Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nr4z6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-24T23:02:31.425Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Indexicality, Deixis, and Space in Gesture

from Part I - Gestural Types: Forms and Functions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2024

By
Ellen Fricke
Edited by
Alan Cienki
Alan Cienki
Affiliation:
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
Get access

Summary

This chapter gives an overview of the relation between indexicality, deixis, and space in gesture from a semiotic and a linguistic point of view. Directive pointing gestures are not the only type of cospeech gestures that contributes to deixis. Iconic gestures that form part of the multimodal utterance may instantiate the targets to be pointed at and function as the deictic object of the deictic relation. In turn they may be interpreted as signs that stand for something else. A Peircean approach combined with a Bühlerian one, as suggested in this chapter, not only allows for a tertium comparationis with respect to the modality of the deictic and indexical signs under investigation. It also provides us with tools for representing semiotic processes like complex sign concatenation (e.g. deixis at signs vs. deixis at non-signs; deixis at metonymies or metaphors) as well as the collaborative creation of deictic space (sphere-like, map-like, screen-like; separated or shared) in multimodal interaction. The proposed schema of four semiotic subfields of space substantiates the view that space has to be thought of as a dynamic process of semiosis, not as a static entity.

Keywords

indexicalitydeixisspacegesturemultimodalitycontiguitymetonymymetaphordeixis at signsorigopointingshared spacesmultimodal interactionsemiosis
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Gesture Studies , pp. 84 - 111
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Birdwhistell, R. (1970). Kinesics and context. Essays on body motion communication. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Bressem, J., & Müller, C. (2014). A repertoire of German recurrent gestures with pragmatic functions. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., Ladewig, S. H., McNeill, D., & Bressem, J. (Eds.), Body - language - communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 2, pp. 1575–91). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Bühler, K. (1982a). Sprachtheorie. Die Darstellungsfunktion der Sprache. Stuttgart, Germany: Fischer. (Original work published 1934)Google Scholar
Bühler, K. (1982b). The deictic field of language and deictic words. In Jarvella, R. J. & Klein, W. (Eds.), Speech, place, and action: Studies in deixis and related topics (pp. 9–30). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Bühler, K. (1990). Theory of language. The representational function of language. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Benjamins. (Original work published 1934)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calbris, G. (1990). The semiotics of French gestures. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Calbris, G. (2011). Elements of meaning in gesture. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cienki, A. (2013a). Cognitive linguistics: Spoken language and gesture as expressions of conceptualization. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., Ladewig, S. H., McNeill, D., & Teßendorf, S. (Eds.), Body - language - communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 1, pp. 182–201). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Cienki, A. (2013b): Gesture, space, grammar, and cognition. In Auer, P. & Hilpert, M. (Eds.), Space in language and linguistics: Geographical, interactional, and cognitive perspectives (pp. 667–686). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, H. H. (1996). Using language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, H. H. (2003). Pointing and placing. In Kita, S. (Ed.), Pointing: Where language, culture, and cognition meet (pp. 243–268). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Clark, H. H., Schreuder, R., & Buttrick, S. (1983). Common ground and the understanding of demonstrative reference. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5371(83)90189-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooperrider, K., & Núñez, R. (2012). Nose-pointing: Notes on a facial gesture of Papua New Guinea. Gesture, 12(2), 103–129. https://doi.org/10.1075/gest.12.2.01cooCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diessel, H. (2006). Demonstratives, joint attention, and the emergence of grammar. Cognitive Linguistics, 17(4), 463–489. https://doi.org/10.1515/cog.2006.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Efron, D. (1972). Gesture, race and culture. The Hague, the Netherlands: Mouton. (Original work published 1941)Google Scholar
Ehlich, K. (1985). Literarische Landschaft und deiktische Prozedur: Eichendorff [Literary landscape and deictic procedure: Eichendorff]. In Schweizer, H. (Ed.), Sprache und Raum. Psychologische und linguistische Aspekte der Aneignung und Verarbeitung von Räumlichkeit. Ein Arbeitsbuch für das Lehren von Forschung [Language and space. Psychological and linguistic aspects of the acquisition and processing of spatiality. A workbook for teaching and research] (pp. 246–261). Stuttgart, Germany: Metzler.Google Scholar
Ehlich, K. (2007). Kooperation und sprachliches Handeln [Cooperation and linguistic action]. In Ehlich, K., Sprache und sprachliches Handeln [Language and linguistic action] (Vol. 1, pp. 125–37). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enfield, N. J. (2001). “Lip-pointing”. A discussion of form and function with reference to data from Laos. Gesture, 1(2), 185–212. https://doi.org/10.1075/gest.1.2.06enfCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enfield, N. J. (2003). Demonstratives in space and interaction: Data from Lao speakers and implications for semantic analysis. Language, 79(1), 82–117. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0075CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enfield, N. J. (2009). The anatomy of meaning: Speech, gesture, and composite utterances. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enfield, N. J. (2013). A “Composite Utterances” approach to meaning. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., S. Ladewig, H., McNeill, D. & Teßendorf, S. (Eds.), Body - language - communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 1, pp. 689–707). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Fillmore, C. J. (1982). Towards a descriptive framework for spatial deixis. In Jarvella, R. J. & Klein, W. (Eds.), Speech, place, and action: Studies in deixis and related topics (pp. 31–59). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Fillmore, C. J. (1997). Lectures on deixis. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Fricke, E. (2002). Origo, pointing, and speech: The impact of co-speech gestures on linguistic deixis theory. Gesture, 2(2), 207–226. https://doi.org/10.1075/gest.2.2.05friCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fricke, E. (2003). Origo, pointing, and conceptualization: What gestures reveal about the nature of the origo in face-to-face interaction. In Lenz, F. (Ed.), Deictic conceptualisation of space, time, and person (pp. 69–94). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fricke, E. (2007). Origo, Geste und Raum: Lokaldeixis im Deutschen [Origo, gesture, and space: Local deixis in German]. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fricke, E. (2008). Powerpoint und Overhead: Mediale und kontextuelle Bedingungen des mündlichen Vortrags aus deixistheoretischer Perspektive [Powerpoint and overhead: Media and contextual conditions of oral presentation from a deixis-theoretical perspective]. Zeitschrift für Semiotik [Journal of Semiotics], 30(1/2), 151–174.Google Scholar
Fricke, E. (2010). “Sprachräume” multimodal: Gesten und Grenzen in Wegbeschreibungen am Potsdamer Platz [Multimodal “language spaces”: Gestures and boundaries in directions at Potsdamer Platz]. Presentation given at the GAL-Conference “SprachRäume [Language and Space],” September 15–17, 2010 in Leipzig, Germany.Google Scholar
Fricke, E. (2012). Grammatik multimodal: Wie Wörter und Gesten zusammenwirken [Multimodal grammar: How words and gestures interact]. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fricke, E. (2013). Towards a unified grammar of gesture and speech: A multimodal approach. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., S. Ladewig, H., McNeill, D., & Teßendorf, S. (Eds.), Body - language - communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 1, pp. 733–754). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Fricke, E. (2014a). Deixis, gesture, and embodiment from a linguistic point of view. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., S. Ladewig, H., McNeill, D., & Bressem, J. (Eds.), Body - language - communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 2, pp. 1803–1823). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Fricke, E. (2014b). Kinesthemes: Morphological complexity in co-speech gestures. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., Ladewig, S. H., McNeill, D., & Bressem, J. (Eds.), Body - language - communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 2, pp. 1618–1630). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Fricke, E. (2015). Deixis and gesture between code-manifestation and code-integration. In Jungbluth, K. & da Milano, F. (Eds.), Manual of deixis in Romance languages (pp. 708–728). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fricke, E. (2021). Multimodality and semiotic complexity from a linguistic point of view: Processes of code integration and code manifestation. OBST, 99 (Osnabrücker Beiträge zur Sprachtheorie, 99, Special Issue Linguistik und Multimodalität/Linguistics and Multimodality), 57–86.Google Scholar
Fricke, E. (2022). The pragmatics of gesture and space. In Jucker, A. H. & Hausendorf, H. (Eds.), Pragmatics of space. Handbook of pragmatics (Vol. 14, pp. 363–397). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Fricke, E., & Mittelberg, I. (2019). Gesten [Gestures]. In Liedtke, F. & Tuchen, A. (Eds.), Handbuch Pragmatik [Handbook of pragmatics] (pp. 312–324). Stuttgart, Germany: Metzler.Google Scholar
Furuyama, N. (2000). Gestural interaction between the instructor and the learner in origami instruction. In McNeill, D. (Ed.), Language and gesture (pp. 99–117). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, C. (1980). Restarts, pauses, and the achievement of a state of mutual gaze at turn-beginning. Sociological Inquiry, 50(3/4), 272–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682x.1980.tb00023.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, C. (1986). Gesture as a resource for the organization of mutual orientation. Semiotica, 62(1/2), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.1986.62.1-2.29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, C. (2000a). Pointing and the collaborative construction of meaning in aphasia. Texas Linguistic Forum, 43, 67–76.Google Scholar
Goodwin, C. (2000b). Action and embodiment within situated human interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 32, 1489–1522. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-2166(99)00096-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, C. (2003). Pointing as situated practice. In Kita, S. (Ed.), Pointing: Where language, culture, and cognition meet (pp. 217–241). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hanks, W. F. (1990). Referential practice: Language and lived space among the Maya. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hanks, W. F. (1992). The indexical ground of deictic reference. In Duranti, A. & Goodwin, C. (Eds.), Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon (pp. 43–76). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hanks, W. F. (1993). Metalanguage and pragmatics of deixis. In Lucy, J. A. (Ed.), Reflexive language: Reported speech and metapragmatics (pp. 127–157). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanks, W. F. (2005). Explorations in the deictic field. Current Anthropology, 46(2), 191–220. https://doi.org/10.1086/427120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanks, W. F. (2009). Fieldwork on deixis. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(1), 10–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausendorf, H. (2003). Deixis and speech situation revisited: The mechanism of perceived perception. In Lenz, F. (Ed.), Deictic conceptualisation of space, time, and person (pp. 249–269). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haviland, J. B. (1993). Anchoring, iconicity and orientation in Gungu Yimithirr pointing gestures. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 3(1), 3–45. https://doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1993.3.1.3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haviland, J. B. (2003). How to point in Zinacantán. In Kita, S. (Ed.), Pointing: Where language, culture, and cognition meet (pp. 139–169). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Heath, C. (1986). Body movement and speech in medical interaction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjelmslev, L. (1969). Prolegomena to a theory of language. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. (Original work published 1943)Google Scholar
Jakobson, R. (1990a). Two aspects of language and two types of aphasic disturbances. In Waugh, L. R. & Monville-Burston, M. (Eds.), Roman Jakobson: On language (pp. 115–133). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jakobson, R. (1990b). Quest for the essence of language. In Waugh, L. R. & Monville-Burston, M. (Eds.), Roman Jakobson: On language (pp. 407–421). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jakobson, R., & Pomorska, K. (1983). Dialogues. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarmołowicz-Nowikow, E. (2014). Pointing by hand: Types of reference and their influence on gestural form. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., Ladewig, S. H., McNeill, D., & Bressem, J. (Eds.), Body - language - communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 2, pp. 1824–31). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Jungbluth, K. (2011). This? No, that! Constructing shared contexts in the conversational dyad. In Fetzer, A. & Oishi, E. (Eds.), Context and contexts: Parts meet whole (pp. 93–114). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendon, A. (1980). Gesticulation and speech: Two aspects of the process of utterance. In Ritchie Key, M. (Ed.), The relationship of verbal and nonverbal communication (pp. 207–227). The Hague, the Netherlands: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendon, A. (1990). Conducting interaction: Patterns of behavior in focused encounters. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible action as utterance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendon, A., & Versante, L. (2003). Pointing by hand in “Neapolitan.” In Kita, S. (Ed.), Pointing: Where language, culture, and cognition meet (pp. 109–137). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kita, S. (2003). Pointing: A foundational building block of human communication. In S. Kita (Ed.), Pointing: Where language, culture, and cognition meet (pp. 1–8). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladewig, S. H. (2014). Recurrent gestures. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., Ladewig, S. H., McNeill, D., & Bressem, J. (Eds.), Body - language - communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 2, pp. 1558–1574). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Levinson, S. C. (1992). Pragmatics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1983)Google Scholar
Levinson, S. C. (2004). Deixis. In Horn, L. R. & Ward, G. (Eds.), The handbook of pragmatics (pp. 97–121). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics. Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McNeill, D. (1992). Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
McNeill, D. (2005). Gesture and thought. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeill, D., Cassell, J., & Levy, E. T. (1993). Abstract deixis. Semiotica, 95(1/2), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.1993.95.1-2.5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. A., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1976). Language and perception. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittelberg, I. (2006). Metaphor and metonymy in language and gesture: Discourse evidence for multimodal models of grammar (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Mittelberg, I. (2008). Peircean semiotics meets conceptual metaphor: Iconic modes in gestural representations of grammar. In Cienki, A. & Müller, C. (Eds.), Metaphor and gesture (pp. 115–154). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittelberg, I. (2010). Interne und externe Metonymie: Jakobsonsche Kontiguitätsbeziehungen in redebegleitenden Gesten [Internal and external metonymy: Jakobsonian contiguity relations in co-speech gestures]. Sprache und Literatur [Language and Literature], 41(1), 112–143. https://doi.org/10.1163/25890859-041-01-90000007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittelberg, I. (2017): Embodied frames and scenes: Body-based metonymy and pragmatic inferencing in gesture. Gesture, 16(2), 204–233. https://doi.org/10.1075/gest.16.2.03mitCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittelberg, I., & Waugh, L. R. (2009). Metonymy first, metaphor second: A cognitive-semiotic approach to multimodal figures of thought in co-speech gesture. In Forceville, C. & Urios-Aparisi, E. (Eds.), Multimodal metaphor (pp. 329–356). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittelberg, I., & Waugh, L. R. (2014). Gestures and metonymy. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., S. Ladewig, H., McNeill, D., & Bressem, J. (Eds.), Body - language - communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 2, pp. 1747–1767). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Müller, C. (1996). Zur Unhöflichkeit von Zeigegesten [On the rudeness of pointing gestures]. Osnabrücker Beiträge zur Sprachtheorie [Osnabrück Contributions to Language Theory], 52, 197–222.Google Scholar
Müller, C. (1998). Redebegleitende Gesten: Kulturgeschichte – Theorie – Sprachvergleich [Gestures accompanying speech: Cultural history - theory - language comparison]. Berlin, Germany: Arno Spitz.Google Scholar
Müller, C. (2004). Forms and uses of the palm up open hand: A case of a gesture family? In Müller, C. & Posner, R. (Eds.), The semantics and pragmatics of everyday gestures. Proceedings of the Berlin Conference, April 1998 (pp. 233–256). Berlin, Germany: Weidler.Google Scholar
Müller, C. (2008). Metaphors dead and alive, sleeping and waking: A dynamic view. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, C. (2013). Gestures as a medium of expression: The linguistic potential of gestures. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., S. Ladewig, H., McNeill, D., & Teßendorf, S. (Eds.), Body - language - communication: An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 1, pp. 202–217). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Müller, C. (2014). Gestural modes of representation as techniques of depiction. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., Ladewig, S. H., McNeill, D., & Bressem, J. (Eds.), Body - language - communication. An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 2, pp. 1687–1702). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Müller, C., Bressem, J. & Ladewig, S. H. (2013). Towards a grammar of gesture: A form-based view. In Müller, C., Cienki, A., Fricke, E., Ladewig, S. H., McNeill, D., & Teßendorf, S. (Eds.), Body - language - communication. An international handbook on multimodality in human interaction (Vol. 2, pp. 707–733). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Peirce, C. S. (1931–58). Collected papers. Hawthorne, C. & Weiss, P. (Eds.), Vols. 1–6; Burks, A. W. (Ed.), Vols. 7–8. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pike, K. L. (1967). Language in relation to a unified theory of the structure of human behavior. The Hague. the Netherlands: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherzer, J. (1973). Verbal and nonverbal deixis: The pointed lip gesture among the San Blas Cuna. Language in Society, 2, 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000087CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streeck, J. (1993). Gesture as communication I: Its coordination with gaze and speech. Communication Monographs, 60(4), 275–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759309376314CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streeck, J. (1994). Gesture as communication II: The audience as co-author. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 27(3), 239–267. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi2703_5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stukenbrock, A. (2014). Pointing to an “empty” space: Deixis am Phantasma in face-to-face interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 74, 70–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.08.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stukenbrock, A. (2015). Deixis in der Face-to-Face-Interaktion [Deixis in face-to-face interaction]. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, M. (1995). Joint attention as social cognition. In Moore, C. & Dunham, P. J. (Eds.), Joint attention: Its origin and role in development (pp. 103–130). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (2008). Origins of human communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, M. (2009). The cultural origins of human cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, D. (2003). Why pointing with the index finger is not a universal (in sociocultural and semiotic terms). In Kita, S. (Ed.), Pointing: Where language, culture, and cognition meet (pp. 171–216). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Wundt, W. (1904). Völkerpsychologie. Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus und Sitte: Die Sprache [Peoples’ psychology. An investigation into the laws of development of language, myth, and custom: Language] (Vol. 1). Leipzig, Germany: Engelmann. (Original work published 1900)Google Scholar
Wundt, W. (1973). The language of gestures. The Hague, the Netherlands: Mouton. (Original work published 1900)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×