Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T03:23:10.884Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - Psychology of Religion Approaches to the Study of Religious Experience

from Part I - Characterizing Religious Experience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 June 2020

Paul K. Moser
Affiliation:
Loyola University, Chicago
Chad Meister
Affiliation:
Bethel University, Indiana
Get access

Summary

Taves examines some approaches from the psychology of religion to religious experience, focusing on the psychology of religion as represented by researchers associated with the International Association for the Psychology of Religion and the American Psychological Association’s Division 36. She suggests that psychology of religion can treat its subject matter of religious experience as an object in its own right or as something related to another important state, such as depression.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allport, Gordon W. The Individual and His Religion. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1950.Google Scholar
Ashar, Yoni K., Chang, Luke J., and Wager, Tor D.. “Brain Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect: An Affective Appraisal Account,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 13 (2017): 7398. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093015.Google Scholar
Barlev, Michael. “Implementation: Preliminary Findings,” paper presented in a session on the Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences [INOE] titled “Comparing nonordinary experiences: Surveying, validating, and mapping similarities and differences in the US and India” at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion, San Diego, CA, November 2019. osf.io/bvaxu.Google Scholar
Barnby, Joseph M., and Bell, Vaughan. “The Sensed Presence Questionnaire (SenPQ): Initial Psychometric Validation of a Measure of the ‘Sensed Presence’ Experience,” Peer J 5 (2017): e3149. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3149.Google Scholar
Brett, Caroline, Peters, Emmanuelle R., Johns, Louise C., Tabraham, Paul, Valmaggia, Lucia Rita, and Mcguire, Philip. “Appraisals of Anomalous Experiences Interview (AANEX): A Multidimensional Measure of Psychological Responses to Anomalies Associated with Psychosis,” Br J Psychiatry Suppl 51 (2007): s23–30. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.191.51.s23.Google ScholarPubMed
Cardeña, Etzel, Lynn, Steven J., and Krippner, Stanley (eds.). Varieties of Anomalous Experience: Examining the Scientific Evidence, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2014.Google Scholar
Carhart-Harris, Robin L., Roseman, Leor, Haijen, Eline, Erritzoe, David, Watts, Rosalind, Branchi, Igor, and Kaelen, Mendel. “Psychedelics and the Essential Importance of Context,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 32 (7) (2018): 725–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118754710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, Zhuo, Hood Jr, Ralph W., Yang, Lijun, and Watson, Paul J.. “Mystical Experience among Tibetan Buddhists: The Common Core Thesis Revisited,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 50 (2) (2011): 328–38.Google Scholar
Dy-Liacco, Gabriel S., Piedmont, Ralph L., Murray-Swank, Nichole A., Rodgerson, Thomas E., and Sherman, Martin F.. “Spirituality and Religiosity as Cross-Cultural Aspects of Human Experience,” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 1 (1) (2009): 3552. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmons, Robert A., and Paloutzian, Raymond F.. “The Psychology of Religion,” Annual Review of Psychology 54 (1) (2003): 377402. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145024.Google Scholar
Exline, Julie J., Pargament, Kenneth I., Grubbs, Joshua B., and Yali, Ann Marie. “The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale: Development and Initial Validation,” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 6 (3) (2014): 208–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Exline, Julie J., and Rose, Ephraim. “Religious and Spiritual Struggles,” in Paloutzian, Raymond F. and Park, Crystal L. (eds.), The Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Fellowes, Sam. “Symptom Modelling Can Be Influenced by Psychiatric Categories: Choices for Research Domain Criteria (RDoC),” Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 38 (4) (2017): 279–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017–017-9416-x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henrich, Joseph, Heine, Steven J., and Norenzayan, Ara. “The Weirdest People in the World?,” The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (2–3) (2010): 6183; discussion 83–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X.Google Scholar
Hill, Peter C.Measurement Assessment and Issues in the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality,” in Paloutzian, Raymond F. and Park, Crystal L. (eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford, 2013.Google Scholar
Hill, Peter C., and Edwards, Evonne. “Measurement in the Psychology of Religiousness and Spirituality: Existing Measures and New Frontiers,” in Pargament, Kenneth I., Exline, Julie J., and Jones, James W. (eds.), APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2013.Google Scholar
Hill, Peter C., and Hood, Ralph W. (eds.). Measures of Religiosity. Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Hill, Peter C., Pargament, Kenneth I., Hood, Ralph W. Jr., McCullough, Michael E., Swyers, James P., Larson, David B., and Zinnbauer, Brian J.. “Conceptualizing Religion and Spirituality: Points of Commonality, Points of Departure,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 30 (1) (2000): 5177. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00119.Google Scholar
Hinton, Devon E., Howes, David, and Kirmayer, Laurence J.. “Toward a Medical Anthropology of Sensations: Definitions and Research Agenda,” Transcult Psychiatry 45 (2) (2008): 142–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461508089763.Google Scholar
Holm, Nils G.Mysticism and Intense Experiences,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 21 (3) (1982): 268–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/1385891.Google Scholar
Hood, Ralph W.Religious Orientation and the Report of Religious Experience,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 9 (4) (1970): 285–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/1384573.Google Scholar
Hood, Ralph W.The Construction and Preliminary Validation of a Measure of Reported Mystical Experience,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 14 (1) (1975): 2941. https://doi.org/10.2307/1384454.Google Scholar
Hood, Ralph W. (ed.) Handbook of Religious Experience. Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Hood, Ralph W.Theory and Methods in the Psychological Study of Mysticism,” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 23 (4) (2013): 294306. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.795803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hood, Ralph W., and Belzen, Jacob A.. “Research Methods in the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality,” in Paloutzian, Raymond F. and Park, Crystal L. (eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, pp. 7593. New York: Guilford Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Hood, Ralph W., Ghorbani, Nima, Watson, Penny J., Ghramaleki, Ahad Framarz, Bing, Mark N., Davison, H. Kristl, Morris, Ronald J., and Williamson, W. Paul. “Dimensions of the Mysticism Scale: Confirming the Three-Factor Structure in the United States and Iran,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40 (4) (2001): 691705. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00085.Google Scholar
Hood, Ralph W., Hill, Peter C., and Spilka, Bernard. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, 4th ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Hood, Ralph W., Hill, Peter C., and Spilka, Bernard. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, 5th ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Hood, Ralph W., and Williamson, W. Paul. “An Empirical Test of the Unity Thesis: The Structure of Mystical Descriptors in Various Faith Samples,” Journal of Psychology and Christianity 19 (2000): 222–44.Google Scholar
Hufford, David. The Terror That Comes in the Night: An Experience-Centered Study of Supernatural Assault Traditions. Publications of the American Folklore Society, v. 7. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Inge, William Ralph. Christian Mysticism; Considered in Eight Lectures Delivered before the University of Oxford. London: Methuen, 1899.Google Scholar
Irwin, Harvey J., Dagnall, Neil, and Drinkwater, Kenneth. “Parapsychological Experience as Anomalous Experience plus Paranormal Attribution: A Questionnaire Based on a New Approach to Measurement,” Journal of Parapsychology 77 (1) (2013): 3953.Google Scholar
James, William. Essays in Psychology. The Works of William James. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
James, William. The Varieties of Religious Experience. Edited by Smith, John E.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Jonte-Pace, Diane E., and Parsons, William Barclay (eds.). Religion and Psychology: Mapping the Terrain; Contemporary Dialogues, Future Prospects, 1st ed. London: Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar
Kendell, Robert, and Jablensky, Assen. “Distinguishing between the Validity and Utility of Psychiatric Diagnoses,” American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (1) (2003): 412. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.4.Google Scholar
Kohls, Niko, and Walach, Harald. “Psychological Distress, Experiences of Ego Loss and Spirituality: Exploring the Effects of Spiritual Practice,” Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 35 (10) (2007): 1301–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lange, Rense, Thalbourne, Michael A., Houran, James, and Storm, Lance. “The Revised Transliminality Scale: Reliability and Validity Data from a Rasch Top-Down Purification Procedure,” Consciousness and Cognition 9 (4) (2000): 591617.Google Scholar
Lange, Rense, and Thalbourne, Michael A.. “The Rasch Scaling of Mystical Experiences: Construct Validity and Correlates of the Mystical Experience Scale (MES),” The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 17 (2) (2007): 121–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610701244130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, Richard S., and Folkman, Susan. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping, 1st ed. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1984.Google Scholar
Lilienfeld, Scott O., and Treadway, Michael T.. “Clashing Diagnostic Approaches: DSM-ICD versus RDoC,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 12 (2016): 435–63. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindahl, Jared R., Fisher, Nathan E., Cooper, David J., Rosen, Rochelle K., and Britton, Willoughby B.. “The Varieties of Contemplative Experience: A Mixed-Methods Study of Meditation-Related Challenges in Western Buddhists,” PloS One 12 (5) (2017): e0176239.Google Scholar
Maraldi, Everton de Oliveira, and Krippner, Stanley. “Cross-Cultural Research on Anomalous Experiences: Theoretical Issues and Methodological Challenges,” Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice 6 (3) (2019): 306–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000188.Google Scholar
Maraldi, Everton de Oliveira, Krippner, Stanley, Barros, Maria Cristina Monteiro, and Cunha, Alexandre. “Dissociation from a Cross-Cultural Perspective: Implications of Studies in Brazil,” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 205 (7) (2017): 558–67. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maul, Andrew. “Validity,” in Frey, Bruce B. (ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation, pp. 1771–75. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2018. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506326139.Google Scholar
Mezzich, Juan E., Kirmayer, Laurence J., Kleinman, Arthur, Fabrega, Horacio Jr, Parron, Delores L., Good, Byron J., Lin, Keh-Ming, and Manson, Spero M.. “The Place of Culture in DSM-IV,” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 187 (8) (1999): 457–64.Google Scholar
Murphy, James. “Beyond ‘Religion’ and ‘Spirituality’: Extending a ‘Meaning Systems’ Approach to Explore Lived Religion,” Archive for the Psychology of Religion 39 (2017): 126.Google Scholar
Oman, Doug. “Defining Religion and Spirituality,” in Paloutzian, Raymond F. and Park, Crystal L. (eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, pp. 2347. New York: Guilford Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Paloutzian, Raymond F.Religious Conversion and Spiritual Transformation: A Meaning-System Analysis,” in Paloutzian, Raymond F. and Park, Crystal L. (eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1st ed., pp. 331347. New York: Guilford Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Paloutzian, Raymond F. Invitation to the Psychology of Religion, 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2017. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/qut/detail.action?docID=4715215.Google Scholar
Paloutzian, Raymond F., and Park, Crystal L. (eds.). Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. New York: Guilford Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Paloutzian, Raymond F., and Park, Crystal L. (eds.). Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Paloutzian, Raymond F., Murken, Sebastian, Streib, Heinz, and Rössler-Namini, Sussan. “Conversion, Deconversion, and Spiritual Transformation: A Multilevel Interdisciplinary View,” in Paloutzian, Raymond F. and Park, Crystal L. (eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2nd ed. , pp. 399421. New York: Guilford, 2013.Google Scholar
Pargament, Kenneth I.The Psychology of Religion and Spirituality? Yes and No,” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 9 (1999): 316.Google Scholar
Pargament, Kenneth I.Searching for the Sacred: Toward a Nonreductionistic Theory of Spirituality,” in Pargament, Kenneth I., Exline, Julie J., and Jones, James W. (eds.), APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality (Vol 1): Context, Theory, and Research, pp. 257–73. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1037/14045-014.Google Scholar
Pargament, Kenneth I., and Mahoney, Annette. “Sacred Matters: Sanctification as a Vital Topic for the Psychology of Religion,” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 15 (3) (2005): 179–98.Google Scholar
Pargament, Kenneth I., Exline, Julie J., and Jones, James W. (eds.). APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality. APA Handbooks in Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, Crystal L.Religion and Meaning,” in Paloutzian, Raymond F. and Park, Crystal L. (eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1st ed., pp. 295314. New York: Guilford Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Park, Crystal L.Making Sense of the Meaning Literature: An Integrative Review of Meaning Making and Its Effects on Adjustment to Stressful Life Events,” Psychological Bulletin 136 (2) (2010): 257301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, Crystal L., and Folkman, Susan. “Meaning in the Context of Stress and Coping,” Review of General Psychology 1 (2) (1997): 115–44. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.115.Google Scholar
Park, Crystal L., Riley, Kristen E., George, Login S., Gutierrez, Ian A., Hale, Amy E., Cho, Dalnim, and Braun, Tosca D.. “Assessing Disruptions in Meaning: Development of the Global Meaning Violation Scale,” Cognitive Therapy and Research 40 (6) (2016): 831–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9794-9.Google Scholar
Piedmont, Ralph L.Does Spirituality Represent the Sixth Factor of Personality? Spiritual Transcendence and the Five-Factor Model,” Journal of Personality 67 (6) (1999): 9851013. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00080.Google Scholar
Piedmont, Ralph L.A Short History of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality: Providing Growth and Meaning for Division 36,” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 5 (1) (2013): 14. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030878.Google Scholar
Roof, Wade Clark. A Generation of Seekers: The Spiritual Journeys of the Baby Boom Generation, 1st ed. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1993.Google Scholar
Spilka, Bernard, Hood, Ralph W. Jr, Hunsberger, Bruce, and Gorsuch, Richard. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Spilka, Bernard, Hood, Ralph W. Jr, Hunsberger, Bruce, and Gorsuch, Richard. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach, 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Spilka, Bernard, Shaver, Phillip, and Kirkpatrick, Lee A.. “A General Attribution Theory for the Psychology of Religion,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 24 (1) (1985): 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386272.Google Scholar
Stace, Walter T. Mysticism and Philosophy. London: Macmillan Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Streib, Heinz, and Klein, Constantin. “Religion and Spirituality,” in Stausberg, Michael and Engler, Steven (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Study of Religion, pp. 7383. Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Streib, Heinz, Hood, Ralph W. Jr, Keller, Barbara, Csöff, Rosina-Martha, and Silver, Christopher F.. Deconversion: Qualitative and Quantitative Results from Cross-Cultural Research in Germany and the United States of America. Research in Contemporary Religion, v. 5. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers. Ministry of Presence: Chaplaincy, Spiritual Care, and the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Taves, Ann. Religious Experience Reconsidered: A Building-Block Approach to the Study of Religion and Other Special Things. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009a.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taves, Ann. “William James Revisited: Rereading the Varieties of Religious Experience in Transatlantic Perspective,” Zygon 44 (2) (2009b): 415–32.Google Scholar
Taves, Ann. “What Is Nonreligion? On the Virtues of a Meaning Systems Framework for Studying Nonreligious and Religious Worldviews in the Context of Everyday Life,” Secularism and Nonreligion 7 (1) (2018): 9. https://doi.org/10.5334/snr.104.Google Scholar
Taves, Ann. “Mystical and Other Alterations in Sense of Self: An Expanded Framework for Studying Nonordinary Experiences,” Perspectives on Psychological Science (2020). Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1745691619895047.Google Scholar
Taves, Ann, and Kinsella, Michael. “Development and Design of the INOE,” paper presented in a session on the Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences [INOE] titled “Comparing nonordinary experiences: Surveying, validating, and mapping similarities and differences in the US and India” at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion, San Diego, CA, November 2019. osf.io/pv5kt.Google Scholar
Taves, Ann, Barlev, Michael, and Kinsella, Michael. “What Counts as Religious Experience? The Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences as a Tool for Analysis across Cultures and Traditions,” paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the International Association for the Psychology of Religion, Hamar, Norway, August 2017. osf.io/xe8nd.Google Scholar
Thalbourne, Michael A.The Psychology of Mystical Experience,” Exceptional Human Experience 9 (1991): 168–86.Google Scholar
Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism. London: Methuen, 1911.Google Scholar
Underwood, Raphael, Kumari, Veena, and Peters, Emmanuelle. “Cognitive and Neural Models of Threat Appraisal in Psychosis: A Theoretical Integration,” Psychiatry Research 239 (2016): 131–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.016.Google Scholar
Ward, Thomas A., Gaynor, Keith J., Hunter, Mike D., Woodruff, Peter W. R., Garety, Philippa A., and Peters, Emmanuelle R.. “Appraisals and Responses to Experimental Symptom Analogues in Clinical and Nonclinical Individuals with Psychotic Experiences,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 40 (4) (2014): 845–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt094.Google Scholar
Wolf, Melissa Gordon, and Ihm, Elliott. “Validation Methods and Results,” paper presented in a session on the Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences [INOE] titled “Comparing nonordinary experiences: Surveying, validating, and mapping similarities and differences in the US and India” at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion, San Diego, CA, November 2019. osf.io/bnvmc.Google Scholar
Wolf, Melissa Gordon, Ihm, Elliott, Maul, Andrew, and Taves, Ann. “Response Process Evaluation,” in Engler, Steven and Stausberg, Michael (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in the Study of Religion, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, In Press.Google Scholar
Wulff, David M. Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.Google Scholar
Wulff, David M.Psychology of Religion: An Overview,” in Jonte-Pace, Diane E. and Parsons, William Barclay (eds.), Religion and Psychology: Mapping the Terrain; Contemporary Dialogues, Future Prospects, 1st ed. London: Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar
Yaden, David Bryce, Haidt, Jonathan, Hood, Ralph W., Vago, David R., and Newberg, Andrew B.. “The Varieties of Self-Transcendent Experience,” Review of General Psychology 21 (2) (2017): 143–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000102.Google Scholar
Zinnbauer, Brian J., Pargament, Kenneth I., and Scott, Allie B.. “The Emerging Meanings of Religiousness and Spirituality: Problems and Prospects,” Journal of Personality 67 (6) (1999): 889919. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00077.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×