Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-05T21:05:21.964Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - World Englishes Old and New: English in Australasia and the South Pacific

from Part II - World Englishes Old and New

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2019

Daniel Schreier
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Marianne Hundt
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Edgar W. Schneider
Affiliation:
Universität Regensburg, Germany
Get access

Summary

Australasia and the Pacific encompass a range of diverse native and non-native Englishes, including contact varieties such as pidgins and creoles. The chapter provides a new approach to these varieties by focusing on their geographical closeness and structural patterns that have the potential of being areal features of Australasian and (South) Pacific Englishes. Owing to the interaction of conditioning factors in language evolution, such features are not only difficult to define but also difficult to trace. Therefore, a significant section of the chapter provides a detailed theoretical discussion on areal features in Australasia and the South Pacific. Finally, three different scenarios are outlined in which the emergence of areal features for at least a number of these varieties seems to be apparent: parallel developments of Australian and New Zealand English; the possible influence of Pasifika Englishes in New Zealand on other varieties; and the effect of similarities in substrate languages, cultural practices, and in the external ecology as a precursor to areal features for ESL, EFL, ethnic varieties, pidgins, and creoles in Australasia and the Pacific.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andersen, Roger W. 1983. Transfer to somewhere. In Gass, Susan and Selinker, L., eds. Language Transfer in Language Learning: Issues in Second Language Research. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, 177201.Google Scholar
Bailey, Richard W. 1990. English at its twilight. In Ricks, Christopher and Michaels, Leonard, eds. The State of the Language. London: Faber and Faber, 8394.Google Scholar
Bauer, Laurie. 2017. Australian and New Zealand Englishes. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 409424.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan and Gibson, Andy. 2008. Stopping and fronting in New Zealand Pasifika English. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 14(2): 4253.Google Scholar
Besnier, Niko. 1994. Polynesian gender liminality through time and space. In Herdt, Gilbert, ed. Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. New York: Zone, 285328.Google Scholar
Besnier, Niko. 1992. Polynesian languages. In Bright, William, ed. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Vol. 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 245251.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1975. Dynamics of a Creole System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin. 2008a. South Pacific Englishes: Unity and diversity in the usage of the present perfect. In Nevalainen, Terttu, Korhonen, Minna, Pahta, Paivi and Taavitsainen, Irma, eds., Dynamics of Linguistic Variation: Corpus Evidence on English Past and Present. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 203219.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin. 2008b. Concord patterns in South Pacific Englishes: The influence of New Zealand English and the local substrate. In Stierstorfer, Klaus, ed. Anglistentag 2007 Münster, Proceedings. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 331343.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin. 2011. Modal auxiliaries in second language varieties of English: A learner’s perspective. In Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne, eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes. Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biewer, Carolin. 2015. South Pacific Englishes. A Sociolinguistic and Morphosyntactic Profile of Fiji English, Samoan English and Cook Islands English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin. in preparation. Cook Islands English: Structure and use.Google Scholar
Britain, David and Matsumoto, Kazuko. 2016. When substrate and superstrate collide: The case of (d) in Palauan English. Presentation given at the Sociolinguistic Symposium 21 at the University of Murcia, June 15.Google Scholar
Bruno, Sabine and Schade, Anette. 1993. Fiji, Samoa, Tonga. Munich: Beck.Google Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle. 2016. Language contact at the date line: Investigating Marshallese English. Presentation given at the Sociolinguistic Symposium 21 at the University of Murcia, June 15.Google Scholar
Bürki, Dominique. 2016. A case study of the future tense in Saipan: Mobility as a window on the emergence of a new Pacific variety. Presentation given at the Sociolinguistic Symposium 21 at the University of Murcia, June 15.Google Scholar
Burridge, Kate. 2008. Synopsis: Morphological and syntactic variation in the Pacific and Australasia. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 583600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bussmann, Hadumod. 1996. The Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics (trans. and ed. Trauth, G. P. and Kazzazi, K.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Campbell, Ian. 1989. A History of the Pacific Islands. Christchurch: University of Canterbury Press.Google Scholar
Cox, Felicity and Palethorpe, Sallyanne. 2008. Reversal of short front vowel raising in Australian English, Proceedings of Interspeech, September 22–26, Brisbane, 342345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocombe, Ron. 1992. Pacific Neighbours: New Zealand’s Relations with Other Pacific Islands. Aotearoa me Nga Moutere o te Moana Nui a Kiwa. Christchurch: Centre for Pacific Studies.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 1994. Documenting rhythmical change. In Windsor Lewis, J. ed., Studies in General and English Phonetics. London: Routledge, 174179.Google Scholar
Desmond, Valerie. 1911. The Awful Australian. Sydney: John Andrew & Co.Google Scholar
Deterding, David. 2012. Variation across Englishes: Phonology. In Kirkpatrick, Andy, ed., The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. London: Routledge, 385399.Google Scholar
Doherty, Ben. 2016. A short history of Nauru, Australia’s dumping ground for refugees. The Guardian, August 9. www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/10/a-short-history-of-nauru-australias-dumping-ground-for-refugeesGoogle Scholar
Fraenkel, Jon. 2012. Pacific Islands and New Zealand – Fiji and Tonga. In Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. www.teara.govt.nz/en/ pacific-islands-and-new-zealand/page-6Google Scholar
Geraghty, Paul. 1997. The ethnic basis of society in Fiji. In Lal, Brij V. and Vakatora, Tomasi R., eds., Fiji Constitution Review Commission Research Papers, Vol. 1: Fiji in Transition. Suva: USP, 123.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea and Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1990. The development of Standard Englishes. In Görlach, Manfred, ed. Studies in the History of the English Language. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 964. (Revised paper based on a German version from 1988.)Google Scholar
Gylfadottir, Duna. 2015. Shtreets of Philadelphia: An Acoustic Study of /str/-retraction in a Naturalistic Speech Corpus. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 21(2), 8997. http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol21/iss2/11Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1972. The Ecology of Language: Essays. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret and Gordon, Elizabeth. 2008. New Zealand English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Hendery, Rachel. 2015. Palmerston Island English. In Williams, Jeffrey P., Schneider, Edgar W., Trudgill, Peter and Schreier, Daniel, eds. Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 267287.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2012. Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffer, Elise, ed. 2008. Land and Women: The Matrilineal Factor. The Cases of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Fiji: Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2013. The diversification of English: Old, new and emerging epicentres. In Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 182203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hundt, Marianne and Vogel, Katrin. 2011. Overuse of the progressive in ELS and learner Englishes – fact or fiction? In Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, M, eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes. Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 145165.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1985. Institutionalized second-language varieties. In Greenbaum, Sidney, ed. The English Language Today. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 211226.Google Scholar
Kouwenberg, Silvia. 2003. Introduction. In Kowenberg, Silvia, ed. Twice as Meaningful: Reduplication in Pidgins, Creoles and Other Contact Languages. London: Battlebridge, 16.Google Scholar
Leitner, Gerhard. 1992. English as a pluricentric language. In Clyne, Michael, ed. Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin: de Gruyter, 179237.Google Scholar
Leitner, Gerhard. 2004. Australia’s Many Voices: Australian English – the National Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Leonhardt, Tobias. 2016. Kiribati and English: Bridging linguistic and cultural obstacles with alveolar plosives. Presentation given at the Sociolinguistic Symposium 21 at the University of Murcia, June 16.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2009. Not just an “Outer Circle”, “Asian” English: Singapore English and the significance of ecology. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 183206.Google Scholar
Loakes, Debbie, Clothier, Josh J., Hajek, John and Fletcher, Janet. 2014. An investigation of the /el/-/ael/ merger in Australian English: A pilot study on production and perception in south-west Victoria. Australian Journal of Linguistics 34(4): 436452.Google Scholar
Lynch, John. 1998. Pacific Languages: An Introduction. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.Google Scholar
Lynch, John, Ross, Malcom and Crowley., Terry 2002. The Oceanic Languages. Richmond: Curzon.Google Scholar
Lynch, Sara. 2016. Cases of epenthesis and deletion in the Pacific: The intriguing realization of /h/ in Kosraen English. Presentation given at the Sociolinguistic Symposium 21 at the University of Murcia, June 16.Google Scholar
Maclagan, Margaret. 2010. The English(es) of New Zealand. In Kirkpatrick, Andy, ed. The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. London: Routledge, 152164.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2003. Kreolismen und verbales Identitätsmanagement im geschriebenen jamaikanischen Englisch. In Vogel, Elisabeth, Napp, Antonia and Lutterer, Wolfram, eds. Zwischen Ausgrenzung und Hybridisierung – Zur Konstruktion von Identitäten aus Kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 7996.Google Scholar
Malcolm, Ian G. 2008. Australian creoles and Aboriginal English: phonetics and phonology. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 124141.Google Scholar
Marmion, Doug, Obata, Kazuko and Troy, Jakelin. 2014. Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS). Canberra: Australia.Google Scholar
McArthur, Tom. 1987. The English languages? English Today 3(3): 913.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity and O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2012. Typological constraints on verb integration in two Australian mixed languages. Journal of Language Contact 5: 216246.Google Scholar
Meleisea, Malama, Meleisea, Penelope Schoeffel, Va‘ai, Isalei and Suafole, I‘iga. 1987. New Zealand Samoa 1914–1944. In Meleisea, Malama and Meleisea, Penelope Schoeffel, eds. Lagaga: A Short History of Western Samoa. Suva: Oceania Printers, 125144.Google Scholar
Moag, Rodney F. 1992. The life cycle of non-native Englishes: A case study. In Kachru, Braj B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 233252.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The Ecology of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mugler, France and Tent, Jan. 2008. Fiji English: Morphology and syntax. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 546567.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1996. Linguistic Ecology: Language Change and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Rim. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 2008. Norfok Island-Pitcairn English (Pitkern Norfolk): Morphology and syntax. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 568582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, Pam. 2009. Australian English as a regional epicenter. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 107124.Google Scholar
Peters, Pam and Burridge, Kate. 2012. English in Australia and New Zealand. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 233260.Google Scholar
Pitt, David and Macpherson, Cluny. 1974. Emerging Pluralism: The Samoan Community in New Zealand. Auckland: Longman Paul.Google Scholar
Platt, John, Weber, Heidi and Ho, Mian Lian. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Ravulo, Jioji. 2015. Pacific Communities in Australia. Sydney: School of Social Sciences and Psychology, University of Western Sydney.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2004. Global synopsis: Phonetic and phonological variation in English worldwide. Schneider, Edgar W., Burridge, Kate, Kortmann, Bernd, Mesthrie, Raj and Clive, Upton, eds. A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 11111138.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Gerold and Hundt, Marianne. 2012. “Off with their heads”: Profiling TAM in ICE corpora. In Hundt, Marianne and Gut, Ulrike, eds. Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide: Corpus-based Studies of New Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 134.Google Scholar
Schütz, Albert J. 1972. The Languages of Fiji. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 1996. The English language in the Asia Pacific region. In Stephen, A. Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler and Tryon, Darrell T., eds. Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Vol. 2.1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 241250.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 2013. Regional profile: Australia Pacific Region. In Kortmann, Bernd and Lunkenheimer, Kerstin, eds. Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 765782.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter. 2008. Language contact: Constraints and common paths of contact-induced language change. In Siemund, Peter and Kintana, Noemi, eds. Language Contact and Contact Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 311.Google Scholar
Strevens, Peter. 1980. Teaching English as an International Language. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Tent, Jan. 2000. The dynamics of Fiji English: A study of its use, users and features. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Otago.Google Scholar
Tent, Jan and Mugler, France. 2008. Fiji English: Phonology. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 234266.Google Scholar
Velupillai, Viveka. 2015. Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2003. Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Zipp, Lena. 2014. Educated Fiji English: Lexico-grammar and Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×