Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4rdrl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-21T21:01:56.823Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

25 - Christian Slavery in Theology and Practice

Its Relation to God, Sin, and Justice

from Part VI - Contested Bodies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 August 2023

Bruce W. Longenecker
Affiliation:
Baylor University, Texas
David E. Wilhite
Affiliation:
Baylor University, Texas
Get access

Summary

The condition of being a slave in antiquity, marked by “social death” and “the permanent, violent domination of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons,”1 was so miserable as to be excluded from the ancient ideal of happiness (εὐδαιμονία): “How can a man be happy when he must serve someone as a slave [δουλεύειν]?” says Callicles to Socrates (Plato, Gorg. 491E). Families in the Greco-Roman world often included slaves,2 although manumission in the Roman world was more frequent than once thought.3

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Select Bibliography

Allen, Pauline, and Morgan, Edward. “Augustine on poverty.” Pages 150–62 in Preaching Poverty in Late Antiquity. Edited by Allen, Pauline, Neil, Bronwen, and Mayer, Wendy (Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2009).Google Scholar
Arruzza, Cinzia. A Wolf in the City: Tyranny and the Tyrant in Plato’s Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).Google Scholar
Bain, Katherine. Women’s Socioeconomic Status and Religious Leadership in Asia Minor in the First Two Centuries ce (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Beavis, Mary Ann. “Ancient slavery as an interpretive context for the New Testament servant parables,” Journal of Biblical Literature 111 (1992), 3754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernhardt, Johannes Christian. Die jüdische Revolution: Untersuchungen zu Ursachen, Verlauf und Folgen der hasmonäischen Erhebung (BerlinDe Gruyter, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blidstein, Moshe. Purity, Community, and Ritual in Early Christian Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Bredenhof, Reuben. “Looking for Lazarus,” New Testament Studies 66 (2020), 5167.Google Scholar
Brookins, Timothy. “(Dis)correspondence of Paul and Seneca on slavery.” Pages 179207 in Paul and Seneca in Dialogue. Edited by Dodson, Joseph and Briones, David (Leiden: Brill, 2017).Google Scholar
Brown, Jeannine. “Just a busybody? A look at the Greco-Roman topos of meddling for defining allotriepiskopos in 1 Peter 4:15,” Journal of Biblical Literature 125.3 (2006), 549–68.Google Scholar
Bryen, Ari Z.Politics, justice and reform in Dio’s Euboicus,” Transactions of the American Philological Association 149 (2019), 127–48.Google Scholar
Catarinella, Francesca. “Terasia, ovvero ‘la sposa apportatrice di fortezza,’” Auctores nostri 8 (2010), 93109.Google Scholar
Charles, Ronald. The Silencing of Slaves in Early Jewish and Christian Texts (London: Routledge, 2020).Google Scholar
Coleman, Rachel. The Lukan Lens on Wealth and Possessions: A Perspective Shaped by the Themes of Reversal and Right Response (Leiden: Brill, 2019).Google Scholar
Coutsoumpos, Panayiotis. “Paul’s view of ἀδιάφορα in 1 Corinthians 8–10.” Pages 171–87 in Paul and Scripture. Edited by Porter, Stanley and Land, Christopher (Leiden: Brill, 2019).Google Scholar
Crislip, Andrew. From Monastery to Hospital: Christian Monasticism and the Transformation of Healthcare in Late Antiquity (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Crossan, Jean-Dominic. “The servant parables of Jesus,” Semeia 1 (1974), 1762.Google Scholar
de Mingo Kaminouchi, Alberto. But It Is Not So Among You: Echoes of Power in Mark 10:32–45 (London: T&T Clark, 2003).Google Scholar
Deming, William. “Paul and indifferent things.” Pages 384403 in Paul in the Greco-Roman World. Edited by Sampley, J. Paul (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity, 2003).Google Scholar
Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma, Marx-Wolf, Heidi, and Ramelli, Ilaria (eds.) Problems in Ancient Biography: The Construction of Professional Identities in Late Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).Google Scholar
Downing, F. G.A Cynic preparation for Paul’s Gospel for Jew and Greek, slave and free, male and female,” New Testament Studies 42 (1996), 454–62.Google Scholar
Downing, F. G. Cynics, Paul, and the Pauline Churches (London: Routledge, 1998).Google Scholar
Drake, Lyndon. “Did Jesus oppose the prosbul in the forgiveness petition of the Lord’s Prayer?Novum Testamentum 56 (2014), 233–44.Google Scholar
Elm, Susanna. “Sold to sin through origo: Augustine of Hippo and the late Roman slave trade.” Pages 121 in vol. 98 of Studia Patristica. Edited by Vinzent, Markus (Leuven: Peeters, 2017).Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, John. “Early Christian missionary practice and pagan reaction.” Pages 2444 in Renewing Tradition: Studies in Texts and Contexts in Honor of James W. Thompson. Edited by Hamilton, Mark, Olbricht, Thomas, and Peterson, Jeffrey (Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2007).Google Scholar
Flexsenhar, Michael III. Christians in Caesar’s Household: The Emperors’ Slaves in the Making of Christianity (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2019).Google Scholar
Flexsenhar, Michael III. “Sought out for luxury, castrated for lust: Mistress–slave sex in Tertullian’s Ad uxorem 2.8.4,” Vigiliae Christianae 72 (2018), 484505.Google Scholar
Fowler, Kimberley. “Reading Gospel of Thomas 100 in the fourth century,” Vigiliae Christianae 72 (2018), 421–46.Google Scholar
Fredriksen, Paula. When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Glancy, Jennifer. “Slavery and the rise of Christianity.” Pages 456–81 in The Cambridge World History of Slavery, vol. 1, The Ancient Mediterranean World. Edited by Bradley, Keith and Cartledge, Paul (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Glancy, Jennifer. Slavery in Early Christianity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodrich, John. “Voluntary debt remission and the parable of the Unjust Steward,” Journal of Biblical Literature 131 (2012), 547–66.Google Scholar
Graiver, Inbar. Asceticism of the Mind: Forms of Attention and Self-Transformation in Late Antique Monasticism (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2018).Google Scholar
Gregson, Fiona. Everything in Common? The Theology and Practice of the Sharing of Possessions in Community in the New Testament (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2017).Google Scholar
Griffin, Svetla S., and Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.. Lovers of Souls, Lovers of the Body: Philosophical and Religious Perspectives in Late Antiquity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2022).Google Scholar
Harper, Kyle. Slavery in the Late Roman World, ad 275–425 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hekster, Olivier, and Verboven, Koenraad (eds.) The Impact of Justice on the Roman Empire (Leiden: Brill, 2019).Google Scholar
Helmer, Étienne. “La frontière politique intérieure: Le sens de l’esclavage dans les Lois et dans le Politique de Platon,” Méthexis 31 (2019), 127–46.Google Scholar
Hezser, Catherine. Jewish Slavery in Antiquity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Holman, Susan. The Hungry Are Dying: Beggars and Bishops in Roman Cappadocia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Huebner, Sabine R., and Nathan, Geoffrey S.Mediterranean Families in Antiquity: Households, Extended Families, and Domestic Space (Malden, MA: Wiley–Blackwell2017).Google Scholar
Ip, Alex. A Socio-rhetorical Interpretation of the Letter to Philemon in Light of the New Institutional Economics: An Exhortation to Transform a Master–Slave Economic Relationship into a Brotherly Loving Relationship (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2017).Google Scholar
Isaac, Benjamin. Empire and Ideology in the Graeco-Roman World: Selected Papers (CambridgeCambridge University Press2017).Google Scholar
Isaac, Benjamin. The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity (Princeton: Princeton University Press 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorgenson, Chad. The Embodied Soul in Plato’s Later Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Joseph, Simon. Jesus, the Essenes, and Christian Origins: New Light on Ancient Texts and Communities (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Jurasz, Izabela. “Carpocrate et Epiphane: Chrétiens et platoniciens radicaux,” Vigiliae Christianae 71 (2017), 134–67.Google Scholar
Kartzow, Marianne Bjelland. The Slave Metaphor and Gendered Enslavement in Early Christian Discourse: Double Trouble Embodied (London: Routledge, 2018).Google Scholar
Keil, Geert, and Kreft, Nora (eds.) Aristotle’s Anthropology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019).Google Scholar
Kreft, Nora. “Aristotle on friendship and being human.” Pages 182–99 in Aristotle’s Anthropology. Edited by Keil, Geert and Kreft, Nora (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019).Google Scholar
Lang, Bernhard. “Jesus among the philosophers: The Cynic connection explored and affirmed, with a note on Philo’s Jewish-Cynic philosophy.” Pages 187218 in Religio-Philosophical Discourses in the Mediterranean World: From Plato, through Jesus, to Late Antiquity. Edited by Petersen, Anders Klostergaard and van Kooten, George (Leiden: Brill, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenski, Noel. “Framing the question: What is a slave society?” Pages 1557 in What Is a Slave Society? The Practice of Slavery in Global Perspective. Edited by Lenski, Noel and Cameron, Catherine M. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Longenecker, Bruce, and Liebengood, Kelly (eds.) Engaging Economics: New Testament Scenarios and Early Christian Reception (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009).Google Scholar
Luff, Rosemary Margaret. The Impact of Jesus in First-Century Palestine: Textual and Archaeological Evidence for Long-Standing Discontent (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019).Google Scholar
MacLean, Rose. Freed Slaves and Roman Imperial Culture: Social Integration and the Transformation of Values (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacMullen, Ramsay. “The place of the holy man in the later Roman empire,” Harvard Theological Review 112.1 (2019), 132.Google Scholar
Madigan, Kevin, and Osiek, Carolyn. Ordained Women in the Early Church: A Documentary History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Maier, Harry O.The entrepreneurial widows of 1 Timothy.” Pages 5973 in Patterns of Women’s Leadership in Ancient Christianity. Edited by Taylor, Joan and Ramelli, Ilaria L. E. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021).Google Scholar
Maier, Harry O.Paul’s Letter to Philemon: A case study in individualisation, dividuation, and partibility in imperial spatial contexts,” Pages 519–39 in Religious Individualisation: Historical Dimensions and Comparative Perspectives, vol. 1. Edited by Fuchs, Martin, Linkenbach, Antje, Mulsow, Martin, Otto, Bernd-Christian, Parson, Rahul Bjørn, and Rüpke, Jörg (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019).Google Scholar
Manabu, Tsuji, “Persönlische Korrespondenz des Paulus: Zur Strategie der Pastoralbriefe als Pseudepigrapha,” New Testament Studies 56 (2010), 253–72.Google Scholar
Maritano, Mario. “Basileiad.” In Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online. Edited by van Geest, Paul et al. (print version Leiden: Brill, 2021; online version http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000395).Google Scholar
McKnight, Scot. The Letter to Philemon (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2017).Google Scholar
Montero, Roman. All Things in Common: The Economic Practices of the Early Christians (Eugene, OR: Resource, 2017).Google Scholar
NasrallahLaura Archaeology and the Letters of Paul (New YorkOxford University Press2019).Google Scholar
Noethlichs, Karl. “Christliche Ethik in der Gesetzgebung Konstantins.” Pages 5976 in Ethik im antiken Christentum. Edited by Brennecke, Hans-Christoph and van Oort, Johannes (Leuven: Peeters, 2011).Google Scholar
Oakman, Douglas. Jesus, Debt, and the Lord’s Prayer: First-Century Debt and Jesus’ Intentions (Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2014).Google Scholar
Osiek, Carolyn, and Balch, David (eds.) Early Christian Families in Context: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003).Google Scholar
Owens, William. The Representation of Slavery in the Greek Novel (London: Routledge, 2019).Google Scholar
Panayotakis, Stelios, and Paschalis, Michael (eds) Slaves and Masters in the Ancient Novel (Groningen: Barkhuis, 2019).Google Scholar
Patterson, Orlando. Slavery and Social Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985).Google Scholar
Perkins, Judith. Roman Imperial Identities in the Early Christian Era (London: Routledge, 2008).Google Scholar
Pevarello, Daniele. The Sentences of Sextus (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2013).Google Scholar
Porter, Stanley. When Paul Met Jesus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E. “1 Tim 5:6 and the notion and terminology of spiritual death: Hellenistic moral philosophy in the Pastoral Epistles,” Aevum 84 (2010), 316.Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.Apuleius and Christianity: The philosopher-novelist in front of a new religion.” Pages 145–74 in Intende, Lector: Echoes of Myth, Religion and Ritual in the Ancient Novel. Edited by Marília, P. Futre Pinheiro, Anton Bierl, and Beck, Roger (Berlin: De Gruyter 2013).Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.The case of asceticism in antiquity and late antiquity and the rejection of slavery and social injustice.” Pages 695718 in Religious Individualisation: Historical Dimensions and Comparative Perspectives, vol. 1. Edited by Fuchs, Martin, Linkenbach, Antje, Mulsow, Martin, Otto, Bernd-Christian, Parson, Rahul Bjørn, and Rüpke, Jörg (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019).Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.Cristiani e vita politica: Il cripto-Cristianesimo nelle classi dirigenti romane nel II secolo,” Aevum 77 (2003), 3551.Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E. “Gal 3:28 and Aristotelian (and Jewish) categories of inferiority,” Eirene 55 (2019), 275310.Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.Gregory of Nyssa on the soul (and the Restoration): From Plato to Origen.” Pages 110–41 in Exploring Gregory of Nyssa: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives. Edited by Marmodoro, Anna and McLynn, Neil (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E. Musonio Rufo (Milan: Bompiani, 2001).Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.Origen.” Pages 245–66 in A History of Mind and Body in Late Antiquity. Edited by Marmodoro, Anna and Cartwright, Sophie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.The Pastoral Epistles and Hellenistic philosophy: 1 Tim 5:1–2, Hierocles, and the ‘contraction of circles,’Catholic Biblical Quarterly 73.3 (2011), 562–81.Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.The pseudepigraphic correspondence between Seneca and Paul: A reassessment.” Pages 319–36 in Paul and Pseudepigraphy. Edited by Porter, Stanley and Fewster, Gregory (Leiden: Brill, 2013).Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.A pseudepigraphon inside a pseudepigraphon? The Seneca–Paul correspondence and the letters added afterwards,” Journal for the Study of Pseudepigrapha 23 (2014), 259–89.Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E. Review of Benjamin Isaac, The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity, Laverna 16 (2005), 145–50.Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E. Review of Daniele Pevarello, The Sentences of Sextus, Gnomon 88 (2016), 599603.Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.The Sentences of Sextus and the Christian transformation of Pythagorean asceticism.” Pages 151–62 in Pythagorean Knowledge. Edited by Renger, Almut-Barbara and Stavru, Alessandro (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2016).Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.Social justice and slavery in the Bible.” In Oxford Biblical Studies Online (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E. Social Justice and the Legitimacy of Slavery: The Role of Philosophical Asceticism from Ancient Judaism to Late Antiquity (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2016–17).Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.Soma (Σῶμα),” in Das Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, vol. 30 (Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann, 2021), 814–47.Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.Some aspects of the reception of the Platonic tradition in Origen.” Pages 6186 in The Neoplatonists and Their Heirs: Christian, Jewish, and Muslim. Edited by Parry, Ken and Anagnostou, Eva (Leiden: Brill, 2021).Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E. Stoici romani minori (Milan: Bompiani, 2008).Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E. “Theosebia: A presbyter of the Catholic Church,” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 26.2 (2010), 79102.Google Scholar
Ramelli, Ilaria L. E.Tristitia: Indagine storica, filosofica e semantica su un’accusa antistoica e anticristiana del I secolo,” Invigilata Lucernis 23 (2001), 187206.Google Scholar
Ray, Laurence and Stromberg, Agneta (eds.) Families in the Greco-Roman World (New York: Continuum, 2012).Google Scholar
Reed, Jonathan L.Instability in Jesus’ Galilee: A demographic perspective,” Journal of Biblical Literature 129.2 (2010), 343–65.Google Scholar
Riaud, Jean. “Une communauté mystérieuse dans les environs d’Alexandrie aux alentours de l’ère chrétienne,” Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa 60 (2014), 250.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. C. Early Christian Care for the Poor: An Alternative Subsistence Strategy Under Roman Imperial Rule (Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2018).Google Scholar
SessaKristina Daily Life in Late Antiquity (CambridgeCambridge University Press2018).Google Scholar
Shaner, Katherina. Enslaved Leadership in Early Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Taylor, Joan E., and Ramelli, Ilaria L. E. (eds.) Patterns of Women’s Leadership in Ancient Christianity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021).Google Scholar
Thompson, James W. and Longenecker, Bruce W.. Philippians and Philemon (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2016).Google Scholar
Thorsteinsson, Runar. Jesus as Philosopher: The Moral Sage in the Synoptic Gospels (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Udoh, Fabian. “The tale of an unrighteous slave,” Journal of Biblical Literature 128.2 (2009), 311–35.Google Scholar
Vaucher, Daniel. “Glaubensbekentniss oder Sklavengehorsam? Petrus von Alexandrien zu einem christlichen Dilemma,” Vigiliae Christianae 72 (2018), 533–60.Google Scholar
Vlassopoulos, Kostas. “Greek slavery: From domination to property and back again,” Journal of Hellenic Studies 131 (2011), 115−30.Google Scholar
Wessel, Susan. Passion and Compassion in Early Christianity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wet, Chris de. Preaching Bondage: John Chrysostom and the Discourse of Slavery in Early Christianity (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015).Google Scholar
Wet, Chris de. The Unbound God: Slavery and the Formation of Early Christian Thought (Oxford: Routledge, 2017).Google Scholar
Wet, Chris L. de, Kahlos, Maijastina, and Vuolanto, Ville (eds) Slavery in the Late Antique World, 150–700 ce (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022).Google Scholar
Wyrwa, Dietmar. “Sextos-Sentenzen.” Pages 851–4 in Die Philosophie der Antike 5/1–3. Philosophie der Kaiserzeit und der Spätantike: Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie. Edited by Riedweg, Christoph, Horn, Christoph, and Wyrwa, Dietmar (BaselSchwabe2018).Google Scholar
Zoller, Coleen. Plato and the Body: Reconsidering Socratic Asceticism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2018).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×