXe siècle), Paris, 2003.Google Scholar

Feiertag, O., and P. Martin-Aceña, ‘The delayed modernization of the Central Banks of France and Spain in the twentieth century’, in Holtfrerich, C.-L., Reis, J. and Toniolo, G. (eds.), The Emergence of Modern Central Banking from 1918 to the Present, Aldershot, 1999.Google Scholar

Feinstein, C. H. and K. Watson, ‘Private international capital flows in Europe in the inter-war period’, in Feinstein, C. H. (ed.), Banking, Currency and Finance in Europe Between the Wars, Oxford, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feinstein, H., Temin, P. and Toniolo, G., The European Economy Between the Wars, Oxford, 1997.Google Scholar

Feinstein, H. (ed.), Banking, Currency and Finance in Europe Between the Wars, Oxford, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feis, H., Europe the World's Banker, 1870–1914, New York, 1961.Google Scholar

Feldman, G. D., ‘Banks and banking in Germany after the First World War. Strategies of defence’, in Cassis, Y. (ed.), Finance and Financiers in European History, 1880–1960, Cambridge, 1992.Google Scholar

Feldman, G. D., ‘The Deutsche Bank from world war to world economic depression 1914–1933’, in Gall, L.et al., The Deutsche Bank 1870–1995, London, 1995.Google Scholar

Feldman, G. D., The Great Disorder. Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation, 1914–1924, Oxford, 1997.Google Scholar

Ferguson, N., The World's Banker. The History of the House of Rothschild, London, 1998.Google Scholar

Ferguson, N., The Cash Nexus. Money and Power in the Modern World 1700–2000, London, 2001.Google Scholar

Ferguson N., ‘The City of London and British imperialism: new light on a old question’, in Cassis, Y. and Bussière, E. (eds.), London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

FT Global 500, 27 May 2004.

Fior, M., Les banques suisses, le franc et l'Allemagne. Contribution à l'histoire de la place financière suisse (1924–1945), Geneva, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flandreau, M., ‘Central bank cooperation in historical perspective: a sceptical view’, Economic History Review, 50, 4, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flandreau, M., ‘The economics and politics of monetary unions: a reassessment of the Latin Monetary Union, 1865–1871’, Financial History Review, 7, 1, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flandreau, M., ‘Le service des Etudes financières sous Henri Germanin (1871–1905): une macro-économie d'acteurs’, in Desjardins, B.et al. (eds.), Le Crédit Lyonnais 1863–1986, Geneva, 2003.Google Scholar

Flandreau, M., and Gallice, F., ‘Paris, London and the international money market: lessons from Paribas, 1885–1913’, in Cassis, Y. and Bussière, E. (eds.), London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flandreau, M., and Zumer, D., The Making of Global Finance 1880–1913, OECD, 2004.Google Scholar

Franke, D., ‘Internationale Finanzplätze. Rivalen oder Partner?’, Die Bank, April 2002.Google Scholar

Franke, G., ‘The Bundesbank and financial markets’, in Bundesbank, Deutsche (ed.), Fifty Years of the Deutsche Mark. Central Bank and the Currency in Germany since 1948, Oxford, 1999.Google Scholar

Fremdling, R., ‘Railroads and German economic growth: a leading sector analysis with a comparison to the United States and Great Britain’, Journal of Economic History, 37, 3, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friedman, M., and Schwartz, A. J., A Monetary History of the United States 1867–1960, Princeton, 1963.Google Scholar

Fry, R. (ed.), A Banker's World. The Revival of the City 1957–1970. The Speeches and Writings of Sir George Bolton, London, 1970.Google Scholar

Fulford, R., Glyn's 1753–1953. Six Generations in Lombard Street, London, 1953.Google Scholar

Galbraith, J. K., The Great Crash, 1929, Boston, 1954.Google Scholar

Gall, L., Feldman, G. D., James, H., Holtfrerich, C.-L., and Büschgen, H. E., The Deutsche Bank 1870–1975, London, 1995.Google Scholar

Gallant, P., The Eurobond Market, Cambridge, 1988.Google Scholar

Gallice, F., ‘Le Crédit Lyonnais à Londres 1870–1939’, in Desjardins, B.et al. (eds.), Le Crédit Lyonnais, 1863–1986, Geneva, 2003.Google Scholar

Geisst, C. R., Wall Street. A History, Oxford, 1997.Google Scholar

Gibb, D. E. W., Lloyd's of London. A Study in Individualism, London, 1957.Google Scholar

Gille, B., La banque et le crédit en France de 1815 à 1848, Paris, 1959.Google Scholar

Gille, B., Histoire de la maison Rothschild, vol. 1, Des origines à 1848, Geneva, 1965.Google Scholar

Gille, B., Histoire de la Maison Rothschild, vol. II: 1848–1870, Geneva, 1967.Google Scholar

Girard, L., La politique des travaux publics sous le Second Empire, Paris, 1952.Google Scholar

Girault, R., and Lévy-Leboyer, M. (eds.), Le Plan Marshall et le relèvement économique de l'Europe, Paris, 1993.Google Scholar

Gömmel, R., ‘Entstehung und Entwicklung der Effektenbörse im 19. Jahrhundert bis 1914’, in Pohl, H. (ed.), Deutsche Börsengeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, 1992.Google Scholar

Goodhart, C. A. E., The Business of Banking, 1891–1914, London, 1972.Google Scholar

Gourvish, T., Railways and the British Economy 1830–1914, London and Basingstoke, 1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guex, S., La politique monétaire et financière de la Confédération Suisse 1900–1920, Lausanne, 1993.Google Scholar

Guex, S., ‘The origins of the Swiss Banking secrecy law and its repercussions for Swiss federal policy’, in Business History Review, 74, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halévy, E., Histoire du people anglais au XIXe siècle, Epilogue II, Vers la démocratie sociale et vers la guerre (1905–1914), Paris, 1932.Google Scholar

Hall, A. R., The London Capital Market and Australia, 1870–1914, Canberra, 1963.Google Scholar

Hall, P. A., and Soskice, D. (eds.), Varieties of Capitalism, Oxford, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hardach, G., The First World War 1914–1918, London, 1977.Google Scholar

Henning, F.-W., ‘Börsenkrisen und Börsengesetzgebung von 1914 bis 1945 in Deutschland’, in Deutsche Börsengeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, 1992.Google Scholar

Hertner P., ‘Les sociétés financières suisses et le développement de l'industrie électrique jusqu’à la Première Guerre mondiale', in Cardot, F. (ed.), 1880–1980. Un siècle d'électricité dans le monde, Paris, 1987.Google Scholar

Hertner, P., ‘German banks abroad before 1914’, in Jones, G. (ed.), Banks as Multinationals, London, 1990.Google Scholar

Hilferding, R.,Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development, London, 1981; 1st edn, Vienna, 1910.Google Scholar

Hirsch, A., ‘Les objectifs de la loi sur les banques’, in Eidgenossische Bankenkommission, 50 Jahre eidgenossische Bankenaufsicht, Zurich, 1987.Google Scholar

Hobsbawm, E. J., The Age of Revolution 1789–1848, London, 1962.Google Scholar

Hobsbawm, E. J., Age of Extremes. The Short Twentieth Century 1914–1991, London, 1994.Google Scholar

Hobson, D., The National Wealth. Who Gets What in Britain?, London, 1999.Google Scholar

Hobson, J. A., Imperialism: A Study, London, 1902.Google Scholar

Hoffman, P., Postel-Vinay, G. and Rosenthal, J.-L., Des marchés sans prix. Une économie politique du crédit à Paris, 1660–1870, Paris, 2001.Google Scholar

Hogan, M. J., The Marshall Plan. America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952, Cambridge, 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holmes, A. R., and Green, E., Midland 150 Years of Banking Business, London, 1986.Google Scholar

Holtfrerich, C.-L., ‘The monetary unification process in 19th century Germany: relevance and lessons for Europe today’, in Cecco, M. and Giovannini, A. (eds.), A European Central Bank? Perspectives on Monetary Unification after Ten Years of the EMS, Cambridge, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holtfrerich, C.-L., ‘The Deutsche Bank 1945–1957: war, military rule and reconstruction’, in Gall, L.et al., The Deutsche Bank 1870–1995, London, 1995.Google Scholar

Holtfrerich, C.-L., Frankfurt as a Financial Centre. From Medieval Trade Fair to European Banking Centre, Munich, 1999.Google Scholar

Holtfrerich, C.-L., Reis, J. and Toniolo, G. (eds.), The Emergence of Modern Central Banking from 1918 to the Present, Aldershot, 1999.Google Scholar

Homer, S., and Sylla, R., A History of Interest Rates, 3rd ed., Revised with a Foreword by H. Kaufman, New Brunswick, 1996.Google Scholar

Hoshi, T., and Kashyap, A. K., Corporate Financing and Governance in Japan. The Road to the Future, Cambridge, Mass., 2001.Google Scholar

Houtman-De-Smedt, H., ‘Société Générale from 1822 to 1848: from “Bank of the Crown Lands” to “mixed-type bank”’, in Wee, H. (ed.), The Generale Bank 1822–1897, Tielt, 1997.Google Scholar

Houwink ten Cate, J., ‘Amsterdam als Finanzplatz Deutschlands (1919–1923)’, in Feldman, G. D.et al. (eds.), Konsequenzen der Inflation, Berlin, 1989.Google Scholar

Howson, S., Domestic Monetary Management in Britain, 1919–1939, Cambridge, 1975.Google Scholar

Huertas, T., ‘U.S. multinational banking: history and prospects’, in Jones, G. (ed.), Banks as Multinationals, London, 1990.Google Scholar

Iklé, M., Die Schweiz als internationaler Bank- und Finanzplatz, Zurich, 1970.Google Scholar

IMF, International Monetary Statistics, Washington, DC, 1981.

Imlah, A., ‘British balance of payments and the export of capital, 1816–1913’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 2, 1952.Google Scholar

James, H., ‘The causes of the German banking crisis of 1931’, Economic History Review, 38, 1984.Google Scholar

James, H., The Reichsbank and Public Finance in Germany 1924–1933, Frankfurt, 1985.Google Scholar

James, H., The German Slump. Politics and Economics 1924–1936, Oxford, 1986.Google Scholar

James, H., ‘Banks and bankers in the German interwar depression’, in Cassis, Y. (ed.), Finance and Financiers in European History, 1880–1960, Cambridge, 1992.Google Scholar

James H., ‘The Deutsche Bank and the dictatorship 1933–1945’, in Gall, L.et al., The Deutsche Bank 1870–1995, London, 1995.Google Scholar

James, H., International Monetary Cooperation since Bretton Woods, New York and Oxford, 1996.Google Scholar

James, H., ‘The Reichsbank 1876–1945’, in Bundesbank, Deutsche (ed.), Fifty Years of the Deutsche Mark. Central Bank and the Currency in Germany since 1948, Oxford, 1999.Google Scholar

James H., ‘Strukturwandel im Kriegs- und Kriszeiten 1914–1945’, in Pohl, H. (ed.), Geschichte des Finanzplatzes Berlin, Frankfurt, 2002.Google Scholar

James, J., Money and Capital Markets in Postbellum America, Princeton, 1978.Google Scholar

Jao, Y. C., ‘Hong Kong as an international financial centre: evolution and prospects’, in The Asian NIEs: Success and Challenge, Hong Kong, 1983.Google Scholar

Jeanneney, J.-N., Leçon d'histoire pour une gauche au pouvoir. La faillite du Cartel 1926–1926, Paris, 1977.Google Scholar

Jeanneney, J.-N., L'argent caché. Milieux d'affaires et pouvoir politique dans la France du XXe siècle, Paris, 1981.Google Scholar

Jenks, L. H., The Migration of British Capital to 1875, New York, 1927.Google Scholar

Jöhr, W. A., Schweizerische Kreditanstalt 1856–1956, Zurich, 1956.Google Scholar

Jollife, M. F., The United States as a Financial Centre 1919–1933, Cardiff, 1935.Google Scholar

Jones, C. A., International Business in the Nineteenth Century. The Rise and Fall of a Cosmopolitan Bourgeoisie, New York, 1987.Google Scholar

Jones, G., ‘Lombard Street on the Riviera: The British clearing banks and Europe, 1900–1960’, Business History, 24, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, G., ‘International financial centres in Asia, the Middle East and Australia: a historical perspective’, in Cassis, Y. (ed.), Finance and Financiers in European History 1880–1960, Cambridge, 1992.Google Scholar

Jones, G., British Multinational Banking 1830–1990, Oxford, 1993.Google Scholar

Jones, G., The Evolution of International Business, London, 1996.Google Scholar

Jones, G., Merchants to Multinationals. British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Oxford, 2000.Google Scholar

Jones, G., Multinationals and Global Capitalism from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century, Oxford, 2005.Google Scholar

Jones, G., (ed.), Banks as Multinationals, London, 1990.Google Scholar

Jonker, J., ‘Spoilt for choice? Banking concentration and the structure of the Dutch capital market, 1900–40’, in Cassis, Y., Feldman, G. D., and Olsson, U. (eds.), The Evolution of Financial Institutions and Markets in Twentieth Century Europe, Aldershot, 1995.Google Scholar

Jonker, J., Merchants, Bankers, Middlemen. The Amsterdam Money Market during the First Half of the 19th Century, Amsterdam, 1996.Google Scholar

Jonker, J. and Sluyterman, K., At Home on the World Markets. Dutch International Trading Companies from the 16th Century until the Present, La Haye, 2000.Google Scholar

Joslin, D. M., ‘London private bankers, 1720–1785’, Economic History Review, 7, 1954.Google Scholar

Joslin, D. M., A Century of Banking in Latin America, London, 1963.Google Scholar

Journal of the Institute of Bankers, 1904.

Jung, J., Von der Schweizerischen Kreditanstalt zur Credit Suisse Group. Eine Bankengeschichte, Zurich, 2000.Google Scholar

Kasuya, M. (ed.), Coping with Crisis. International Financial Institutions in the Interwar Period, Oxford, 2003.Google Scholar

Kaufmann, E., La banque en France, Paris, 1914.Google Scholar

Kelly, J., Bankers and Borders. The Case of American Banks in Britain, Cambridge, Mass., 1977.Google Scholar

Kennedy, P., The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, London, 1988.Google Scholar

Kerr, I., A History of the Eurobond Market. The First 21 Years, London, 1984.Google Scholar

Keynes, J. M., The Economic Consequences of the Peace, London, 1919.Google Scholar

Keynes, J. M., The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill, London, 1925.Google Scholar

Kindleberger, C. P., ‘European economic integration and the development of a single financial center for long-term capital’, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 90, 2, 1963.Google Scholar

Kindleberger, C. P., The World in Depression 1929–1939, London, 1973.Google Scholar

Kindleberger, C. P., ‘The formation of financial centers’, Princeton Studies in International Finance, 36, 1974.Google Scholar

Kindlebrger, C. P., Manias, Panics and Crashes. A History of Financial Crises, London, 1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kindleberger, C. P., A Financial History of Western Europe, 2nd edn, New York, 1993.Google Scholar

King, W. T. C., A History of the London Discount Market, London, 1936.Google Scholar

Kinsey, S. and Newton, L., International Banking in an Age of Transition, Aldershot, 1998.Google Scholar

Kirby, M. W., Men of Business and Politics. The Rise and Fall of the Quaker Pease Dynasty of North-East England, 1700–1943, London, 1984.Google Scholar

König, M., Interhandel. Die Schweizerische Holding der IG Farben und ihre Metamorphosen (1910–1999), Zurich, 2001.Google Scholar

Kopper, C., Zwischen Marktwirtschaft und Dirigismus. Bankenpolitik im ‘Dritten Reich’ 1933–1939, Bonn, 1995.Google Scholar

Kunz, D. B., The Battle for Britain's Gold Standard in 1931, London, 1987.Google Scholar

Kurgan-van Hentenryk, G., ‘Finance and financiers in Belgium, 1880–1914’, in Cassis, Y. (ed.), Finance and Financiers in European History 1880–1960, Cambridge, 1992.Google Scholar

Kurgan-van Hentenryk, G., Gouverner la Générale de Belgique. Essai de biographie collective, Bruxelles, 1996.Google Scholar

Kurgan-van Hentenryk, G., ‘The Société Générale, 1850–1934’, in Wee, H. (ed.), The Generale Bank 1822–1997, Tielt, 1997.Google Scholar

Kurgan-van Hentenryk, G., Jaumain, S., and Montens, V. (eds.), Dictionnaire des patrons en Belgique. Les hommes, les entreprises, les réseaux, Bruxelles, 1996.Google Scholar

Kynaston, D., ‘The London Stock Exchange, 1870–1914: an institutional history’, Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1983.

Kynaston, D., The City of London. Vol. I: A World of its Own, 1815–1890, London, 1994.Google Scholar

Kynaston, D., The City of London, Vol. II: Golden Age, 1890–1914, London, 1995.Google Scholar

Kynaston, D., LIFFE: A Market and its Makers, Cambridge 1997.Google Scholar

Kynaston, D., The City of London, vol. III: Illusions of Gold 1914–1945, London, 1999.Google Scholar

Kynaston, D., The City of London, vol. IV: A Club No More 1945–2000, London, 2001.Google Scholar

‘La Suisse, place financière’, Cahier SBS, 6, 1975.

Lambelet, J.-C., and A. Mihailov, ‘Le poids des places financières suisse, genevoise et lémanique’, Institut ‘Créa’ de macroéconomie appliquée, Université de Lausanne, 2001.

Landes, D., ‘Vieille banque et banque nouvelle: la révolution bancaire du XIXe siècle’, Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 3, 1956.

Landes, D., Bankers and Pashas. International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt, Cambridge, Mass., 1958.Google Scholar

Larre, R., ‘Le développement du rôle de Paris dans le marché international des capitaux: Paris, place financière internationale’, 13 juillet 1966, Archives privées Larre, Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière, 46 p. dactylogr.

Laufenburger, H., Les banques françaises, Paris, 1940.Google Scholar

Lazonick, W., and O'Sullivan, M., ‘Finance and industrial development: evolution to market control. Part I: The United States and the United Kingdom’, Financial History Review, 4, 1, 1997.

Lazonick, W., and O'Sullivan, M., ‘Finance and industrial development: evolution to market control. Part II: Japan and Germany’, Financial History Review, 4, 2, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lessard, D. R., ‘Singapore as an international financial centre’, in Roberts, R. (ed.), Offshore Financial Centres, Aldershot, 1994.Google Scholar

Lévy-Leboyer, M., Les banques européennes et l'industrialisation internationale dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, Paris, 1964.Google Scholar

Lévy-Leboyer, M., ‘La balance des paiements et l'exportation des capitaux français’, in Lévy-Leboyer (ed.), La position internationale de la France. Aspects économiques et sociaux, Paris, 1977.Google Scholar

Lévy-Leboyer, M. (ed.), La position internationale de la France. Aspects économique et financiers, XIXe–XXe siècles, Paris, 1977.Google Scholar

Lindert, P. H., Key Currencies and Gold 1900–1913, Princeton, 1969.Google Scholar

Lüthy, H., La banque protestante en France de la Révocation de l'Edit de Nantes à la Révolution française, 2 vols., Paris, 1959–61.Google Scholar

Luxembourg, an International Financial Centre, Luxembourg, 1972.

Lysis, , Contre l'oligarchie financière en France, Paris, 1907.Google Scholar

Maddison, A., Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development. A Long-Run Comparative View, Oxford, 1991.Google Scholar

Margairaz, M., ‘La Banque de France et l'occupation’, in Margairaz, M. (eds.), Banques, Banque de France et Seconde Guerre mondiale, Paris, 2002.Google Scholar

Margairaz, M., (ed.), Banques, Banque de France et Seconde Guerre mondiale, Paris, 2002.Google Scholar

Marguerat, P., La Suisse face au IIIe Reich. Réduit national et dissuasion économique, Lausanne, 1991.Google Scholar

Marguerat P., ‘Banques mixtes et grandes entreprises industrielles en Allemagne, 1880–1913: du mythe à l'antimythe’, in Marguerat, P., Tissot, L. and Froidevaux, Y. (eds.), Banques et entreprises industrielles en Europe de l'Ouest, XIXe–XXe siècles. Aspects nationaux et régionaux, Geneva, 2000.Google Scholar

Marguerat, P., Tissot, L., and Froidevaux, Y. (eds.), Banques et entreprises industrielles en Europe de l'Ouest, XIXe–XXe siècles. Aspects nationaux et régionaux, Geneva, 2000.Google Scholar

Marnata, F., La Bourse et le financement des investissements, Paris, 1973.Google Scholar

Marseille, J., Empire colonial et capitalisme français. Histoire d'un divorce, Paris, 1984.Google Scholar

Marshall, M., The Bank, London, 1999.Google Scholar

Martin, R., Das Jahrbuch der Millionäre Deutschlands, Berlin, 1913.Google Scholar

Mast, H. J., ‘La Suisse place financière: bénédiction ou malédiction?’, Cahiers du Crédit Suisse, 42, March 1977.Google Scholar

Mayer, A. J., The Persistence of the Old Regime. Europe to the Great War, London, 1981.Google Scholar

Mazbouri, M., L'émergence de la place financière suisse (1890–1913), Lausanne, 2005.Google Scholar

McKay, J. P., ‘The House of Rothschild (Paris) as a multinational industrial enterprise: 1875–1914’, in Teichova, A., Lévy-Leboyer, M. and Nussbaum, H. (eds.), Multinational Enterprise in Historical Perspective, Cambridge, 1986.Google Scholar

McRae, H. and, Cairncross, F., Capital City. London as a Financial Centre, 1st edn, London, 1973; 2nd edn, London, 1984.Google Scholar

Mensbrugghe, J., ‘Foreign issues in Europe’, International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, 11, 1964.Google Scholar

Meuleau, M., Des Pionniers en Extrême-Orient. Histoire de la Banque de l'Indochine (1875–1975), Paris, 1989.Google Scholar

Michie, R., The London and New York Stock Exchanges 1870–1914, London, 1987.Google Scholar

Michie, R., The City of London. Continuity and Change, 1850–1990, Basingstoke and London, 1992.Google Scholar

Michie, R., ‘The invisible stabilizer: asset arbitrage and the international monetary system since 1700’, Financial History Review, 5, 1, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Michie, R., The London Stock Exchange. A History, Oxford, 1999.Google Scholar

Michie, R. and Williamson, P. (eds.), The British Government and the City of London in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milward, A. S., War, Economy and Society 1939–1945, London, 1977.Google Scholar

Moggridge, D. E., British Monetary Policy, 1924–1931, Cambridge, 1972.Google Scholar

Moreau, E., Souvenirs d'un gouverneur de la Banque de France. Histoire de la stabilisation du franc (1926–1928), Paris, 1954.Google Scholar

Mosse, W. E., Jews in the German Economy. The German–Jewish Economic Elite 1820–1935, Oxford, 1987.Google Scholar

Mottet, L., Regards sur l'histoire des banques et banquiers genevois, Geneva, 1982.Google Scholar

Mouré, K., La politique du franc Poincaré (1926–1936), Paris, 1998.Google Scholar

Myers, M., The New York Money Market, Vol. I, Origins and Development, New York, 1931.Google Scholar

Myers, M., Paris as a Financial Centre, London, 1936.Google Scholar

Nadler, M., Heller, S. and Shipman, S., ‘New York as an international financial center’, in The Money Market and its Institutions, New York, 1955.Google Scholar

Neal, L., ‘Trust companies and financial innovation, 1897–1914’, Business History Review, 45, 1, 1971.CrossRef

Neal, L., ‘Integration of international capital markets: quantitative evidence from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries’, Journal of Economic History, 45, 2, 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Neal, L., The Rise of Financial Capitalism. International Capital Markets in the Age of Reason, Cambridge, 1990.Google Scholar

Neal, L., ‘How it all began: the monetary and financial architecture of Europe during the first global capital markets, 1648–1815’, Financial History Review, 7, 2, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Neue Deutsche Biographie, Berlin, 1952.

O'Sullivan, M., Contests for Corporate Control, Oxford, 2000.Google Scholar

Obstfeld, M. and Taylor, A., ‘Globalization and capital markets’, in Bordo, M., Taylor, A. and Williamson, J. (eds.), Globalization in Historical Perspective, Chicago, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Obstfeld, M. and Taylor, A., Global Capital Markets. Integration, Crisis and Growth, Cambridge, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

OCDE, International Capital Markets Statistics, 1950–1995, Paris, 1996.

Orbell, J., Baring Brothers & Co., Limited. A History to 1939, London, 1985.Google Scholar

Orsingher, R., Les banques dans le monde, Paris, 1964.Google Scholar

Paquier, S., ‘Banques, sociétés financières, industrie électrique de 1895 à 1914’, in Cassis, Y. and Tanner, J. (eds.), Banques et crédit en Suisse (1850–1930), Zurich, 1993.Google Scholar

Paquier, S., Histoire de l'électricité en Suisse. La dynamique d'un petit pays européen 1875–1939, Geneva, 1998.Google Scholar

Paquier, S., ‘Swiss holding companies from mid-nineteenth century to the early 1930s: the forerunners and subsequent waves of creation’, Financial History Review, 8, 2, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Park, Y. S., ‘A comparison of Hong Kong and Singapore as Asian financial Centres’, in Grub, P. D.et al. (eds.), East Asia Dimension of International Business, Sydney, 1982.Google Scholar

Perkins, E., Wall Street to Main Street. Charles Merrill and Middle-Class Investors, Cambridge, 1999.Google Scholar

Perrenoud, M. and Lopez, R., Aspects des relations financières franco-suisses (1936–1946), Zurich, 2002.Google Scholar

Perrenoud, M.et al., La place financière et les banques suisses à l'époque du national-socialisme, Zurich, 2002.Google Scholar

Pictet & Cie 1805–1855, Geneva, 1955.

Plessis, A., Régents et gouverneurs de la Banque de France sous le Second Empire, Geneva, 1985.Google Scholar

Plessis, A., La politique de la Banque de France de 1851 à 1870, Geneva, 1985.Google Scholar

Plessis, A., ‘Le développement des activités financières à Paris au XIXe siècle’, in Diederiks, H. A. and Reeder, D. (eds.), Cities of Finance, Amsterdam, 1996.Google Scholar

Plessis A., ‘Les grandes banques de dépôts et l'occupation’, in Margairaz, M. (ed.), Banques, Banque de France et Seconde Guerre mondiale, Paris, 2002.Google Scholar

Plessis, A., ‘La création de la Banque de France et la genèse des banques nationales d’émission en Europe au XIXe siècle', in Feiertag, O. and Margairaz, M. (eds.), Politiques et pratiques des banques d'émission en Europe (XVIIe–XXe siècle), Paris, 2003.Google Scholar

Plessis, A., ‘When Paris dreamt of competing with the City … ’, in Cassis, Y. and Bussière, E. (eds.), London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pohl, H. (ed.), Deutsche Börsengeschichte, Frankfurt am Main, 1992.Google Scholar

Pohl, H.Geschichte des Finanzplatzes Berlin, Frankfurt, 2002.Google Scholar

Pollard, S., The Development of the British Economy, 1914–1980, 3rd edn., London, 1983.Google Scholar

Pollard, S., ‘Capital exports, 1870–1914: harmful or beneficial?’ Economic History Review, 38, 4, 1985.Google Scholar

Pollard, S., Britain's Prime and Britain's Decline. The British Economy 1870–1914, London, 1989.Google Scholar

Pollard, S. (ed.), The Gold Standard and Employment Policies between the Wars, London, 1970.Google Scholar

Porter, M., The Competitive Advantage of Nations, London, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Powell, E. T., The Evolution of the Money Market, London, 1915.Google Scholar

Presnell, L. S., ‘Gold reserves, banking reserves and the Baring Crisis of 1890’, in Whittlessey, C. R. and Wilson, J. S. G. (eds.), Essays in Money and Banking in Honour of R. S. Sayers, London, 1968.Google Scholar

Presnell, L. S. (ed.), Money and Banking in Japan, London, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Price, J. M., ‘What did merchants do? Reflections on British overseas trade, 1660–1790’, Journal of Economic History, 49, 2, 1989, 267–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Quelles places financières pour demain?, Revue d'économie financière, special edn, 57, 1999.

Quennouëlle-Corre, L., La direction du Trésor, 1947–1967. L'État-banquier et la croissance, Paris, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rappoport, P. and White, E., ‘Was the crash of 1929 expected?’ American Economic Review, 84, 1, 1994.Google Scholar

Raymond, R., L'euro et l'unité monétaire de l'Europe, Paris, 2001.Google Scholar

Reed, H. C., The Preeminence of International Financial Centers, New York, 1981.Google Scholar

Reed, H. C., ‘The ascent of Tokyo as an international financial center’, Journal of International Business Studies, 11, 3, 1990.Google Scholar

Reis, J. (ed.), International Monetary Systems in Historical Perspective, Basingstoke, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reitmayer, M., Bankiers im Kaiserreich. Sozialprofil und Habitus der deutschen Hochfinanz, Göttingen, 1999.Google Scholar

Ribeill, G., La révolution ferroviaire. La formation des compagnies de chemins de fer en France (1823–1870), Paris, 1993.Google Scholar

Riesser, J., Zur Entwicklung der deutschen Grossbanken mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Konzentrationbestrebungen, Jena, 1906.Google Scholar

Riley, J. C., International Government Finance and the Amsterdam Capital Market, 1740–1815, Cambridge, 1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ritschl, A., Deutschlands Krise und Konjunktur. Binnenkonjunktur, Auslandsverschuldung und Reparationsproblem zwischen Dawes-Plan und Transfersperre 1924–1934, Berlin, 2002.Google Scholar

Ritzmann, F., Die Schweizer Banken. Geschichte, Theorie, Statistik, Bern and Stuttgart, 1973.Google Scholar

Rivoire, J., Le Crédit Lyonnais. Histoire d'une banque, Paris, 1989.Google Scholar

Roberts, P., ‘Benjamin Strong, the Federal Reserve and the limits to interwar American nationalism’, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Economic Quarterly, 86, 2, 2000.Google Scholar

Roberts, R., Schroders. Merchants & Bankers, Basingstoke and London, 1992.Google Scholar

Roberts, R., ‘What's in a name? Merchants, merchant bankers, accepting houses, issuing houses, industrial bankers and investment bankers’, Business History, 35, 3, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robers, R., Inside International Finance, London, 1998.Google Scholar

Roberts, R., Take Your Partners. Orion, the Consortium Banks and the Transformation of the Euromarkets, Basingstoke, 2001.Google Scholar

Roberts, R., Wall Street, London, 2002.Google Scholar

Roberts, R., The City, London, 2004.Google Scholar

Roberts, R. and Kynaston, D., City State. How the Markets Came to Rule our World, London, 2001.Google Scholar

Roberts, R. (ed.), International Financial Centres, 4 vols., Aldershot, 1994.Google Scholar

Rosenbaum, R., and Sherman, A. J., M.M. Warburg & Co. 1798–1938. Merchant Bankers of Hamburg, London, 1979.Google Scholar

Ross, D., ‘European banking clubs in the 1960s: a flawed strategy’, Business and Economic History, 27, 1998.Google Scholar

Ross, D., ‘Clubs and consortia: European banking groups as strategic alliances’, in Battilossi, S. and Cassis, Y. (eds.), European Banks and the American Challenge. Competition and Cooperation in International Banking under Bretton Woods, Oxford, 2002.Google Scholar

Rubinstein, W. D., ‘Introduction’, in Rubinstein, W. D. (ed.), Wealth and the Wealthy in the Modern World, London, 1980.Google Scholar

Rubinstein, W. D.Men of Property, London, 1981.Google Scholar

Sabouret, A., MM Lazard Frères et Cie. Une Saga de la fortune, Paris, 1987.Google Scholar

Sampson, A., The Money Lenders, London, 1981.Google Scholar

Sancey, Y., ‘Place financière suisse et émergence d'une régulation para-étatique durant l'Entre-deux-guerres’, in Guex, S.et al. (eds.), Krisen und Stabilisierung. Die Schweiz in der Zwischenkriegszeit, Zurich, 1998.Google Scholar

Sassen, S., The Global City. New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saul, S. B., Studies in British Overseas Trade, 1870–1914, Liverpool, 1960.Google Scholar

Saul, S., ‘Banking alliances and international issues on the Paris capital market, 1890–1914’, in Cassis, Y. and Bussière, E. (eds.), London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sauvy, A., Histoire économique de la France entre les deux guerres, 3 vols., Paris, 1984.Google Scholar

Sayers, R. S., Bank of England Operations 1890–1914, London, 1936.Google Scholar

Sayers, R. S., Lloyds Bank in the History of English Banking, Oxford, 1957.Google Scholar

Sayers, R. S., The Bank of England 1891–1944, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1976.Google Scholar

Scammel, W. M., The London Discount Market, London, 1968.Google Scholar

Schenk, C., Britain and the Sterling Area. From Devaluation to Convertibility in the 1950s, London, 1994.Google Scholar

Schenk, C., ‘The origins of the Eurodollar market in London, 1955–1963’, Explorations in Economic History, 35, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schenk, C., Hong Kong as an International Financial Centre. Emergence and Development, 1945–1965, London, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schenk, C., ‘International financial centres, 1958–1971: competitiveness and complementarity’, in Battilossi, S. and Cassis, Y. (eds.), European Banks and the American Challenge. Competition and Cooperation in International Banking under Bretton Woods, Oxford, 2002.Google Scholar

Scholey, D., ‘Essential features of international financial centres’, in Swiss Bankers' Association, International Financial Centres: Structure, Achievements and Prospects, Proceedings of the 40th International Summer School, Interlaken/Basle, 1987.Google Scholar

Schuker, S. A., The End of French Predominance in Europe. The Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan, Chapel Hill, 1976.Google Scholar

Seitz, J., Histoire de la Banque à Genève, Geneva, 1931.Google Scholar

Simon, M., ‘The pattern of new British portfolio foreign investment, 1865–1914’, in Hall, A. R. (ed.), The Export of Capital from Britain, 1870–1914, London, 1968.Google Scholar

Smith, G. D., and Sylla, R., ‘Wall Street and the U.S. capital markets in the twentieth century’, in Financial Markets, Institutions and Instruments, 1993.Google Scholar

Smith, G. D., and R. Sylla, ‘Capital markets,’ in Kutler, S.et al. (eds.), Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, vol. III, New York, 1996.Google Scholar

Speck, K., Strukturwandlungen und Entwicklungtendenzen im Auslandgeschäft der Schweizerbanken, Zurich, 1974.Google Scholar

Stern, F., Gold and Iron. Bismarck, Bleichröder and the Building of the German Empire, New York, 1977.Google Scholar

Stoskopf, N., Banquiers et financiers parisiens, vol. VII, Les patrons du Second Empire, Paris, 2002.Google Scholar

Strange, S., Sterling and British Policy, London, 1971.Google Scholar

Straus, A., ‘Structures financières et performances des entreprises industrielles en France dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle’, Entreprises et Histoire, 2, 1992.

Straus A., ‘The future of Paris as an international centre from the perspective of European integration’, in Cassis, Y. and Bussière, E. (eds.), London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stürmer, M., Teichmann, G. and Treue, W., Wägen und Wagen. Sal. Oppenhein jr. & Cie. Geschichte einer Bank und einer Familie, Munich and Zurich, 1989.Google Scholar

Supple, B., ‘A business elite: German–Jewish financiers in nineteenth century New York’, Business History Review, 31, 2, 1957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Supple, B., The Royal Exchange Assurance. A History of British Insurance 1720–1970, Cambridge, 1970.Google Scholar

Supple, B., ‘Corporate growth and structural change in a service industry: insurance 1870–1914’, in Supple, B. (ed.), Essays in British Business History, Oxford, 1977.Google Scholar

Suzuki, T., Japanese Government Loan Issues on the London Capital Market 1870–1913, London, 1994.Google Scholar

Sylla, R., ‘Shaping the U.S. financial system, 1690–1913’: the dominant role of public finance', in Sylla, R., Tilly, R. and Tortella, G. (eds.), The State, the Financial System and Economic Modernization, Cambridge, 1999.Google Scholar

Sylla, R., ‘United States banks and Europe: strategy and attitudes’, in S. Battilossi, and Cassis, Y. (eds.), European Banks and the American Challenge. Competition and Cooperation in International Banking under Bretton Woods, Oxford, 2002.Google Scholar

Sylla, R., Tilly, R. and Tortella, G. (eds.), The State, the Financial System and Economic Modernization, Cambridge, 1999.Google Scholar

Testis, Le rôle des établissements de crédit en France, Paris, 1907. The Economist, 1843–.

Thornton, H., An Inquiry into Paper Credit, London, 1802.Google Scholar

Tilly, R., ‘Berlin als preussiches und deutsches Finanzzentrum und seine Beziehungen zu den anderen Zentren in Ost und West’, in Ribbe, W. and Schmädeke, J. (eds.), Berlin in Europa der Neuzeit, Berlin, New York, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tilly, R., ‘International aspects of the development of German banking’, in Cameron, R. and Bovykin, V. I. (eds.), International Banking 1870–1914, Oxford, 1991.Google Scholar

Tilman, S., ‘Portrait collectif de grands banquiers belges Bruxelles-Liège-Anvers (1830–1935): contribution à une histoire des élites’, Thèse de doctorat, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 2003–4.

Toniolo, G., ‘Europe's golden age, 1950–1973: speculations from a long-run perspective’, Economic History Review, 51, 2, 1998.CrossRef

Torres, F., Banquiers d'avenir. Des comptoirs d'escompte à la naissance de BNP Paribas, Paris, 2000.Google Scholar

Treue, W., ‘Das Bankhaus Mendelssohn als Beispiel einer Privatbank im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert’, in Lowenthal-Hensel, C., Mendelssohn Studien. Beiträge zur neueren deutschen Kultur und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, vol. I, Berlin, 1972.Google Scholar

United Nations, International Capital Movements during the Interwar Period, New York, 1949.

Van der Wee, H., and M. Goossens, ‘Belgium’, in Cameron, R. and Bovykin, V. I., International Banking 1870–1914, Oxford, 1991.Google Scholar

Van der Wee, H., and M. van der Wee-Verbreyt, ‘Belgian banking in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: the Société Générale and the Générale de Banque (1822–1997)’, in Sylla, R., Tilly, R. and Tortella, G. (eds.), The State, the Financial System and Economic Modernization, Cambridge, 1999.Google Scholar

Wee, H. (ed.), The Generale Bank 1822–1897, Tielt, 1997.Google Scholar

Helten, J. J., and Cassis, Y. (eds.), Capitalism in a Mature Economy. Financial Institutions, Capital exports and British Industry, Aldershot, 1990.Google Scholar

Veraghtert, K., ‘Bruxelles éclipse Anvers. Le centre boursier belge se déplace, 1800–1840’, in Clercq, G. (ed.), A la Bourse. Histoire du marché des valeurs en Belgique de 1300 à 1990, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1992.Google Scholar

Vilar, P., Or et monnaie dans l'histoire, Paris, 1974.Google Scholar

Vogler, R., ‘The genesis of Swiss banking secrecy: political and economic environment’, Financial History Review, 8, 1, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wake, J., Kleinwort Benson. The History of Two Families in Banking, Oxford, 1997.Google Scholar

Wellhöner, V., Grossbanken und Grossindustrie im Kaiserreich, Göttingen, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

White, E., The Regulation and Reform of the American Banking System, 1920–1929, Princeton, 1983.Google Scholar

White, E., ‘The stock market boom and crash of 1929 revisited’, Journal of Economic Perspective, 4, 2, 1990.CrossRef

White, E., ‘Banking and finance in the twentieth century’, in Engerman, S. L. and Gallman, R. E. (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, vol. III, The Twentieth Century, Cambridge, 2000.Google Scholar

Wilkins, M., ‘The free-standing company, 1870–1914: an important type of British foreign direct investment’, Economic History Review, 41, 2, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilkins, M., ‘Banks over borders: some evidence from their pre-1914 history’, in Jones, G. (ed.), Banks as Multinationals, London, 1990.Google Scholar

Wilkins, M., ‘Cosmopolitan finance in the 1920s: New York's emergence as an international financial centre’, in Sylla, R., Tilly, R. and Tortella, G. (eds.), The State, the Financial System and Economic Modernization, Cambridge, 1999.Google Scholar

Wilkins, M., The History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914, Cambridge, Mass., 1st edn, 1989, 2nd edn 2004.Google Scholar

Wilkins, , The History of Foreign Investment in the United States, 1914–1945, Cambridge, Mass., 2004.Google Scholar

Williamson, P., National Crisis and National Government: British Politics, the Economy and Empire, 1926–1932, Cambridge, 1992.Google Scholar

Wilson, C., Anglo-Dutch Commerce and Finance in the Eighteenth Century, Cambridge, 1941.Google Scholar

Withers, H., The Meaning of Money, London, 1910.Google Scholar

‘Witness seminar on the origins and early development of the Eurobond market’, introduced and edited by Kathleen Burk, Contemporary European History, 1, 1, 1992, 65–87.CrossRef

Wixforth, H., ‘German banks and their business strategies in the Weimar Republic: new findings and preliminary results’, in Kasuya, M. (ed.), Coping with Crisis. International Financial Institutions in the Interwar Period, Oxford, 2003.Google Scholar

Wixforth, H., and Ziegler, D., ‘Deutsche Privatbanken und Privatbankiers im 20. Jahrhundert’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 23, 2, 1997.Google Scholar

Worner, M., La Suisse, centre financier européen, Argenton, 1931.Google Scholar

Wright, C., and Fayle, C. E., A History of Lloyds, London, 1928.Google Scholar

Ziegler, P., The Sixth Great Power. Barings, 1762–1929, London, 1988.Google Scholar

Zimmermann, R., Volksbank oder Aktienbank? Parlamentsdebatten, Referendum und zunehmende Verbandsmacht beim Streit um die Nationalbankgründung 1891–1905, Zurich, 1987.Google Scholar

Ackrill, M., and Hannah, L., Barclays: The Business of Banking 1690–1996, Cambridge, 2001.Google Scholar

Adler, D. R., British Investment in American Railways, 1834–1898, Charlottesville, 1970.Google Scholar

Albert, M., Capitalisme contre capitalisme, Paris, 1990.Google Scholar

Albion, R. G., The Rise of New York Port (1815–1860), New York, 1939.Google Scholar

Alletzhauser, A., The House of Nomura, London, 1990.Google Scholar

Ambigapathi, B., ‘La stratégie de cartellisation bancaire en France du Crédit Lyonnais entre 1919 et 1925’, in Desjardins, B.et al., Le Crédit Lyonnais 1863–1986, Geneva, 2003.Google Scholar

Andrieu, C., Les banques sous l'occupation. Paradoxes de l'histoire d'une profession, Paris, 1990.Google Scholar

Appel, E., European Monetary Integration 1958–2002, London, 1998.Google Scholar

Artaud, D., ‘Les dettes de guerre de la France, 1919–1929’, in Lévy-Leboyer, M. (ed.), La position internationale de la France. Aspects économiques et financiers, XIXe–XXe siècles, Paris, 1977.Google Scholar

Attali, J., Un homme d'influence. Sir Siegmund Warburg (1902–1982), Paris, 1985.Google Scholar

Aubert, M., Kernen, J. -P. and Schönle, H., Le secret bancaire suisse, Bern, 1982.Google Scholar

Augar, P., The Death of Gentlemanly Capitalism, London, 2000.Google Scholar

Augustine, D., Patricians and Parvenus. Wealth and High Society in Wilhelmine Germany, Oxford, 1994.Google Scholar

Autheman, A., La banque impériale ottomane, Paris, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Autin, J., Les frères Pereire. Le bonheur d'entreprendre, Paris 1984.Google Scholar

Bagehot, W., Lombard Street. A Description of the Money Market, London, 1873.

Bairoch, P., Commerce extérieur et développement économique de l'Europe au XIXe siècle, Paris, 1976.Google Scholar

Bairoch, P., ‘La place de la France sur les marchés internationaux’, in Lévy-Leboyer, M. (ed.), La position internationale de la France. Aspects économiques et sociaux XIXe–XXe siècles, Paris, 1977.Google Scholar

Bairoch, P., Victoires et déboires. Histoire économique et sociale du monde du XVIe siècle à nos jours, 3 vols., Paris, 1997.Google Scholar

Baker, M., and M. Collins, ‘London as an international banking centre, 1950–1980’, in Cassis, Y. and Bussière, E. (eds.), London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balderston, T., ‘The banks and the gold standard in the German financial crisis of 1931’, Financial History Review, 1, 1, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balderston, T., ‘A comparison of British and German monetary policy 1919–1932’, in Feinstein, C. H. (ed.), Banking, Currency and Finance in Europe between the Wars, Oxford, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balderston, T., The Origins and Course of the German Economic Crisis: November 1923 to May 1932, Berlin, 1993.Google Scholar

Balogh, T., Studies in Financial Organization, Cambridge, 1947.Google Scholar

Bankers' Magazine, 1844–89; 1890–1954.

Banque Nationale Suisse 1907–1957, Bern, 1957.

Banque Nationale Suisse, Les banques suisses, various years.

Banque Nationale Suisse, ‘Exportations de capitaux soumises à autorisation’, in Rapport annuel de gestion, années 1980–1995, Zurich.

Barbier, F., Finance et politique. La dynastie des Fould, XVIIIe–XXe siècles, Paris, 1991.Google Scholar

Barth, B., Die Deutsche Hochfinanz und die Imperialismen: Banken und Aussenpolitik vor 1914, Stuttgart, 1995.Google Scholar

Barth, B., ‘The financial history of the Anatolian and Baghdad railways, 1889–1914’, Financial History Review, 5, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baskin, J. B., and Miranti, P., A History of Corporate Finance, Cambridge, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Battilossi, S., ‘Financial innovation and the golden age of international banking: 1890–1931 and 1958–81’, Financial History Review, 7, 2, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Battilossi, S., ‘Banking with multinationals: British Clearing Banks and the Euromarkets’ challenge, 1958–1976', in Battilossi, S. and Cassis, Y. (eds.), European Banks and the American Challenge. Competition and Cooperation in International Banking Under Bretton Woods, Oxford, 2002.Google Scholar

Battilossi, S., and Cassis, Y. (eds.), European Banks and the American Challenge. Competition and Cooperation in International Banking Under Bretton Woods, Oxford, 2002.Google Scholar

Bauer, H., Société de Banque Suisse, 1872–1972, Basle, 1972.Google Scholar

Beckert, S., The Monied Metropolis. New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850–1896, Cambridge, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beckhart, B. H., The New York Money Market, 4 vols., New York, 1931–32.Google Scholar

Bergeron, L., Banquiers, négociants et manufacturiers parisiens du Directoire à l'Empire, Paris, 1978.Google Scholar

Bergeron, L., Les Rothschild et les autres … La gloire des banquiers, Paris, 1991.Google Scholar

Bernstein, P. L., Capital Ideas. The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street, New York, 1992.Google Scholar

Bird, G., Commercial Bank Lending and Third World Debt, London, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

BIS, Annual Reports, various years.

Bitsch, M.- T., La Belgique entre la France et l'Allemagne 1905–1914, Paris, 1994.Google Scholar

Blakey, G., The Post-War History of the London Stock Market, 2nd edn, London, 1994.Google Scholar

Bodmer, D., L'intervention de la Confédération dans l'économie bancaire suisse, Basle, 1948.Google Scholar

Bonin, H., ‘L'outre-mer, marché pour la banque commerciale de 1875 à 1985?’, in Marseilles, J. (ed.), La France et l'outre-mer. Un siècle de relations monétaires et financières, Paris, 1998.Google Scholar

Bonin, H., L'apogée de l'économie libérale bancaire française (1919–1935), Paris, 2000.Google Scholar

Bonin, H., La Banque de l'union parisienne (1874/1904–1974). Histoire de la deuxième grande banque d'affaires françaises, Paris, 2001.Google Scholar

Bonin, H., La Banque nationale de crédit. Histoire de la quatrième banque de dépôts française en 1913–1932, Paris, 2002.Google Scholar

Bonin, H., ‘Le Crédit Lyonnais, la Société générale et les autres: essai d'appréciation des rapports de force (1864–1966)’, in Desjardins, B.et al. (eds.), Le Crédit Lyonnais (1863–1986), Geneva, 2003.Google Scholar

Bordo, M., and Schwartz, A. J. (eds.), A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821–1931, Chicago, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bordo, M., and Eichengreen, B. (eds.), A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System. Lessons for International Monetary Reform, Chicago, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bordo, M., and Rockoff, H., ‘The Gold Standard as a “Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval”’, Journal of Economic History, 56, 2, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bordo, M., and Sylla, R. (eds.), Anglo-American Financial Systems: Institutions and Markets in the Twentieth Century, Burr Ridge, Ill., 1996.Google Scholar

Bordo, M., Taylor, A. and Williamson, J. (eds.), Globalization in Historical Perspective, Chicago, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Born, K. E., Die Deutsche Bankenkrise 1931, Munich, 1967.Google Scholar

Born, K. E., International Banking in the 19th and 20th Centuries, Leamington Spa, 1977.Google Scholar

Bouvier, J., Le Crédit Lyonnais de 1863 à 1882. Les années de formation d'une banque de dépôts, 2 vols., Paris, 1961.Google Scholar

Bouvier, J., Les Rothschild, 2nd edn, Brussels, 1983.Google Scholar

Braga de Macedo, J., Eichengreen, B. and Reis, J. (eds.), Currency Convertibility. The Gold Standard and Beyond, London, 1996.Google Scholar

Braillard, P., La place financière suisse. Politique gouvernementale et compétitivité internationale, Geneva, 1987.Google Scholar

Bramsen, B., and Wain, K., The Hambros 1779–1979, London, 1979.Google Scholar

Brummer, A., and Cowe, R., Hanson. A Biography, London, 1994.Google Scholar

Bryant, R. C., ‘The evolution of Singapore as a financial centre’, in Sandhu, K. S and Wheatley, P. (eds.), Management of Success. The Moulding of Modern Singapore, Singapore, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buist, M. G., At spes non fracta: Hope and Co. 1770–1815, Merchant Bankers and Diplomats at work, La Haye, 1974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bullock, H., The Story of Investment Companies, New York, 1959.Google Scholar

Burk, K., Morgan Grenfell 1838–1988. The Biography of a Merchant bank, Oxford, 1989.Google Scholar

Burk, K., ‘Money and power: the shift from Great Britain to the United States’, in Cassis, Y. (ed.), Finance and Financiers in European History, Cambridge, 1992.Google Scholar

Burn, G., ‘The state, the City and the Euromarkets’, Review of International Political Economy, 6, 2, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burrin, P., La France à l'heure allemande 1940–1944, Paris, 1995.Google Scholar

Büschgen, H. E., ‘Deutsche Bank from 1957 to the present: the emergence of an international financial conglomerate’, in Gall, L.et al., The Deutsche Bank 1870–1975, London, 1995.Google Scholar

Bussière, E., Paribas. L'Europe et le monde, 1872–1992, Anvers, 1992.Google Scholar

Bussière, E., ‘The French ‘Banques d'affaires’ in the interwar period: the case of the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (Paribas)’, in Kasuya, M. (ed.), Coping with Crisis. International Financial Institutions in the Interwar Period, Oxford, 2003.Google Scholar

Bussière, E., ‘French banks and the Eurobonds issue market in the 1960s’, in Cassis, Y. and Bussière, E. (eds.), London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cain, P. J., and Hopkins, A. G., British Imperialism, 2 vols., London, 1993.Google Scholar

Cairncross, A., and Eichengreen, B., Sterling in Decline. The Devaluations of 1931, 1949 and 1967, Oxford, 1983.Google Scholar

Cameron, R., France and the Economic Development of Europe 1800–1914, Princeton, 1961Google Scholar

Cameron, R., and Bovykin, V. I., International Banking 1870–1914, Oxford, 1991.Google Scholar

Capie, F., ‘Structure and performance in British banking, 1870–1939’, in Cottrell, P. L. and Moggridge, D. E. (eds.), Money and Power. Essays in Honour of L. S. Presnell, London, 1988.Google Scholar