Summary: After 1960, India experienced a transformation in production processes across the agricultural sector. Large investments in engineering water access, particularly investments in dams and groundwater extraction, altered South India’s rural landscapes. New seed types and spread in the use of fertilizers combined with irrigation infrastructure contributed to output and productivity growth. Expectedly, some groups of farmers grew richer. We see little change, however, for low-income groups. This chapter analyses major credit suppliers including cooperatives, commercial banks and microfinance institutions to show that capital expansion in agriculture benefitted some and not others. The cycle of high risk, credit exclusion and low investment became a problem of the past for the wealthy but remained a reality for large groups of poor farmers throughout the twentieth and into the twenty-first centuries. Governments continued to react to harsh borrowing conditions in a similar pattern, often causing supply to contract further and access to become more selective.