Book contents
- Frontmatter
- 1 EXTERNAL HISTORY
- 2 BRITISH AND AMERICAN, CONTINUITY AND DIVERGENCE
- 3 BRITISH AND IRISH ANTECEDENTS
- 4 CONTACT WITH OTHER LANGUAGES
- 5 AMERICANISMS
- 6 SLANG
- 7 DIALECTS
- 8 AFRICAN-AMERICAN ENGLISH
- 9 GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
- 10 SPELLING
- 11 USAGE
- 12 CANADIAN ENGLISH
- 13 NEWFOUNDLAND ENGLISH
- 14 American English Abroad
- Glossary of Linguistic Terms
- Bibliography
- Index
- THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
- References
Bibliography
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
Edited by
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- 1 EXTERNAL HISTORY
- 2 BRITISH AND AMERICAN, CONTINUITY AND DIVERGENCE
- 3 BRITISH AND IRISH ANTECEDENTS
- 4 CONTACT WITH OTHER LANGUAGES
- 5 AMERICANISMS
- 6 SLANG
- 7 DIALECTS
- 8 AFRICAN-AMERICAN ENGLISH
- 9 GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
- 10 SPELLING
- 11 USAGE
- 12 CANADIAN ENGLISH
- 13 NEWFOUNDLAND ENGLISH
- 14 American English Abroad
- Glossary of Linguistic Terms
- Bibliography
- Index
- THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge History of the English Language , pp. 516 - 567Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2001
References
. 1957. “The Preterit and Past Participle of Strong Verbs in Seventeenth-Century American English.” American Speech 32: 31–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abstract Census and Return of the Population. &c. of Newfoundland 1857. 1858. Appendix. Journal of the House of Assembly for the Year 1858. Saint John's: E. D. Shea.
. 1883. Les idiomes négro-aryens et malayo-aryens: essai d'hybridélogie linguistique. Paris: Maisonneuve.Google Scholar
1992. Introduction to the facsimile of The History of Travayle in the VVest and East Indies (1577). Delmar, NY: Scholar's Facsimiles and Reprints.Google Scholar
. 1960. The America of George Ade (1866–1944): Fables, Short Stories, Essays. Ed.
. New York: Putnam's.Google Scholar
1971. “An Indian Vocabulary from Fort Christanna, 1716.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 79: 303–13.Google Scholar
. 1928. “The Language of the Salem Witchcraft Trials.” American Speech 3: 390–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1864. A Plea for the Queen's English: Stray Notes on Speaking and Spelling. Reprint of 2nd London ed. New York: Dick and Fitzgerald.Google Scholar
. 1986. “The Two Streams: British and American English.” Journal of English Linguistics 19: 269–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1988a. “British and American Grammatical Differences.” International Journal of Lexicography 1: 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. (1988b.) “The English Language: Variation, the Dictionary, and the User.” In Webster's New World Dictionary of American English, 3rd college ed., ed.
, xvii–xxiv. New York: Webster's New World.Google Scholar
. (1989a.) “Americanisms, Briticisms, and the Standard: An Essay at Definition.” In Standardizing English: Essays in the History of Language Change in Honor of John Hurt Fisher, ed.
, 139–57. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
. (1989b.) “British-American Lexical Differences: A Typology of Interdialectal Variation.” In English across Cultures; Cultures across English: A Reader in Cross-cultural Communication, ed.
and
, 219–41. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
. 1990. “American and British English: Odi et Amo.” In Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Cambridge, 6–9 April 1987, ed.
, , , and
, 13–29. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
. 1990–5. “The Briticisms Are Coming! How British English Is Creeping into the American Language.” Journal of English Linguistics 23: 123–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. “Language.” In The Reader's Companion to American History, ed.
and
, 637–40. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
. (1992a.) “British and American Mandative Constructions.” In Language and Civilization, ed.
, 2: 599–617. Frankfurt-on-Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. (1992b.) “What Is a Briticism?” In Old English and New: Studies in Language and Linguistics in Honor of Frederic G. Cassidy, ed.
, , and
, 287–304. New York: Garland 1992.Google Scholar
. 1996. “American and British Words.” In Words: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Lund 25–26 August 1995, organized under the auspices of the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities and sponsored by the Foundation Natur och Kultur, ed.
, 145–58. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien.Google Scholar
, , and
,. 1991. Fifty Years among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941–1991. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1962. “Webster's Third New International Dictionary: A Symposium,” ed.
. Quarterly Journal of Speech 48: 431–40.Google Scholar
1973–6. The Linguistic Atlas of the Upper Midwest. 3 vols. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
. 1994. “Slang: Sociology.” In The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, ed.
and
, 7: 3960–4. 10 vols. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
. 1968. Note in the front matter of the Scolar Press facsimile of Lindley Murray's English Grammar (1795). Menston: Scolar.Google Scholar
, , and
, eds. 1982. Spanish in the United States: Sociolinguistic Aspects. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 1996. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
American Speech. 1925–.
1957. Reading, Writing and Arithmetic in Virginia, 1607–1699. Williamsburg, VA: Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation.Google Scholar
“The Argot of Vaudeville.” 1917. New York Times (Dec. 16), 4–7.
. 1763. Grammatical Institutes. 4th ed. London. Reprint English Linguistics 1500–1800, no. 9. Leeds: Scolar, 1967.Google Scholar
. 1953. A Survey of Verb Forms in the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,
, 1972. “So Eh? Is Canadian, Eh?” Canadian Journal of Linguistics / La revue canadienne de linguistique 17: 89–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,
, 1978. “Canadian English in Its North American Context.” In Walter S. Avis: Essays and Articles, ed.
, , and
, 25–49. Kingston, ON: Royal Military College of Canada.Google Scholar
, , and . 1979. Writings on Canadian English 1792–1975: An Annotated Bibliography. Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside.Google Scholar
. 1881. The Verbalist: A Manual Devoted to Brief Discussions of the Right and the Wrong Use of Words and to Some Other Matters of Interest to Those Who Would Speak and Write with Propriety. Rev. ed. New York: Appleton, 1897.Google Scholar
. 1869. Vulgarisms and Other Errors of Speech. Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen, and Haffelfinger.Google Scholar
. 1977. A Bibliography of Writings on the English Language in Canada from 1857 to 1976. Anglistische Forschungen 116. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
. 1965. “Toward a New Perspective in Negro English Dialectology.” American Speech 40: 171–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1966. Jamaican Creole Syntax: A Transformational Approach. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 1997. “When Did Southern American English Begin?” In Englishes around the World I, ed.
, 255–75. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1986. “Invariant Be in the Lower South.” In Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White, ed.
and
, 158–79. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
, , and . 1985. “The Present Tense of Be in White Folk Speech of the Southern United States.” English World-Wide 6: 199–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and . 1989. “Variation in Subject-Verb Concord in Early Modern English.” Language Variation and Change 1: 285–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1988. “The Shape of the Superstrate: Morphosyntactic Features of Ship English.” English World-Wide 9: 193–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1982. “The English Language in Canada.” In English as a World Language, ed.
, and
, 134–76. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
(1991a.) Images of English: A Cultural History of the Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
(1991b.) “Scots and Scotticisms: Language and Ideology.” Studies in Scottish Literature 26: 65–77.Google Scholar
1992. “The First North American Dialect Survey.” In Old English and New: Studies in Language and Linguistics in Honor of Frederic G. Cassidy, ed.
, , and
, 305–26. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
. (1986a.) The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
. (1986b.) Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
. 1965. “The Art and Science of Letters: Webster's Third New International Dictionary
.” Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 50: 521–34.Google Scholar
. 1976. “Books from the Old World and for the New: The British International Trade in Books in the Eighteenth Century.” Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 151: 185–224.Google Scholar
, and
,. 1989. “Indian Trade Languages.” In Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, ed.
, and
, 787–8. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
. 1982. Grammar and Good Taste: Reforming the American Language. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
, , and
,. 1897. A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon and Cant. 2 vols. London: George Bell & Sons.Google Scholar
. 1991. “American Indian English: A Phylogenetic Dilemma.” In Development and Structures of Creole Languages: Essays in Honor of Derek Bickerton, ed.
and
, 29–39. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1848. A Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States. New York: Bartlett and Welford. 2nd ed., Boston: Little, Brown; London: Tr¨bner, 1859; 3rd ed., 1860; 4th ed., 1877.Google Scholar
, and . 1993. A History of the English Language. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
. 1980. “A Reexamination of the Black English Copula.” In Locating Language in Time and Space, ed.
, 83–106. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
. 1983. Black Street Speech: Its History, Structure, and Survival. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
. 1984. “Steady: Progressive Aspect in Black Vernacular English.” American Speech 59: 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. “The Politicization of Changing Terms of Self-Reference among American Slave Descendants.” American Speech 66: 133–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1989. “‘Me Say That? No Way!’: The Social Correlates of American Lexical Diffusion in New Zealand English.” Te Reo: Journal of the Linguistic Society of New Zealand 32: 17–60.Google Scholar
. 1982. “‘This Isn't the BBC’: Colonialism in New Zealand English.” Applied Linguistics 3: 246–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1988. “The British Base and the American Connection in New Zealand Media English.” American Speech 63: 326–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1985. “The Folk Speech of Maine: Clues to Colonial English.” In American Speech: 1600 to the Present, ed.
, 27–34. Boston University.Google Scholar
, , , and
, eds. 1997. Language Variety in the South Revisited. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
and . 1942. The American Thesaurus of Slang. New York: Crowell. Supplemented ed., 1947; 2nd ed., 1952.Google Scholar
. 1980. “Welsh.” In Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed.
, 1012–17. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
, , and . 1987. “Pidgin Hawaiian.” In Pidgin and Creole Languages: Essays in Memory of John E. Reinecke, ed.
, 61–76. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
. 1955 “More Evidence of Early Loss of [r] in Eastern American Speech.” American Speech 30: 154–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1969. “Good Usage, Bad Usage, and Usage.” In The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, ed.
, xxi–xxiv. Boston: American Heritage and Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
. 1783. Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. Ed.
. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
ed. 1979. Spoken English in Ireland, 1660–1740: Twenty-Seven Representative Texts Assembled and Analysed. Dublin: Cadenus.Google Scholar
1984. “English in the South of Ireland.” In Language in the British Isles, ed.
, 135–51. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 1948. “Canadian English and Its Relation to Eighteenth Century American Speech.” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 47: 59–66.Google Scholar
. 1953. “The Problem of Fact and Value in the Teaching of English.” College English 15: 33–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,
, ed. 1966. The English Language: Essays by English and American Men of Letters 1490–1839. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
, , and
, eds. 1969. The English Language. Vol. 2, Essays by Linguists and Men of Letters 1858–1964. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 1983. “The Anglo-American Book Trade before 1776: Personnel and Strategies.” In Printing and Society in Early America, ed.
, , , and
, 48–82. Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Society.Google Scholar
. 1980 “Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling.” Journal of English And Germanic Philology 79: 332–54.Google Scholar
, ed. 1977. Our Footprints Are Everywhere: Inuit Land Use and Occupancy in Labrador. Nain: Labrador Inuit Association.Google Scholar
,
, ed. 1992. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 4 vols: New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1935. The Relation of the Alabama-Georgia Dialect to the Provincial Dialects of Great Britain. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University.Google Scholar
. 1937. “The English Language in the South.” In A Southern Treasury of Life and Literature, ed.
, 350–8. New York: Scribner's.Google Scholar
. 1991. “Evolution of the Merger of /ɛ/and / I / in Tennessee.” American Speech 66: 303–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1760. British Grammar. Reprint of 1762 ed. English Linguistics 1500–1800, no. 97. Menston, Yorks: Scolar, 1968.Google Scholar
. 1925 “Some Recent Americanisms in Standard English.” American Speech 1: 159–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1987. Editing Canadian English. Prepared for the Freelance Editors' Association of Canada. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre.Google Scholar
. 1991 “Revolution.” In The Reader's Companion to American History, ed.
and
, 936–46. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
. 1983 “Syntactic Change in British English ‘Propredicates.’” Journal of English Linguistics 16: 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1987 ed. Are Black and White Vernaculars Diverging? Papers from the NWAVE XIV Panel Discussion [by
, , , , , ,
]. American Speech 62.1.Google Scholar
1991a. “Multiple Modals in United States Black English: Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects.” In Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole, ed.
and
, 165–76. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
1991b. The Death of Black English: Divergence and Convergence in Black and White Vernaculars. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. 1776. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Reprint, ed.
, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1963.Google Scholar
. The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing. 1997. Toronto: Dundurn Press for the Public Works, Governmental Services, Canada, Translation Bureau.Google Scholar
. 1990 A Friendly Invasion: The American Military in Newfoundland 1940–1990.Saint John's: Breakwater.Google Scholar
. 1735. “The Honest Yorkshire-Man.” In The Dramatick Works of Henry Carey. London: S. Gilbert, 1743.Google Scholar
, , and . 1970–95. The Collected Letters of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle. 24 vols. to date. Ed.
, , and . Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
. 1987 American Regional Dialects: A Word Geography. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1992 “The Mayflower to the Model-T: The Development of American English.” In English in its Social Contexts: Essays in Historical Sociolinguistics, ed.
and
, 131–54. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1983 “Sources of the African Element in Gullah.” In Studies in Caribbean Language, ed.
, 75–81. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Linguistics.Google Scholar
and
, eds. 1985–. Dictionary of American Regional English. Vols. 1–. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.Google Scholar
. 1969 English Enterprise in Newfoundland 1577–1660.University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1982 ed. Newfoundland Discovered: English Attempts at Colonisation, 1610–1630.London: Hakluyt Society.Google Scholar
Census of Newfoundland and Labrador 1901. 1903. Saint John's: J.W. Withers.
1973. “Canadian Raising.” Canadian Journal of Linguistics / La revue canadienne de linguistique 18: 113–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1985. “Three Kinds of Standard in Canadian English.” In In Search of the Standard in Canadian English, ed.
, 1–15. Strathy Language Unit Occasional Papers 1. Kingston, ON: Queen's University.Google Scholar
1991. “Canada.” In English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, ed.
, 89–107. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1993. “‘Lawless and Vulgar Innovations’: Victorian Views of Canadian English.” In Focus on Canada, ed.
, 1–26. Varieties of English around the World 11. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
1998. “English: Canadian Varieties.” In Language in Canada, ed.
, 252–72. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 1999. “Dialect Topography of Quebec City English.” Canadian Journal of Linguistics/La revue canadienne de linguistique 44: 23–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1992. Des îles, des hommes, des langues: essais sur la créolisation linguistique et culturelle. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
ed. 1848. The Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, in New England, in 1620: Reprinted from the Original Volume.New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
. 1991. “Variation in the Use of Ain't in an Urban British English Dialect.” In Dialects of English: Studies in Grammatical Variation, ed.
and
, 54–73. London: Longman.Google Scholar
. 1865 “The Influence of the County of Essex on the Settlement and Family History of New England.” Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society. O.S. 3: 37–47.Google Scholar
Chicago Manual of Style. 1993. 14th ed. University of Chicago Press.
. 1962. “A Case for Webster's Third.” The USC Alumni Review (November), 11–3. Reprint in The Role of the Dictionary, ed.
, 22–5. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967.Google Scholar
, , , and . 1988. Variation and Change in Geographically Isolated Communities: Appalachian English and Ozark English. Publication of the American Dialect Society 74. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
. 1902. New Dictionary of Americanisms: Being a Glossary of Words Supposed to Be Peculiar to the United States and the Dominion of Canada. New York: Weiss.Google Scholar
. 1944 Pills, Petticoats and Plows: The Southern Country Store. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
. 1986. “Sociolinguistic Patterning in a New-World Dialect of Hiberno-English: The Speech of St. John's.” In Perspectives on the English Language in Ireland, ed.
, , and
, 67–81. Dublin: Trinity College.Google Scholar
. 1991. “Phonological Variation and Recent Language Change in St John's English.” In English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, ed.
, 108–33. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1993. ed. Focus on Canada. Varieties of English around the World 11. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1997. “On Establishing Historical Relationships between Old and New World Varieties: Habitual Aspect and Newfoundland Vernacular English.” In Englishes around the World: Studies in Honour of Manfred Görlach. Vol. 1, General Studies, British Isles, North America, ed.
, 277–93. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1910. “Early English Survivals on Hatteras Island.” University of North Carolina Magazine (Feb.), 3–9.Google Scholar
. 2000 “Jazz Revisited: On the Origin of the Term.” Comments on Etymology 30.2–3: 3–72.Google Scholar
1927. Contemporary English: A Personal Speech Record. Leipzig and Berlin: Teubner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1916. “Old, Early and Elizabethan English in the Southern Mountains.” Dialect Notes 4: 283–97.Google Scholar
, , and . 1966. Early Goldmining Terms and Popular Collocations. Occasional Paper 10. Sydney: Australian Language Research Centre.Google Scholar
. 1992. “Emerging Standard and Subdialectal Variation in Early American English.” Diachronica 9: 167–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1997. “An Early Representation of African American English.” In Language Variety in the South Revisited, ed.
, , and
, 51–8. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
. 1535–6. “The Hye Way to the Spytell Hous.” Reprint in The Elizabethan Underworld, ed.
, 1–25. London: Routledge, 1930.Google Scholar
1981. “New World Spanish.” In Language in the USA, ed.
and
, 196–211. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1926. The Relationship between British and American English. S. P. E. Tract 27, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
1975. Usage in Dictionaries and Dictionaries of Usage. Publication of the American Dialect Society 63–4. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Crockett Almanac 1839. 1838. Nashville, TN [prob. Boston, MA]: Ben Harding.
. 1991. Proper English? Readings in Language, History and Cultural Identity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 1984. “The Scotch-Irish Influence on American English.” American Speech 59: 310–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1940. Gullah: Negro Life in the Carolina Sea Islands. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
. 1992. A Syntactic Analysis of Sea Island Creole (“Gullah”). Publication of the American Dialect Society 75. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
. 1931–5. A Grammar of the English Language. 2 vols. Boston: Heath. Reprint Essex, CT: Verbatim, 1977.Google Scholar
. 1887. Tenting on the Plains: or, General Custer in Kansas and Texas. New York: Charles L. Webster.Google Scholar
DAE=Dictionary of American English. See
and
.
. 1972. “The African Element in American English.” In Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban Black America, ed.
, 170–86. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
, 1840. Two Years before the Mast: A Personal Narrative of Life at Sea. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
, . 1978. Shuckin' and Jivin': Folklore from Contemporary Black Americans. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
. 1983. “Samaná English: A Dialect That Time Forgot.” In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed.
, , , , , , and
, 47–53. Berkeley Linguistics Society.Google Scholar
. 1971. “Toward a Generative Analysis of a Post-Creole Speech Continuum.” In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages, ed.
, 349–70. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1972. A Comparative Analysis of Spellings in Four Major Collegiate Dictionaries. Pleasantville, NY: Hardscrabble Press.Google Scholar
. 1973. “Issues in the Analysis of Negro Nonstandard English.” Review of Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States, by
. Journal of English Linguistics 7: 87–106.Google Scholar
. 1989. “Convergence with Divergence: A Sound Change in Vernacular Black English.” Language Variation and Change 1: 145–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1992. Social and Regional Factors in Canadian English: A Study of Phonological Variables and Grammatical Items in Ottawa and Vancouver. Toronto: Canadian Scholar's Press.Google Scholar
Dialect Notes. 1890–1939. 6 vols.
Dictionary of American History. 1976. Revised ed. New York: Scribner's.
1981. “The Gaelic Roots of A-prefixing in Appalachian English.”American Speech 56: 314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1972. Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
. 1740. A New Guide to the English Tongue. Reprint of 1751 ed. English Linguistics 1500–1800, no. 4. Leeds: Scolar, 1967.Google Scholar
. 1980. “Scots.” In Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed.
, 908–16. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
1990. “Linguacentrism and Language History.” In The Influence of Language on Culture and Thought, ed.
and
, 85–99. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
. 1986. “A Comparison of Stressed Vowels of Black and White Speakers in the South.” In Language Varieties in the South: Perspectives in Black and White, ed.
and
, 149–57. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
. 1995. Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar
, ed. 1980. Yankees in Canada: A Collection of Nineteenth-Century Travel Narratives. Downsview, ON: ECW Press.Google Scholar
1980. “The Social Role of Slang.” In Language: Social Psychological Perspectives, ed.
, , and
, 63–70. Oxford: Pergamon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1976. “‘Ha, Now Me Stomany That!’ A Summary of Pidginization and Creolization of North American Indian Languages.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 7: 63–81.Google Scholar
1996. Mobilian Jargon: Linguistic and Sociohistorical Aspects of an American Indian Pidgin. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1937. The Stage Irishman: A History of the Irish Play and Stage Characters from the Earliest Times. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
. 1959. The United States since 1865. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1984. “Slang: Variations in Dictionary Labeling Practices.” In The Eleventh LACUS Forum 1984, ed.
, 294–302. Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press, 1985.Google Scholar
1985. “Slang and Cultural Knowledge.” In The Twelfth LACUS Forum, ed.
and
, 385–90. Lake Bluff, IL: Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States, 1986.Google Scholar
1987. “Slang as Poetry.” In The Fourteenth LACUS Forum 1987, ed.
, 442–5. Lake Bluff, IL: Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States, 1988.Google Scholar
1996. Slang and Sociability: In-Group Language among College Students. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
1555. The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1966.Google Scholar
. 1943. “Notes on Early American Work in Linguistics.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 87: 25–34.Google Scholar
, ed. 1823. Grose's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. Rev. ed. London: Sherwood, Neely and Jones.Google Scholar
1956. Tarheel Talk: An Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
. 1869–89. On Early English Pronunciation, with Especial Reference to Shakspere and Chaucer. 5 vols. London: Asher.Google Scholar
1992. “On the Use of Dialect as Evidence: Albion's Seed in Appalachia.” Appalachian Journal 19: 278–97.Google Scholar
“The English Language as Spoken in the United States.” 1838. Penny Magazine 7: 278–9.
. 1962. “Noah Webster Had the Same Troubles.” New York Times Magazine, 13 May, 11, 77, 79–80.Google Scholar
. 1889. Americanisms – Old and New: A Dictionary of Words, Phrases and Colloquialisms Peculiar to the United States, British America, the West Indies, &c. London: Thomas Poulter & Sons.Google Scholar
, and . 1890–1904. Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present. 7 vols. Reprint in one vol. New York: Arno, 1970.Google Scholar
. 1972. Tense Marking in Black English: A Linguistic and Social Analysis. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
. 1976. “One Hundred Years from Syntax to Phonology.” In Papers from the Parasession on Diachronic Syntax, ed.
, , and
, 79–87. Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
. 1981. “The Relationship between Black and White Speech in the South.” American Speech 56: 163–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Father Tammany's Almanac for…1792. 1791. Philadelphia: John M'Culloch.
. 1979. Variation and Change in Alabama English: A Sociolinguistic Study of the White Community. Washington: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
. 1992a. “Canadian Dictionaries in English.” In The Oxford Companion to the English Language, ed.
, 178–9. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1992b. “Canadian English.” In The Oxford Companion to the English Language, ed.
, 179–83. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
, , and . 1992. “Quebec.” In The Oxford Companion to the English Language, ed.
, 831–3. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
, and . 1997. “Historical and Contemporary Distribution of Double Modals in English.” In Focus on the USA, ed.
, 263–86. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
, ed. 1995. The Hamely Tongue: A Personal Record of County Antrim. Newtownards: Ulster-Scots Academic Press.Google Scholar
. 1980. Attitudes toward English Usage: The History of a War of Words. New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University.Google Scholar
. 1998. “English Grammar and Usage.” In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 4, 1776–1997, ed.
, 536–88. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 1989. Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1946. “Primary and Secondary Education and the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.” Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society 24: 13–43.Google Scholar
, , , and
, eds. 1985. The Rise and Fall of the Ethnic Revival: Perspectives on Language and Ethnicity. Berlin: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 1998. John Dewey and the Challenge of Classroom Practice. New York: Teachers College Press; Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.Google Scholar
1987. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language. 2nd ed. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
1991. “Automobiles.” In The Reader's Companion to American History, ed.
and
, 64–8. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
. 1962. “Sabotage in Springfield.” Atlantic (January), 73–7. Reprint in Dictionaries and THAT Dictionary, ed.
and
, 111–19. Chicago: Scott, Foresman, 1962.Google Scholar
, and
, eds. 1991. The Reader's Companion to American History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
, , and
, eds. 1912. Notes on the Life of Noah Webster. 2 vols. New York: Privately printed.Google Scholar
. 1965. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. 2nd ed. rev. and ed. by
. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
. 1686. Syphilis; or, A Poetical History of the French Disease, trans.
. London: Jacob Tonson.Google Scholar
,
, trans. 1577. Joyfull Newes out of the Newe Founde Worlde. 2 vols. Reprint London: Constable; New York: Knopf, 1925.Google Scholar
. 1722. “To the Author of the New-England Courant
.” In The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, ed.
, 2: 40–3. New York: Macmillan, 1905–7.Google Scholar
. 1979. Discoverers, Explorers, Settlers: The Diligent Writers of Early America. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
. 1940. American English Grammar. National Council of Teachers of English Monograph 10. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
1991. “Colonial Wars.” In The Reader's Companion to American History, ed.
and
, 205–7. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
. 1930. “Brown, Goold.” In Dictionary of American Biography, ed.
and . Vol. 2. Reprint. New York: Scribner's, 1958.Google Scholar
1986. “The English of the Brandywine Population: A Triracial Isolate in Southern Maryland.” In Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White, ed.
and
, 102–10. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
, ed. 1989. Webster's Dictionary of English Usage. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Reprint as Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, 1993.Google Scholar
. 1991. Voices of the Self: A Study of Language Competence. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
, , and . 1997. “Regional British English from the Nineteenth Century: Evidence from Emigrant Letters.” In Current Methods in Dialectology, ed.
, 167–83. Bangor: University of Wales.Google Scholar
. 1977. “Some Early Examples of American Indian Pidgin English from New England.” International Journal of American Linguistics 43: 37–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1981. “The Speech and Writing of Jews.” In Language in the USA, ed.
and
, 273–92. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 1922. The Black Border: Gullah Stories from the Carolina Coast. Columbia, SC: State Co.Google Scholar
1863. “Schools As They Were Sixty Years Ago: Recollections of Peter Parley.” American Journal of Education [new series, no. 5] 30: 123–44.Google Scholar
1990. He-Said-She-Said: Talk as Social Organization among Black Children. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
. 1987. “Colonial Lag? The Alleged Conservative Character of American English and Other ‘Colonial’ Varieties.” English World-Wide 8: 41–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1965. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage by H. W. Fowler. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
1956. Colonists from Scotland: Emigration to North America, 1707–1783. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
1899. “From Franklin to Lowell: A Century of New England Pronunciation.” PMLA 14: 207–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1920. “Fashion and the Broad A.” Old and New. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 1931–75. Scottish National Dictionary. 10 vols. Edinburgh: Scottish National Dictionary Association.Google Scholar
. 1998. “Aspect and Predicate Phrases in African-American Vernacular English.” In African-American English: Structure, History, and Use, ed.
, , , and
, 37–68. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 1711. An Essay towards a Practical English Grammar. Reprint English Linguistics 1500–1800, no. 128. Menston, Yorks.: Scolar, 1968.Google Scholar
. 1785. A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. London: S. Hooper. 2nd ed., 1788. 3rd ed., 1796.Google Scholar
. 1790. A Provincial Glossary: With a Collection of Local Proverbs, and Popular Superstitions. 2nd ed. London: Hooper.Google Scholar
. 1980. “Variation in the Group and the Individual: The Case of Final Stop Deletion.” In Locating Language in Time and Space, ed.
, 1–36. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
. 1991. “Explanation in Variable Phonology: An Exponential Model of Morphological Constraints.” Language Variation and Change 3: 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 1979. “Slang Knowledge as an Indicator of a General Social Deviancy Subcultural Factor.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 48: 1235–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
1851. A Collection of College Words and Customs. Cambridge, MA: John Bartlett. 2nd ed., 1856.Google Scholar
. 1942. The Phonetics of Great Smoky Mountain Speech. American Speech Reprints and Monographs no. 4. American Speech 17.2, part 2.Google Scholar
1980. “Texan Gullah: The Creole English of the Bracketville Afro-Seminoles.” In Social Perspectives on American English, ed.
, 305–33. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
1984. “Shelta and Polari.” In Language in the British Isles, ed.
, 384–403. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1994. “Componentiality and the Creole Matrix: The Southwest English Contribution.” In The Crucible of Carolina: Essays in the Development of Gullah, ed.
, 95–114. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
. 1989. Soe Longe As There Comes Noe Women: Origins of English Settlement in Newfoundland. University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
. 1979–80. “The English Language: Deterioration in Usage.” The Parliamentary Debates: House of Lords, 5th ser., 403 (4th vol. of Session 1979–80): 131–95.Google Scholar
. 1590. A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia.
ed. New York: Dover, 1972.Google Scholar
. 1751. Hermes. Reprint English Linguistics 1500–1800, no. 55. Menston, Yorks.: Scolar, 1968.Google Scholar
. 1883. Nights with Uncle Remus: Tales and Myths of the Old Plantation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
. 1986. “Expanding the Superstrate: Habitual Aspect Markers in Atlantic Englishes.” English World-Wide 7: 171–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1979. “Newfoundland.” In Encyclopædia Britannica Macropædia 12: 1084–8. Chicago: Encyclopæia Britannica.Google Scholar
Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford. 1983. Oxford University Press.
. 1976. Eighteenth Century Newfoundland: A Geographer's Perspective. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.Google Scholar
. 1886. “English Sources of American Dialect.” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. n.s. 4: 159–66.Google Scholar
1885. “The Obligations of New England to the County of Kent.” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. n.s. 3: 344–71.Google Scholar
1907–10. Handbook of American Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 30.Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
, , and . 1982. Word Frequencies in British and American English. Bergen: Norwegian Computing Centre for the Humanities.Google Scholar
, . 1946. Elizabeth, Lady Holland, to Her Son, 1821–1845, ed. the Earl of Ilchester. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
, and . 1993. The African Heritage of American English. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
. 1984. “Variability of the Copula in Black English and Its Creole Kin.” American Speech 59: 291–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1988. Pidgins and Creoles. Vol. 1, Theory and Structure. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 1991. “The Atlantic Creoles and the Language of the Ex-Slave Recordings.” In The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary, ed.
, , and
, 231–48. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
. 1870. “Mechanism in Thought and Morals.” Address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard University, June 29. In Pages from an Old Volume of Life, 260–314. New ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1891.Google Scholar
. 1859. A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words. London: Hotten. 2nd ed., 1860. 3rd ed., 1865. 4th ed., London: Chatto and Windus, 1874. Also published as The Slang Dictionary: Etymological, Historical and Anecdotal. London: Chatto and Windus, 1882.Google Scholar
[pseudonym]. 1758. “A Plan and Proposals for an Hospital, or Public Asylum, for Decayed and Infirm Thief-Takers.” In The History of the Life of Jonathan Wild, the Great, by
, lxxiii–lxxx. Reprint “To which is added a contemporary life of Jonathan Wild. Also, J. W.'s advice to his successor; and proposals for an hospital for decayed and infirm thieftakers. With illustrations by ‘Phiz.’” London: C. Daly, 1840. This ed. provides the only available text of “A Plan.”Google Scholar
, , and . 1993. “Comparative Sociolinguistics of (aw)-Fronting.” In Focus on Canada, ed.
, 247–68. Varieties of English around the World 11. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
. 1994. “The Dialects of England since 1776.” In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5, English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development, ed.
, 197–274. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
ITP Nelson Canadian Dictionary of the English Language: An Encyclopedic Dictionary. 1997. Toronto: ITP Nelson.
1976. “Diagraphia in Advertising: The Public as Guinea Pig.” Visible Language 10: 295–308.Google Scholar
. 1798. Essay on the Anglo-Saxon Language. Reprint in The Complete Jefferson, ed.
, 2: 855–82. New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1943.Google Scholar
. 1909–49. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. 7 vols. Reprint London: Allen and Unwin, 1961.Google Scholar
. 1925. Mankind, Nation and Individual from a Linguistic Point of View. Reprint Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964.Google Scholar
. 1996. Lexical Change and Variation in the Southeastern United States, 1930–1990. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
1930. Folk Culture on St. Helena Island, South Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
. [“Dr. Johnson” of England] 1755. A Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. London.Google Scholar
. 1724a. An Accidence to the English Tongue. Facsimile ed., English Linguistics 1500–1800, no. 22. Menston, Yorks.: Scolar Press, 1967.Google Scholar
. 1986. “On the Status of Gullah on the Sea Islands.” In Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White, ed.
and
, 63–72. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
. 1987.When Roots Die: Endangered Traditions on the Sea Islands. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Journal of English Linguistics. 1967–.
. 1999. Shared Traditions: Southern History and Folk Culture. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
. 1982. “American English from Colonial Substandard to Prestige Language.” In The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, ed.
, 229–36. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
1989. “Tense and Aspect Categories in Irish English.” English World-Wide 10: 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998) Carolina Scots: An Historical and Genealogical Study of over 100 Years of Emigration. Dillon, SC: 1739 Publications.Google Scholar
(1924) American Pronunciation. Ann Arbor, MI: Wahr. 12th ed., expanded, ed.
and
, 1994.Google Scholar
(1948) “Cultural Levels and Functional Varieties of English.” College English 10: 31–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1948. American Children through Their Books. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
. 1957. “Recent American Influence on Standard English: The Syntactical Sphere.” Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 5: 29–42.
Google Scholar
. 1829. English Grammar in Familiar Lectures. New York. Reprint of 1843 ed. American Linguistics, 1700–1900, vol. 438. Delmar, NY: Scholar's Facsimiles and Reprints, 1989.Google Scholar
(1991) “The Rise and Fall of Dialect Representation in Newfoundland Writings.” In Studies in Newfoundland Folklore: Community and Process, ed.
and
, 227–44. Saint John's: Breakwater.Google Scholar
(1993) “The Planting of Anglo-Irish in Newfoundland.” In Focus on Canada, ed.
, 65–84. Varieties of English around the World 11. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 1986. “The West Country and Newfoundland: Some SED Evidence.” Journal of English Linguistics 19: 222–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 1986. “The Etymology of High Liner: Problems of Inclusion in The Dictionary of Newfoundland English.” American Speech 61: 281–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000. “The Origins of the Northern Subject Rule: A Case of Early Contact?” In Celtic Englishes II, ed.
. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
1908a. The Authority of Law in Language. University Studies, series 2, vol. 4, no. 3. University of Cincinnati.Google Scholar
1908b. Review of The Standard of Usage in English, by
. Educational Review 36: 195–200.Google Scholar
, , , and . 1993. Handbook of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
, and . 1996. Introduction to Quantitative Analysis in Linguistic Survey Data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
. 1928b. “The Origin of Dialectal Differences in Spoken American English.” Modern Philology 25: 285–95. Reprint in A Various Language: Perspectives of American Dialects, ed.
and
, 12–21. New York: Holt, 1971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1939. Handbook of the Linguistic Geography of New England. Providence, RI: Brown University.Google Scholar
. 1939–43. Linguistic Atlas of New England. 3 vols. in 6. Providence, RI: Brown University and American Council of Learned Societies.Google Scholar
. 1949. A Word Geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
. 1964. A Phonology and Prosody of Modern English. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
. 1965. “Some Aspects of Atlantic Seaboard English Considered in Their Connections with British English.” In Communications et rapports de Premier Congrès International de Dialectologie Générale, Troisième Partie, 236–40. Louvaine:Centre Internationale de Dialectologie Généale. Reprint in A Various Language: Perspectives of American Dialects, ed.
and
, 101–7. New York: Holt, 1971.Google Scholar
, , and 1970. The Dialectal Structure of Southern England: Phonological Evidence. Publication of the American Dialect Society no. 54. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
, , and 1961. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
. 1986. “On the Use of the Modal Auxiliaries ‘Can’ and ‘May’ in Early American English.” In Diversity and Diachrony, ed.
, 123–38. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1989. “‘Can’ or ‘May’? Choice of the Variant Form in Early Modern English, British and American.” In Synchronic and Diachronic Approaches to Linguistic Variation and Change, ed.
, 163–78. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
. 1990. “‘Shall’ or ‘Will’? Choice of the Variant Form in Early Modern English, British and American.” In Historical Linguistics 1987: Papers from the 8th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, ed.
and
, 275–88. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. Variation and Diachrony, with Early American English in Focus. Bamberger Beiträe zur Englischen Sprachwissenschaft 28.Frankfurt am Main:Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. 1993. “Third-Person Present Singular Verb Inflection in Early British and American English.” Language Variation and Change 5: 113–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 1983. “The Syntactic Study of Early American English: The Variationist at the Mercy of His Corpus.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 84: 470–90.Google Scholar
. 1987. “In Search of the Roots of American English.” In Ten Years of American Studies: The Helsinki Experience, ed.
, 215–33. Helsinki: Societas Historica Finlandiae.Google Scholar
. 1972a. Language in the Inner City. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1972b. Sociolinguistic Patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
. 1973. “Some Features of the English of Black Americans.” In Varieties of Present-Day English, ed.
and
, 236–57. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
. 1982. “Objectivity and Commitment in Linguistic Science: The Case of the Black English Trial in Ann Arbor.” Language in Society 11: 165–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1998. “Co-Existent Systems in African-American Vernacular English.” In African-American English: Structure, History, and Use, ed.
, , , and
, 110–53. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
, and . 1986. “De Facto Segregation of Black and White Vernaculars.” In Diversity and Diachrony, ed.
, 1–24. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
. 1810. Travels through Lower Canada and the United States of North America in the Years 1806, 1807, and 1808. 3 vols. London: Richard Phillips.Google Scholar
LAMSAS = Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States. See
, , , and 1993.Google Scholar
. 1984. Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography. New York: Scribner. 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
, ed. 2000. Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American Vernacular English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
. 1990. “Where Do Extraterritorial Englishes Come From? Dialect Input and Recodification in Transported Englishes.” In Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, ed.
, 245–80. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, ed. 1976. Studies in Southwestern Indian English. San Antonio: Trinity University Press.Google Scholar
, ed. 1981. “American Indian Languages.” In Language in the USA, ed.
and
, 116–44. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1991. “Movies.” In The Reader's Companion to American History, ed.
and
, 754–8. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
, , and . 1955. “American Indian Pidgin English: Attestations and Grammatical Peculiarities.” American Speech 30: 163–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1995. “Yankisms in Kiwiland, from Zed to Zee: American Lexical and Pronunciation Incursions in Dunedin (1984–1985) and Auckland (1990).” Te Reo: Journal of the Linguistic Society of New Zealand 38: 105–25.Google Scholar
,
, ed. 1967. A Reader in Nineteenth-Century Historical Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
, , , and . 1925. The Book in America: A History of the Making and Selling of Books in the United States. 2nd ed. New York: Bowker.Google Scholar
, , and
, eds. 1979. Toronto English: Studies in Phonetics. Studia Phonetica 14. Ottawa: Marcel Didier.Google Scholar
1932. Current English Usage. National Council of Teachers of English Monograph 1. Chicago: Inland.Google Scholar
, 1991. “Magazines and Newspapers.” In The Reader's Companion to American History, ed.
and
, 689–92. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
. 1957. America as a Civilization. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2nd ed. New York: Holt, 1987.Google Scholar
Lexicon Balatronicum: A Dictionary of Buckish Slang, University Wit, and Pickpocket Eloquence. 1811. “Compiled originally by Captain Grose. And Now … Enlarged … By a Member of the Whip Club.” London: C. Chappel.
1962. The Scotch-Irish: A Social History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
. 1998. American Memory: Historical Collections for the National Digital Library. <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ammemhome.html>.
1994–. The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang. Vols. 1–. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
. 1995. “LSA Guidelines for Nonsexist Usage.” LSA Bulletin (each issue).
. 1997. English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 1970. “On the Structure of the Verb in a Dialect of American Negro English.” Linguistics 59: 14–28.Google Scholar
[pseudonym of John Griffith Chaney]. 1909. Martin Eden. Reprint New York: Macmillan, 1912.Google Scholar
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. 1995. 3rd ed. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
, ed. 1985. In Search of the Standard in Canadian English. Strathy Language Unit Occasional Papers 1. Kingston, ON: Queen's University.Google Scholar
,
, ed. 1988. Writings on Canadian English, 1976–1987: A Selective, Annotated Bibliography. Strathy Language Unit Occasional Papers 2. Kingston, ON: Queen's University.Google Scholar
. 1762. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. London. Reprint English Linguistics 1500–1800, no. 18. Menston, Yorks.: Scolar, 1967.Google Scholar
. 1922. English Grammar in American Schools before 1850. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education Bulletin 12. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
, ed. Forthcoming. “Scots and Scottish English.” In The Legacy of Colonial English: A Study of Transported Dialects, ed.
. Cambridge University Press.
1965. “Gaelic with a Dixie Accent!” Grandfather Mountain Highland Games Handbook. N.p.Google Scholar
. 1962a. “The String Untuned.” New Yorker (March 10), 130–4, 137–40, 143–50, 153–60. Reprint in Dictionaries and THAT Dictionary, ed.
and
, 166–88. Chicago: Scott, Foresman.Google Scholar
. 1962b. “Three Questions for Structural Linguists, or Webster 3 Revisited.” In Dictionaries and THAT Dictionary, ed.
and
, 256–64. Chicago: Scott, Foresman.Google Scholar
. 1900. An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America Prior to the Peace of 1783. Cleveland: Helman-Taylor.Google Scholar
. 1986. Peace of the Continent: The Impact of Second World War Canadian and American Bases in Newfoundland. Saint John's: Harry Cuff.Google Scholar
, and . 1974. Prentice Hall Encyclopedic Dictionary of English Usage. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2nd ed., 1993.Google Scholar
Making of America. 1996. University of Michigan Digital Library. <http://moa.umdl.umich.edu>.
Making of America. 1999. Cornell University Digital Library. <http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/>.
1974. Irish Settlements in Eastern Canada: A Study of Cultural Transfer and Adaptation. University of Toronto, Department of Geography.Google Scholar
1977. ed. The Peopling of Newfoundland: Essays in Historical Geography. Saint John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland.Google Scholar
1986 “Irish Merchants Abroad: The Newfoundland Experience, 1750–1850.” Newfoundland Studies 2: 127–90.Google Scholar
, and . 1964. A Common Language: British and American English. London: BBC and Voice of America.Google Scholar
, and . 1938. Facts about Current English Usage. National Council of Teachers of English Monograph 7. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
. 1996. A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
. 1702. Magnalia Christi Americana. Reprint ed.
, with the assistance of
. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1977.Google Scholar
, ed. 1931. The Beginnings of American English: Essays and Comments. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
. 1892. 1925. “The English Language and the American Academy.” In Academy Papers: Addresses on Language Problems by Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, 63–93. New York: Scribner's.Google Scholar
. 1935. “Sailors' Pronunciation in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century.” Anglia 59: 192–251.Google Scholar
1930. “Schoonerisms: Some Speech-Peculiarities of the North-Atlantic Fishermen.” American Speech 5: 387–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1940. The Big Con.Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill. Rev. ed. as The American Confidence Man. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas, 1973.Google Scholar
1955. Whiz Mob. Publication of the American Dialect Society 24. Gainesville, FL: American Dialect Society.Google Scholar
. 1989. The English Language As Used in Quebec. Strathy Language Unit Occasional Papers 3. Kingston, ON: Queen's University.Google Scholar
1962. In “Webster's Third New International Dictionary: A Symposium,” ed.
. Quarterly Journal of Speech 48: 431–40.Google Scholar
1966. “Usage, Dialects, and Functional Varieties.” In The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, ed.
, XIX–XXI. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
1967. “Historical, Regional and Social Variation.” Journal of English Linguistics 1: 24–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1985. “Dialect Areas of the Atlantic Seaboard.” In American Speech: 1600 to the Present, ed.
, 15–26. Boston University.Google Scholar
. 1983. “Present Indicative Plural Forms in the Later Middle English of the North Midlands.” In Middle English Studies Presented to Norman Davis in Honour of His Seventieth Birthday, ed.
and
, 235–44. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
1977. “Naming Regional Dialects in America.” In Papers in Language Variation: SAMLA-ADS Collection, ed.
and
, 119–24. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
, and . 1989. Annotated Bibliography of Southern American English. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
. 1906. “L'?ét actuel des études de linguistique généale.” Revue des Idées 3: 296–308.Google Scholar
. 1919. The American Language. New York: Knopf. 2nd ed., 1921; 3rd ed., 1923; 4th ed., 1936. Supplement 1, 1945. Supplement 2, 1948.Google Scholar
. 1963. The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. The 4th ed. and two supplements, abridged, with annotations and new material, by
, with the assistance of
. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed. Ed.
. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
. 1961. The Highland Scots of North Carolina 1732–1776. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
, , and . 1946. Really the Blues. New York: Random House. Reprint, New York: Signet, 1964.Google Scholar
1996. “Gaelic-Influenced Scots in Pre-Revolutionary Maryland.” In Language Contact across the North Atlantic, ed.
and
, 387–410. Tüingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
1985. Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Emigration to North America. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
1967. “Attestations of American Indian Pidgin English in Fiction and Nonfiction.” American Speech 42: 142–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1986. “The Greatest Blemish: Plurals in -sp, -st, -sk
.” In Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White, ed.
and
, 235–53. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
. 1929. “Thomas Mount and the Flash Language.” Rhode Island Historical Society Collections 22: 65–9.Google Scholar
. 1991. “The Interpretation of Social Constraints on Variation in Belfast English.” In English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, ed.
, 75–85. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, ed. 1983. Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.Google Scholar
, ed. 1993. ed. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 10th ed. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.Google Scholar
, , and . 1994. “The Pragmatics of Multiple Modals in North and South Carolina.” American Speech 69: 3–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1971. “Language Behavior in a Black Urban Community.” Monographs of the Language Behavior Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley2.Google Scholar
. 1897. The Irish Difficulty: Shall and Will. London, Glasgow and Dublin: Blackie & Son.Google Scholar
. 1983. A Common Heritage: Noah Webster's Blue-Back Speller. Hamden, CT: Archon Books.Google Scholar
. 1989. “Exploring the Roots of Appalachian English.” English World-Wide 10: 227–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. “The Roots of Appalachian English: Scotch-Irish or Southern British?” Journal of the Appalachian Studies Association 3: 177–91.Google Scholar
. 1992. “The Etymology of Y'all.” In Old English and New: Studies in Language and Linguistics in Honor of Frederic G. Cassidy, ed.
, and
, 356–69. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
. 1994a. “An Early Letter in Ulster Scots.” Ullans: The Magazine for Ulster Scots 2: 45–51.Google Scholar
. 1994b. “The Evolution of Verb Concord in Scots.” In Studies in Scots and Gaelic: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Languages of Scotland, ed.
and 81–95. Edinburgh: Canongate Academic.Google Scholar
. 1996a. “David Bruce: Ulster-Scot-American Poet.” Ullans: The Magazine for Ulster Scots 4: 23–8.Google Scholar
. 1996c. “How Scotch-Irish Is Your English?” Journal of East Tennessee History 67: 1–33.Google Scholar
. 1997a. “Making the Trans-Atlantic Link between Varieties of English: The Case of Plural Verbal -s
.” Journal of English Linguistics 25: 122–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1997b. “The Scotch-Irish Element in Appalachian English: How Broad? How Deep?” In Ulster and North America: Transatlantic Perspectives on the Scotch-Irish, ed.
and
, 189–212. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
. 1997c. “A Tale of Two Georges: The Language of Irish Indian Traders in Colonial North America.” In Focus on Ireland, ed.
, 227–54. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1998a. “In the Appalachians They Speak like Shakespeare.” In Myths in Linguistics, ed.
and
, 66–76. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
. 1998b. “John Dinsmoor: Another Ulster-Scot-American Poet.” Ullans: The Magazine for Ulster Scots 6: 50–4.Google Scholar
. 1999. “Sierra Leone Settler English: Another Exported Variety of African American English.” English World-Wide 20: 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 2000a. “The Celtic Element in American English.” In Celtic Englishes II, ed.
, 231–64. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
. 2000b. “The Problem of Persistence: Ulster-Scot-American Poets.” Journal of Scotch-Irish Studies 1: 105–19.Google Scholar
, , and . 1993. “‘The black men has wives and sweet harts [and third person plural -s] jest like the white men’: Evidence for Verbal -s from Written Documents on Nineteenth-Century African American Speech.” Language Variation and Change 5: 335–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1996. “The Origin of the Habitual Verb Be in American Black English: Irish or English or What?” Belfast Working Papers in Linguistics 11: 308–33.Google ScholarPubMed
, , and . 1999. “‘He bes took up with a Yankee girl and moved up North’: The Verb Bes in the Carolinas and Its History.” American Speech 75: 240–81.Google Scholar
, , and . 1994. “Double Modals in Scotland and the Southern United States: Trans-Atlantic Inheritance or Independent Development?” Folia Linguistica Historica 14: 91–107.Google Scholar
, , and . 1996. “Ulster English as Janus: Language Contact across the North Atlantic and across the Irish Sea.” In Language Contact across the North Atlantic, ed.
and
, 411–26. Tüingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
. 1864. The Dean's English: A Criticism of the Dean of Canterbury's Essays on the Queen's English. 2nd ed. London: Hatchards. Originally entitled A Defense of the Queen's English.Google Scholar
. 1869. The Bad English of Lindley Murray and Other Writers on the English Language. 3rd ed. London: Hatchards.Google Scholar
. 1744. A Voyage to Georgia, Begun in the Year 1735. Reprint in Collections of the Georgia Historical Society 1: 79–152.Google Scholar
1967. “North Carolina Accents: Some Observations.” North Carolina Journal of Speech and Drama 1.1: 3–8.Google Scholar
. 1991. “Indirectness and Representation in African American Women's Discourse.” Pragmatics 1: 421–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1993. “The Africanness of Counterlanguage among Afro-Americans.” In Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties, ed.
423–35. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
. 1994. “Theories and Politics in African American English.” Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 325–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,
, ed. 1969. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. New York: American Heritage; Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
,
, ed. 1982. ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd college ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
, , and . 1975. Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage. New York: Harper. 2nd ed. 1985.Google Scholar
1994.
The Story of Webster's Third: Philip Gove's Controversial Dictionary and Its Critics
. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
, , , and . 1964. “Linguistic Society of America.” In Report of the Commission on the Humanities, 152–8. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.Google Scholar
1986a. “Restrictive Relativization in Gullah.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 1: 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1986c. “Les langues créles peuvent-elles êre déinies sans allusion à leur histoire?” Etudes Créoles 9: 135–50.Google Scholar
1987a. “An Issue on Predicate-Clefting: Evidence from Atlantic Creoles and African Languages.” In Varia Creolica, ed.
and
, 71–89. Bochum, Germany: Brockmeyer.Google Scholar
1987b. Review of Language Varieties in the South: Perspectives in Black and White
, ed.
and . Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 2: 93–110.Google Scholar
1989. “Equivocal Structures in Some Gullah Complex Sentences.” American Speech 64: 304–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1990b. “Serialization and Subordination in Gullah.” In When Verbs Collide: Papers from the 1990 Ohio State Mini-Conference on Serial Verbs, ed.
and
, 91–108. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics 39. Mimeographed.Google Scholar
1991a. “Is Gullah Decreolizing? A Comparison of a Speech Sample of the 1930s with a Sample of the 1980s.” In The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary, ed.
, , and
, 213–30. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1991b. “Some Reasons Why Gullah Is Not Dying Yet.” English World-Wide 12: 215–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1992a. “Are There Possessive Pronouns in Atlantic Creoles?” In The Atlantic Meets the Pacific: Papers from the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, ed.
and
, 133–44. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1992b. “Ideology and Facts on African American English.” Pragmatics 2: 141–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1992c. “Why Grammars Are Not Monolithic.” In The Joy of Grammar: A Festschrift in Honor of James D. McCawley, ed.
, and 225–50. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1992d. “Africanisms in Gullah: A Re-examination of the Issues.” In Old English and New: Essays in Language and Linguistics in Honor of Frederic G. Cassidy, ed.
, , and
, 156–82. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
1993. “Scope of Negation and Focus in Gullah.” In Focus and Grammatical Relations, ed.
and
, 95–116. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1994a. “On Decreolization: The Case of Gullah.” In Language and the Social Construction of Identity in Creole Situations, ed.
, 63–99. Los Angeles: UCLA Center for African-American Studies.Google Scholar
1994b. “Theoretical Linguistics and Variation Analysis: Strange Bedfellows?” In Papers from the Parasession on Language Variation and Linguistic Theory, ed.
, , , , , and
, 202–17. Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
1994c. “African-American English, Caribbean English Creoles, and North American English: Perspectives on Their Geneses.” In Proceedings of the Mid-America Linguistics Conference, ed.
, 305–30. Lawrence: University of Kansas.Google Scholar
1995. “Gullah's Genesis: Myths and Sociohistorical Facts.” In Language Variety in the South II, ed.
, , and . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
1996. “Creole Genesis: A Population Genetics Perspective.” In Caribbean Language: Issues Old and New: Papers in Honour of Professor Mervyn Alleyne on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday, ed.
, 163–96. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press.Google Scholar
1997a. “The Development of American Englishes: Some Questions from a Creole Genesis Perspective.” In Focus on the USA, ed.
231–64. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
1997b. “Jargons, Pidgins, Creoles, and Koinés:What Are They?” In Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles, ed.
and
, 35–70. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and
, eds. 1998. African-American English: Structure, History, and Use. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 1862. Lectures on the Science of Language. London 2nd ed., rev. New York: Scribner's.Google Scholar
. 1989. U. C. L. A. Slang. Department of Linguistics, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
. 1873. The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland. London: Philological Society.Google Scholar
. 1795. English Grammar, Adapted to the Different Classes of Learners. York. Reprint English Linguistics 1500–1800, no. 106. Menston, Yorks.: Scolar, 1968.Google Scholar
, and . 1996. “
Need+ Past Participle in American English.” American Speech 71: 255–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1988. “The Rise of Be as an Aspect Marker in Black English Vernacular.” American Speech 63: 304–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991. “The Use of Invariant Be with Verbal Predicates in BEV.” In Verb Patterns in Black English and Creole, ed.
and
, 101–13. Detroit, MI:Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
. 1952. The English Language Arts. NCTE Curriculum Series, no. 1. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
, , and
eds. 1934.Webster's New International Dictionary. 2nd ed. Springfield, MA: Merriam.Google Scholar
,
, ed. 1988. Webster's New World Dictionary of American English. 3rd college ed. New York: Webster's New World.Google Scholar
1928. “Dialects on the Western Pennsylvania Frontier.” American Speech 4: 104–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1974. Strictly Speaking: Will America Be the Death of English?Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
1975. “Complementizers in Creoles.” Working Papers on Language Universals 19: 131–5. Stanford University. Mimeographed.Google Scholar
1983. “Black and White Speaking in the Rural South: Difference in the Pronominal System.” American Speech 58: 201–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1958. A Dictionary of American-English Usage, Based on Fowler's Modern English Usage. New York: Signet.Google Scholar
1893. “The Essex Dialect and Its Influence in the New World.” Transactions of the Essex Archaeological Society 4: 245–53.Google Scholar
, , , , , , and 1990. A People and a Nation: A History of the United States. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
. 1982. “English and Good English.” In The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd college ed., ed.
, 34–6. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
. 1992. “Usage in The American Heritage Dictionary: The Place of Criticism.” In The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3rd ed., ed.
, XXVI–XXX. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
OED = Oxford English Dictionary.
. 1999. Old Newfoundland: A History to 1843. St. John's, Newfoundland: Long Beach Press.Google Scholar
. 1968. The Gascoyne Heiress: The Life and Diaries of Frances Mary Gascoyne-Cecil. London: Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar
“On Americanisms, with a Fragment of a Trans-Atlantic Pastoral.” 1820. New Monthly Magazine 14: 629–32.
. 1927. Early New England Pronunciation as Reflected in Some Seventeenth Century Town Records of Eastern Massachusetts. Ann Arbor, MI: Wahr.Google Scholar
, ed. 1997. The Dictionary of New Zealand English: A Dictionary of New Zealandisms on Historical Principles. Auckland: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
, , and
, eds. 1962–. Survey of English Dialects. Part A: Introduction; Part B: The Basic Material, 12 vols. (4 numbered vols. each in 3 parts). Leeds: Arnold for the University of Leeds.Google Scholar
, . 1987. “Cracker: The History of a Southeastern Ethnic, Economic, and Racial Epithet.” Names 35: 28–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Oxford English Dictionary. 1994. 2nd ed. on CD-ROM. Oxford University Press.
Oxford English Dictionary Online. 2000. Oxford University Press. <http://www.oed. com>.
1981. A Dialect Survey of Carbonear, Newfoundland. Publication of the American Dialect Society 68. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
1982. “Newfoundland Dialects of English.” In Languages in Newfoundland and Labrador, ed.
, 71–89. 2nd version. Saint John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Department of Linguistics.Google Scholar
1988. “The Actuation Problem for Gender Change in Wessex versus Newfoundland.” In Historical Dialectology, ed.
, 377–95. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
. 1965. The Rise of English Studies: An Account of the Study of the English Language and Literature from Its Origins to the Making of the Oxford English School. London: Oxford University Press for the University of Hull.Google Scholar
. 1933. Slang To-Day and Yesterday. London: Routledge. 4th ed., New York: Barnes and Noble, 1970.Google Scholar
. 1949. A Dictionary of the Underworld. London: Macmillan. 2nd ed., 1961. 3rd ed., 1968.Google Scholar
. 1984. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. 8th ed. Ed.
. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
, trans. 1533. Of the VVood Called Gvaiacvm That Healeth the Frenche Pockes. London: Tho. Bertheleti.Google Scholar
. 1977b. “Studies of American Pronunciation since 1945.” American Speech 52: 262–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1978. “Sociolinguistic Aspects of American Mobility.” Amerikastudien/American Studies 23: 299–319.Google Scholar
. 1986–92. ed. Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States. 7 vols. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
. 1996a. “Piney Woods Southern.” In Focus on the USA, ed.
, 13–23. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1996b. “LAMR/LAWS and the Main Chance.” Journal of English Linguistics 24: 234–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1962. “The Dictionary as a Battlefront: English Teachers' Dilemma.” Saturday Review 45 (July 21): 44–6, 55–6.Google Scholar
, , and
, eds. 1998. The Real Ebonics Debate: Power, Language, and the Education of African-American Children. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
. 1816. A Vocabulary or Collection of Words and Phrases Which Have Been Supposed to Be Peculiar to the United States of America. Boston: Cummings and Hilliard. Orig. pub. as “Memoir on the Present State of the English Language in the United States of America.” Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 3 (1815): 439–536.Google Scholar
. 1994. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: Morrow.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. Plato with an English Translation. Vol. 6, Cratylus, Parmenides, Greater Hippias, Lesser Hippias, ed.
. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926.Google Scholar
. 1994. “Estuary English the Standard of the Future.” Cambridge Language Reference News 2: 4.Google Scholar
, . 1953. “Uncle Remus Spake Queen's English.” In Southern Accent: From Uncle Remus to Oak Ridge, by
, 57–71. New York: Morrow.Google Scholar
, , and . 1997. “More Material for the Study of Dude
.” Comments on Etymology 26.7: 2–12.Google Scholar
, , and . 1987. “The Philadelphia Story in the Spanish Caribbean.” American Speech 62: 291–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1989. “There's No Tense like the Present: Verbal -S Inflection in Early Black English.” Language Variation and Change 1: 47–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1991. “African-American English in the Diaspora: Evidence from Old-Line Nova Scotians.” Language Variation and Change 3: 301–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1994. “-S or Nothing: Marking the Plural in the African-American Diaspora.” American Speech 69: 227–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Port Folio. 1805. Philadelphia, August 24.
. 1993. “The Hobgoblin of Canadian English Spelling.” In Focus on Canada, ed.
, 45–64. Varieties of English around the World 11. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1761. The Rudiments of English Grammar. London: Griffiths. Reprint English Linguistics 1500–1800, no. 210. Menston, Yorks.: Scolar, 1969.Google Scholar
. 1887. “Charleston Provincialisms.” Transactions of the Modern Language Association 3: 84–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1889. “Pronunciation near Fredericksburg, Virginia.” Proceedings of the American Philological Association 20: xxv–xxviii.Google Scholar
1912. “An Ancient New Jersey Indian Jargon.” American Anthropologist 14: 508–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,
, ed. 1995. Cambridge International Dictionary of English. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
1895. A History of Newfoundland from the English, Colonial, and Foreign Records. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Publication of the American Dialect Society. 1944–.
, and . 1993. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 4th ed. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
. 1596. The Discoverie of the Large, Rich and Bewtiful Empyre of Guiana.
ed. Amsterdam: Da Capo Press, 1968.Google Scholar
. 1892. The English Language and English Grammar: An Historical Study of the Sources, Development, and Analogies of the Language and of the Principles Governing Its Usages. New York: Putnam's. Reprint, New York: Haskell House, 1968.Google Scholar
. 1833. “Lecture on Teaching Grammar and Composition.” American Annals of Education and Instruction 3: 159–74.Google Scholar
. 1933. “British Recognition of American Speech in the Eighteenth Century.” Dialect Notes 6: 313–34.Google Scholar
. 1936. “American Projects for an Academy to Regulate Speech.” PMLA 51: 1141–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1938. “The Assimilation of the Speech of British Immigrants in Colonial America.” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 37: 70–9.Google Scholar
. 1939. “The Speech of Negroes in Colonial America.” Journal of Negro History 24: 247–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1963a. “The First Stage in the History of ‘O.K.’.” American Speech 38: 5–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1963b. “The Second Stage in the History of ‘O.K.’.” American Speech 38: 83–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1964c. “Successive Revisions in the Explanation of ‘O.K.’.” American Speech 39: 243–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1966. “The Spread of German Linguistic Learning in New England during the Lifetime of Noah Webster.” American Speech 41: 163–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1979. “Milestones in the Branching of British and American English.” Lecture presented at Vanderbilt University, Nashville.Google Scholar
. 2001. Milestones in the History of English in America. Ed.
. Publication of the American Dialect Society. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
. 1953. “English Archaisms in Pennsylvania German.” In Publication of the American Dialect Society no. 19, 3–7. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Regional Language Studies – Newfoundland [periodical]. 1968–. Saint John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland.
1969. Language and Dialect in Hawaii: A Sociolinguistic History to 1935. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
, , and . 1967. “Hawaiian Loanwords in Hawaiian English of the 1930's.” Oceanic Linguistics 6: 80–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inchiquin (1810). 1813–4. Quarterly Review 10: 494–539.
. 1810. British Critic 35: 181–4.
. 1991. “Habitual Structures among Blacks and Whites in the 1990s.” American Speech 66: 292–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1974. “Insights from the Mesolect.” In Pidgins and Creoles: Current Trends and Prospects, ed.
and
, 92–117. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
1975. “Carrying the New Wave into Syntax: The Case of Black English Bin
.” In Analyzing Variation in Language, ed.
and
, 162–83. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
1977. “The Question of Prior Creolization of Black English.” In Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, ed.
, 190–221. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
1986a. “Social Contact and Linguistic Diffusion: Hiberno English and New World Black English.” Language 62: 245–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1986b. “Some Principles for the Study of Black and White Speech in the South.” In Language Varieties in the South: Perspectives in Black and White, ed.
and
, 38–62. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
1990. “Number Delimitation in Gullah: A Response to Mufwene” American Speech 65: 148–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1992. “Grammatical Variation and Divergence in Vernacular Black English” In Internal and External Factors in Syntactic Change, ed.
and
, 175–200. Berlin: Mouton, De Gruyter.Google Scholar
, , , , and . 1991. “Rappin on the Copula Coffin: Theoretical and Methodological Issues in the Analysis of Copula Variation in African-American Vernacular English” Language Variation and Change 3: 103–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and . 1990. “Copula Contraction and Absence in Barbadian English, Samaná English, and Vernacular Black English” In Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed.
, , , and
, 257–68. Berkeley Linguistics Society.Google Scholar
. 1987 “Women's Derogatory Terms for Men: That's Right, ‘Dirty Words.’ ” Language and Society 16: 353–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1985 “Periphrastic ‘Do’ in Affirmative Statements in Early American English” Journal of English Linguistics 18: 163–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1994 “‘Candy No Witch, Barbados’: Salem Witchcraft Trials as Evidence of Early American English” In Language in Time and Space: Studies in Honor of Wolfgang Viereck on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday, ed.
and
, 183–93. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1997.Google Scholar
. 1853. “Slang” Household Words (London, Sept. 24), 73–8. Reprint in Living Age (New York, Nov.), 12.Google Scholar
1986. “Chinook Jargon and Pidgin Historiography” Canadian Journal of Anthropology 5: 23–34.Google Scholar
. 1983. Good or Bad Scots? Attitudes to Optional Lexical and Grammatical Usages in Edinburgh. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia48.Google Scholar
, and . 1999. “Alternative Models of Dialect Death: Dissipation vs. Concentration” Language 75: 486–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1982. “On the History of Black English in the USA: Some New Evidence” English World-Wide 3: 18–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1983. “The Diachronic Development of the Black English Perfective Auxiliary Phrase” Journal of English Linguistics 16: 55–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1984. “A Bibliography of Writings on American and Canadian English (1965–1983)” In A Bibliography of Writings on Varieties of English, 1965–1983, comp.
, , and
, 89–223. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1990. “The Cline of Creoleness in English-Oriented Creoles and Semi-Creoles of the Caribbean” English World-Wide 11: 79–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1993. “Africanisms in the Grammar of Afro-American English: Weighing the Evidence” In Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties, ed.
, 209–21. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
1994. “Appalachian Vocabulary: Its Character, Sources, and Distinctiveness” In Verhandlungen des Internationalen Dialektologenkongresses Bamberg 1990 Band 3, ed.
, 498–512. Stuttgart: Steiner.Google Scholar
. 1889 “Beiträge zur Kenntnis des englischen Kreolisch I” Englische Studien 12: 470–4. [“Notes on the English of American Indians: Cheyenne, Kiowa, Pawnee, Pueblo, Sioux, and Wyandot” In Pidgin and Creole Languages: Selected Essays by Hugo Schuchardt, trans.
, 30–7. Cambridge University Press, 1980.]Google Scholar
, , and . 1968. The Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland: An Ethno-Linguistic Study. Bulletin 219. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada.Google Scholar
1913. “The Psychology of Unconventional Language” The Pedagogical Seminary 20: 413–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1974. “Dialect Variation in Early American English” Journal of English Linguistics 8: 41–7.Google Scholar
. 1978. “Reconstructing Early American Dialects” Journal of English Linguistics 12: 50–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1762 A Course of Lectures on Elocution. London: Millar. Photoreproduction with an introduction by Charlotte Downey. Delmar, NY: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1991.Google Scholar
. 1780 A General Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. London: J. Dodsley. Reprint Menston, Yorks.: Scolar, 1967. 2nd ed. as A Complete Dictionary of the English Language. London: C. Dilly, 1789.Google Scholar
1985. “Vowels before /l/ and /r/ in the Tangier Dialect” Journal of English Linguistics 18: 124–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1989a. “Chesapeake Bay Dialect” In Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, ed.
and
, 785–6. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
1989b. “Outer Banks Dialect” In Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, ed.
and
, 790–1. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
. 1986 “The Earliest Citation of Jazz
.” Reprint in Studies in Slang, Part II, ed.
. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1989.Google Scholar
1975. “Resurrecting Virginia Algonquian from the Dead: The Reconstituted and Historical Phonology of Powhatan” In Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages, ed.
, 285–453. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
1984. For the Glory of the Union. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.Google Scholar
. 1812 A Journal of Travels in England, Holland, and Scotland, and of Two Passages over the Atlantic, in the Years 1805 and 1806. 2 vols. Boston: T. B.Wait.Google Scholar
. 1990. “On the Use of Sociohistorical Criteria in the Comparison of Creoles” Linguistics 28: 645–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1991a. “Copula Variation in Liberian Settler English and American Black English” In Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole, ed.
and
, 129–64. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
. 1991b. “Liberian Settler English and the Ex-Slave Recordings: A Comparative Study” In The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary, ed.
, , and
, 249–74. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sketches and Eccentricities of Col. David Crockett of West Tennessee. 1832. New York: J. and J. Harper, 1833.
1942. “Stephen H. Long and the Naming of Wisconsin” Wisconsin Magazine of History 26: 67–71.Google Scholar
. 1988. Captain John Smith: A Select Edition of His Writings. Ed.
. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
1976. “Interrelatedness of Certain Deviant Grammatical Structures in Negro Nonstandard Dialects” In Black Language Reader, ed.
and
, 90–7. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.Google Scholar
. 1977. Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Reprint Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
. 1991. “What Is Africa to Me? Language, Ideology, and African American
.” American Speech 66: 115–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1994. Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
. 1998. “Word from the Hood: The Lexicon of African-American Vernacular English” In African-American English: Structure, History, and Use, ed.
, , , and
, 203–25. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 2000. Talkin That Talk: Language, Culture, and Education in African America. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1981. Lexical Innovation: A Study of Slang, Colloquialisms and Casual Speech. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, ed. 1992. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
1988. “Black American English.” In Anthropology for the Nineties: Introductory Readings, ed.
, 96–113. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Statistical Abstracts of the United States 1991. 1991. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
. <http: //www.statcan.ca>.
. 1909. “The Eskimo Trade Jargon of Herschel Island.” American Anthropologist 11: 217–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1956. “Linguistic Resources of the Southern Historical Collection.” American Speech 31: 271–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1965. “Urban Negro Speech: Sociolinguistic Factors Affecting English Teaching.” In Social Dialects and Language Learning: Proceedings of the Bloomington, Indiana, Conference 1964, ed.
, 10–19. Champaign, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.Google Scholar
1967. “Sociolinguistic Factors in the History of American Negro Dialects.” Florida Foreign Language Reporter 5.2: 11, 22, 24, 26, 30.Google Scholar
1968. “Continuity and Change in American Negro Dialects.” Florida Foreign Language Reporter 6.2: 3–4, 14–16, 18.Google Scholar
1970. “Historical and Structural Bases for the Recognition of Negro Dialect.” In Linguistics and the Teaching of Standard English to Speakers of Other Languages and Dialects, ed.
, 239–47. Washington: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
1974. “Acculturative Processes and the Language of the American Negro.” In Language in Its Social Setting, ed.
, 1–46. Washington, DC: Anthropological Society of Washington.Google Scholar
. 1986. “Language Acquisition in Culturally Diverse Populations: The Black Child as a Case Study.” In Nature and Communication Disorders in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations, ed.
, 117–55. San Diego, CA: College Hill Press.Google Scholar
, and . 1982. “Semantic Categories in the Language of Working Class Children.” In Proceedings of the Second International Child Language Conference, ed.
and
, 312–27. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
1927. Private Elisha Stockwell, Jr., Sees the Civil War. Ed.
. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958.Google Scholar
. 1949. Animal Tales in the Gullah Dialect. Record albums and mimeographed texts. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.Google Scholar
. 1969. “Newfoundland: Fishermen, Hunters, Planters, and Merchants.” In Christmas Mumming in Newfoundland: Essays in Anthropology, Folklore, and History, ed.
and
, 9–33. Reprint, University of Toronto Press, 1990.Google Scholar
, , and
, eds. 1990. Dictionary of Newfoundland English. 2nd ed. University of Toronto Press. 1st ed. 1982. Digital version <www.heritage.nf.ca/dictionary>.Google Scholar
1991. “Railroads.” In The Reader's Companion to American History, ed.
and
, 906–10. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
, and . 1979. The Elements of Style by William Strunk, Jr., with Revisions, an Introduction, and a Chapter on Writing by E. B. White, 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
. 1917. Linguistic Change: An Introduction to the Historical Study of Language. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
, , , and . 1991. A Dictionary of English Normative Grammar, 1700–1800. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 63 Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surnames in the United States Census of 1790: An Analysis of National Origins of the Population. 1932. Annual Report of the American Historical Association 1: 103–441.
. 1936. Le créole haïtien: morphologie et syntaxe. Wettern, Belgium: Imprimerie de Meester; Port-au-Prince, Haiti: Chez l'Auteur.Google Scholar
. 1999. “Back to the Roots: What British Dialects Reveal about North American English.” Paper presented at the conference on Methods in Dialectology X, St. John's, Newfoundland.Google Scholar
, , and . 1988. “Tense and Aspect in Samaná English.” Language in Society 17: 513–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1993. “The Zero-Marked Verb: Testing the Creole Hypothesis.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 8: 171–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and . 1999. “Old Was, New Ecology: Viewing English through the Sociolinguistic Filter.” In The English History of African-American English, ed.
, 141–71. Boston: Blackwell.Google Scholar
. 1958. “Jazz – The Word, and Its Extension to Music.” Jazz: A Quarterly of American Music 1: 39–42.Google Scholar
. 1964–73. Americanisms: Content and Continuum. Nos. 1–33. San Francisco. Dittographed.Google Scholar
. 1999. Canadian Press Stylebook: A Guide for Writers and Editors. 11th ed. Toronto: Canadian Press.Google Scholar
1981. “Indian Lingua Francas.” In Language in the USA, ed.
and
, 175–95. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 1972. A History of Book Publishing in the United States. Vol. 1, The Creation of an Industry 1630–1865. New York: Bowker.Google Scholar
. 1980. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
. 1993. “The Use of All The + Comparative Structure.” In “Heartland English”: Variation and Transition in the American Midwest, ed.
, 257–65. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
1980. “On Interpreting the Indian Interpreter.” Language in Society 9: 167–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1961. The French Shore Problem in Newfoundland: An Imperial Study. University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
1985. “The Problem of Out-Migration from Atlantic Canada, 1871–1921: A New Look.” Acadiensis 15: 3–34.Google Scholar
, , and
, eds. 1980. Britannica Book of English Usage. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Britannica Books.Google Scholar
. 1835–40. Democracy in America. 2 vols. Trans.
, 1838. Rev.
, 1862. Ed.
. New York: Knopf, 1945.Google Scholar
. 1979. “Introduction” to the special issue on “Ebonics (Black English): Implications for Education.” Journal of Black Studies 9: 364–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1972. The History of English Syntax: A Transformational Approach to the History of English Sentence Structure. New York: Holt.Google Scholar
. 1996. “Language Contact and Inherent Variability: The Absence of Hypercorrection in East Anglian Present-Tense Verb Forms.” In Speech Past and Present: Studies in English Dialectology in Memory of Ossi Ihalainen, ed.
, and
, 412–27. University of Bamberg Studies in English Linguistics 38. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
. 1997. “British Vernacular Dialects in the Formation of American English: East Anglian Do
.” In Language History and Linguistic Modelling, ed.
and
, 749–57. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
. 1934. “Linguistic Substrata in Pennsylvania and Elsewhere.” Language 10: 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1807. A Narrative of the Life, Adventures, and Travels of Henry Tufts. Ed.
. New York: Duffield, 1930.Google Scholar
. 1894. “The Significance of the Frontier in American History.” Proceedings of the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
. 1920. “The Old West.” In The Frontier in American History, 67–125. Reprint, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1986.Google Scholar
[pseudonym of Samuel L. Clemens]. 1872. Roughing It. Hartford, CT: American Publishing. Reprint ed.
and . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.Google Scholar
[pseudonym of Samuel L. Clemens]. 1876. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Reprint ed.
, , and . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.Google Scholar
. 1998. Noah Webster: The Life and Times of an American Patriot. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
. 1892. First Report of the United States Board on Geographic Names 1890–1891. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
1901. Second Report of the United States Board on Geographic Names 1890–1899. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
. 1976. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. Part 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
. 1973. Style Manual. Rev. ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
, , , and
, eds. 1994. Survey of English Dialects: The Dictionary and the Grammar. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
. 1973. “General American: An Ambiguity.” In Lexicography and Dialect Geography: Festgabe für Hans Kurath, ed.
and
, 232–42. Weisbaden: Steiner.Google Scholar
1970. The Structure of English Orthography. The Hague: Mouton. 1999. The American Way of Spelling. New York: Guilford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1985. “On the Interrelationship of British and American English: Morphological Evidence.” In Focus on England and Wales, ed.
, 247–301. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
. 1882. “Créle.” In Dictionnaire des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques. Paris.Google Scholar
. 1775. A Dictionary of the English Language Answering at Once the Purpose of Rhyming, Spelling, and Pronouncing on a Plan Not Hitherto Attempted. London.Google Scholar
. 1791. A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson.Google Scholar
. 1653. Grammatica linguae Anglicanae. Facsimile reprint Menston, Yorks.: Scolar, 1969. Trans.
as Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1972.Google Scholar
. 1999. Proper English: Myths and Misunderstandings about Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
1936. Noah Webster, Schoolmaster to America. New York: Macmillan. 1952. Who Killed Grammar?Gainesville: University of Florida Press.Google Scholar
. 1783–5. A Grammatical Institute of the English Language, Comprising, an Easy, Concise, and Systematic Method of Education, Designed for the Use of English Schools in America. 3 vols. Hartford, CT: Hudson and Goodwin.Google Scholar
. 1784. A Grammatical Institute of the English Language. Part 2: Containing a Plain and Comprehensive Grammar. Hartford: Hudson and Goodwin. Reprint, English Linguistics 1500–1800, no. 90. Menston, Yorks.: Scolar, 1968.Google Scholar
. 1787. The American Spelling Book; or, First Part of the Grammatical Institute of the English Language. 6th ed. Hartford, CT: Hudson and Goodwin.Google Scholar
. 1789. Dissertations on the English Language, with Notes, Historical and Critical. To Which He Added, by Way of Appendix, An Essay on a Reformed Mode of Spelling, with Dr. Franklin's Arguments on That Subject. Boston: Isaiah Thomas. Reprint, English Linguistics 1500–1800, no. 54. Menston, Yorks.: Scolar, 1967.Google Scholar
. 1806. A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language. Hartford, CT: Hudson and Goodwin; New Haven: Increase Cooke.Google Scholar
. 1828. An American Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. New York: S. Converse.Google Scholar
. 1829. The Elementary Spelling Book, Being an Improvement on the American Spelling Book. New York: Haven and Lockwood.Google Scholar
. 1841. An American Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. New Haven: The Author.Google Scholar
. 1842. Letter dated September 20, 1842, printed in the New Haven Daily Herald, October 10, 1842. Cited by
in “The Spread of German Linguistic Learning in New England during the Lifetime of Noah Webster.” American Speech 41 (1966): 163–81.
Google Scholar
. 1847. An American Dictionary of the English Language. Rev. and enl. by
. Springfield, MA: Merriam.Google Scholar
. 1864. An American Dictionary of the English Language. Rev.
and . Springfield, MA: Merriam.Google Scholar
, , and . 1960. Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. Supplemented ed., 1967. 2nd supplemented ed., 1975.Google Scholar
. 1870. Words and Their Uses Past and Present: A Study of the English Language. 3rd ed., rev. and corrected. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1881.Google Scholar
. 1939. Middle English ū and Related Sounds: Their Development in Early American English. Language monograph 19. Baltimore, MD: Linguistic Society of America.Google Scholar
. 1799. Letters on Subjects of Importance to the Happiness of Young Females. London: L. Peacock.Google Scholar
. 1809. Thoughts and Remarks on Establishing an Institution for the Support and Education of Unportioned Respectable Females. London: Longman, Hurst, Reese and Orme.Google Scholar
. 1856–? “The Primer of Words.” In Walt Whitman: Daybooks and Notebooks, ed.
, 3: 728–57. New York University Press, 1978.Google Scholar
. 1867. Language and the Study of Language: Twelve Lectures on the Principles of Linguistic Science. New York: Scribner's.Google Scholar
. 1875. The Life and Growth of Language: An Outline of Linguistic Science. New York: Appleton.Google Scholar
. 1956. Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings by Benjamin Lee Whorf. Ed.
. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
. 1969 “Mummering and Janneying: Some Explanatory Notes.” In Christmas Mumming in Newfoundland: Essays in Anthropology, Folklore, and History, ed.
and
, 216–21. Reprint, University of Toronto Press, 1990.Google Scholar
. 1991 “Lexical Retention in Newfoundland Dialect.” In Studies in Newfoundland Folklore: Community and Process, ed.
and
, 245–58. St. John's, Newfoundland: Breakwater.Google Scholar
. 1984. American Tough: The Tough-Guy Tradition and American Character. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
, trans. and comp. 1577. The History of Trauayle in the VVest and East Indies. London: Richard Jugge.Google Scholar
, ed. 1975. Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks. St. Louis, MO: Robert L. Williams.Google Scholar
. 1643. A Key into the Language of America. London. Reprint, Providence, RI: Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Tercentenary Committee, 1936.Google Scholar
. 1990. “The Copula Variability, Accountability, and the Concept of ‘Polylectal’ Grammars.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 5: 223–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1992. “Another Look at the Copula in Black English and Caribbean Creoles.” American Speech 67: 21–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1993. “Back to the Past: The BEV/Creole Connection Revisited.” Language Variation and Change 4: 311–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1998. “On the Origins of African American Vernacular English – A Creolist Perspective: Part II: Linguistic Features.” Diachronica 15: 99–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. 1781. “The Druid,” nos. 5–7. Pennsylvania Journal, or, Weekly Advertiser (Philadelphia, May 9, 16, 23, 30). Reprint in The Beginnings of American English: Essays and Comments, ed.
, 13–30. University of Chicago Press, 1931.Google Scholar
. 1803. The Miscellaneous Works of the Rev. John Witherspoon. Philadelphia: William W. Woodward.Google Scholar
. 1979. “Ebonics: A Legitimate System of Oral Communication.” Journal of Black Studies 9: 367–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1969. A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
1974. “The Relationship of White Southern Speech to Vernacular Black English.” Language 50: 498–527. Reprinted in Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole, ed.
and
, 60–100. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1980. “‘A’-prefixing in Appalachian English.” In Locating Language in Time and Space, ed.
, 107–42. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
, , and . 1999. Dialect Change and Maintenance on the Outer Banks. Publication of the American Dialect Society 81. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
, and . 1997. Hoi Toids on the Outer Banks: The Story of the Ocracoke Brogue. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
. 1634. New Englands Prospect. Reprint, Burt Franklin Research and Source Works Series, 131. New York: Burt Franklin, 1967.Google Scholar
1999. The Ottawa Survey of Canadian English. Strathy Language Unit Occasional Papers 4. Kingston, ON: Queen's University.Google Scholar
1830. Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language with Pronouncing Vocabularies of Classical and Scripture Proper Names. New York: Collins and Hannay.Google Scholar
1846. A Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language. Boston: Wilkins, Carter.Google Scholar
The World. 1753–6. 4 vols. Philadelphia: Samuel F. Branford and Joseph Conrad, 1803–4.
, ed. 1975. Irish Emigrant Ballads and Songs. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green University Popular Press.Google Scholar
. 1993. ATAD Lexicon. Vol. 3 of Etymology and Linguistic Principles. Rolla, MO: Gerald Cohen.Google Scholar