The chapter focusses on the membership statuses relevant to the rights to enter and remain in Australia. It analyses the nature and operation of the relevant Australian membership statuses in the period since Federation: British subject, non-immigrant, citizen and non-alien. A central theme is the move away from the centrality of membership in the British Empire toward a more distinct and self-sufficient national citizenship. This historical trajectory overlaps with another; the operation and long, slow demise of the White Australia policy. The chapter also analyses current issues challenging and/or changing our understanding of Australian citizenship: the ineligibility of dual citizens to sit in federal parliament; the citizenship deprivation powers introduced in 2015; the ruling that Aboriginal non-citizens are not vulnerable to deportation; and the rising proportion of residents without a path to citizenship.