Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T22:41:53.719Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Getting into and out of oocyte maturation

from Section 3 - Developmental biology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2013

By
Hayden Homer
Edited by
Alan Trounson ,
Roger Gosden  and
Ursula Eichenlaub-Ritter
Hayden Homer
Affiliation:
Mammalian Oocyte and Embryo Research Laboratory, Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Institute for Women’s Health, UCL, London, UK
Alan Trounson
Affiliation:
California Institute for Regenerative Medicine
Roger Gosden
Affiliation:
Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Cornell University, New York
Ursula Eichenlaub-Ritter
Affiliation:
Universität Bielefeld, Germany
Get access

Summary

Introduction

The developmental journey from primordial germ cell to a mature oocyte (or egg) is unusually protracted, beginning during fetal life and concluding during postnatal life. In humans the entirety of this process can last a staggering four to five decades for those oocytes that are ovulated towards the end of a woman's reproductive lifetime. Two major components of this journey characteristic of most mammals, including humans, are firstly, an extended phase of oocyte growth leading to a 100- to 200-fold increase in oocyte volume and secondly, meiotic maturation which occurs after the fully grown oocyte re-awakens from a protracted arrest at prophase I (equivalent to G2-phase of the cell cycle).

Prophase I-arrested oocytes are characterized by the presence of an intact nucleus, the enlarged nucleus in oocytes with diffuse and weakly staining chromosomes being referred to as the germinal vesicle (GV). After prophase I arrest is lifted, oocytes re-enter and complete meiosis I (MI) before progressing uninterruptedly into meiosis II (MII) where a second arrest is imposed at metaphase II. Re-entry into MI is marked by GV breakdown (GVBD) after which the oocyte undergoes the first (or reductional) nuclear division when recombined homologous chromosomes (or bivalents) segregate followed shortly thereafter by exit from MI, evidenced by first polar body extrusion (PBE). The metaphase II arrest state that follows PBE is only broken if fertilization occurs or if oocytes are artificially activated by a parthenogenetic stimulus. Ultimately, this results in the completion of MII and, given the absence of DNA replication between MI and MII, the halving of the DNA complement, thereby allowing the diploid state to be restored in the zygote post-fertilization.

Type
Chapter
Information
Biology and Pathology of the Oocyte
Role in Fertility, Medicine and Nuclear Reprograming
 , pp. 119 - 141
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Pines, J.Cubism and the cell cycle: the many faces of the APC/C. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12(7): 427–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solc, P, Schultz, RM, Motlik, J.Prophase I arrest and progression to metaphase I in mouse oocytes: comparison of resumption of meiosis and recovery from G2-arrest in somatic cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16(9): 654–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satyanarayana, A, Kaldis, P.Mammalian cell-cycle regulation: several Cdks, numerous cyclins and diverse compensatory mechanisms. Oncogene 2009; 28(33): 2925–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polanski, Z, Homer, H, Kubiak, JZ.Cyclin B in mouse oocytes and embryos: importance for human reproduction and aneuploidy. Results Probl Cell Differ 2012; 55: 69–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homer, H, Gui, L, Carroll, J.A spindle assembly checkpoint protein functions in prophase I arrest and prometaphase progression. Science 2009; 326(5955): 991–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marangos, P, Verschuren, E, Chen, R, Jackson, P, Carroll, J.Prophase I arrest and progression to metaphase I in mouse oocytes are controlled by Emi1-dependent regulation of APCCdh1. J Cell Biol 2007; 176(1): 65–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reis, A, Chang, H, Levasseur, M, Jones, K.APCcdh1 activity in mouse oocytes prevents entry into the first meiotic division. Nat Cell Biol 2006; 8(5): 539–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holt, JE, Tran, SM, Stewart, JL, et al. The APC/C activator FZR1 coordinates the timing of meiotic resumption during prophase I arrest in mammalian oocytes. Development 2011; 138(5): 905–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGuinness, BE, Anger, M, Kouznetsova, A, et al. Regulation of APC/C activity in oocytes by a Bub1-dependent spindle assembly checkpoint. Curr Biol 2009; 19(5): 369–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagting, A, Karlsson, C, Clute, P, Jackman, M, Pines, J.MPF localization is controlled by nuclear export. EMBO J 1998; 17(14): 4127–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, JE, Weaver, J, Jones, KT.Spatial regulation of APCCdh1-induced cyclin B1 degradation maintains G2 arrest in mouse oocytes. Development 2010; 137(8): 1297–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marangos, P, Carroll, J.The dynamics of cyclin B1 distribution during meiosis I in mouse oocytes. Reproduction 2004; 128(2): 153–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oh, JS, Han, SJ, Conti, M.Wee1B, Myt1, and Cdc25 function in distinct compartments of the mouse oocyte to control meiotic resumption. J Cell Biol 2010; 188(2): 199–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marangos, P, Carroll, J.Securin regulates entry into M-phase by modulating the stability of cyclin B. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 10(4): 445–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, M, Morgan, DO.Finishing mitosis, one step at a time. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8(11): 894–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schindler, K, Schultz, RM.CDC14B acts through FZR1 (CDH1) to prevent meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. Biol Reprod 2009; 80(4): 795–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schindler, K, Schultz, RM.The CDC14A phosphatase regulates oocyte maturation in mouse. Cell Cycle 2009; 8(7): 1090–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, JJ, Summers, MK, Hansen, DV, et al. Emi1 stably binds and inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome as a pseudosubstrate inhibitor. Genes Dev 2006; 20(17): 2410–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassold, T, Hunt, P.Maternal age and chromosomally abnormal pregnancies: what we know and what we wish we knew. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21(6): 703–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homer, H.New insights into the genetic regulation of homologue disjunction in mammalian oocytes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 133(2–4): 209–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polanski, Z, Ledan, E, Brunet, S, et al. Cyclin synthesis controls the progression of meiotic maturation in mouse oocytes. Development 1998; 125: 4989–97.Google ScholarPubMed
Reis, A, Madgwick, S, Chang, HY, et al. Prometaphase APCcdh1 activity prevents non-disjunction in mammalian oocytes. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9(10): 1192–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hampl, A, Eppig, JJ.Analysis of the mechanism(s) of metaphase I arrest in maturing mouse oocytes. Development 1995; 121: 925–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Winston, NJ.Stability of cyclin B during meiotic maturation and the first meiotic cell division in mouse oocytes. Biol Cell 1997; 89: 211–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peter, M, Castro, A, Lorca, T, et al. The APC is dispensable for first meiotic anaphase in Xenopus oocytes. Nat Cell Biol 2001; 3: 83–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taieb, FE, Gross, SD, Lewellyn, AL, Maller, JL.Activation of the anaphase-promoting complex and degradation of cyclin B is not required for progression from MI to II in Xenopus oocytes. Curr Biol 2001; 11: 508–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbert, M, Levasseur, M, Homer, H, et al. Homologue disjunction in mouse oocytes requires proteolysis of securin and cyclin B1. Nat Cell Biol 2003; 5: 1023–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jin, F, Hamada, M, Malureanu, L, et al. Cdc20 is critical for meiosis I and fertility of female mice. PLoS Genet 2010; 6(9): pii:e1001147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
den Elzen, N, Pines, J.Cyclin A is destroyed in prometaphase and can delay chromosome alignment and anaphase. J Cell Biol 2001; 153: 121–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Musacchio, A, Salmon, ED.The spindle-assembly checkpoint in space and time. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8(5): 379–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulukian, A, Han, JS, Cleveland, DW.Unattached kinetochores catalyze production of an anaphase inhibitor that requires a Mad2 template to prime Cdc20 for BubR1 binding. Dev Cell 2009; 16(1): 105–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malureanu, LA, Jeganathan, KB, Hamada, M, et al. BubR1 N terminus acts as a soluble inhibitor of cyclin B degradation by APC/C(Cdc20) in interphase. Dev Cell 2009; 16(1): 118–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauf, S, Watanabe, Y.Kinetochore orientation in mitosis and meiosis. Cell 2004; 119(3): 317–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinsky, BA, Biggins, S.The spindle checkpoint: tension versus attachment. Trends Cell Biol 2005; 15(9): 486–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Putkey, F, Cramer, T, Morphew, M, et al. Unstable kinetochore-microtubule capture and chromosomal instability following deletion of CENP-E. Dev Cell 2002; 3(3): 351–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, JC, Chen, RH, Murray, AW, Salmon, ED.Localization of Mad2 to kinetochores depends on microtubule attachment, not tension. J Cell Biol 1998; 141(5): 1181–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gui, L, Homer, H.Spindle assembly checkpoint signalling is uncoupled from chromosomal position in mouse oocytes. Development 2012; 139(11): 1941–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuh, M, Ellenberg, J.Self-organization of MTOCs replaces centrosome function during acentrosomal spindle assembly in live mouse oocytes. Cell 2007; 130(3): 484–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitajima, TS, Ohsugi, M, Ellenberg, J.Complete kinetochore tracking reveals error-prone homologous chromosome biorientation in mammalian oocytes. Cell 2011; 146(4): 568–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, KT, Li, SK, Chang, CC, et al. Aurora-C kinase deficiency causes cytokinesis failure in meiosis I and production of large polyploid oocytes in mice. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21(14): 2371–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, Y, Holland, AJ, Lan, W, Cleveland, DW.Aurora kinases and protein phosphatase 1 mediate chromosome congression through regulation of CENP-E. Cell 2010; 142(3): 444–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homer, H, McDougall, A, Levasseur, M, Murdoch, A, Herbert, M.Mad2 is required for inhibiting securin and cyclin B degradation following spindle depolymerisation in meiosis I mouse oocytes. Reproduction 2005; 130(6): 829–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wassmann, K, Niault, T, Maro, B.Metaphase I arrest upon activation of the MAD2-dependent spindle checkpoint in mouse oocytes. Curr Biol 2003; 13: 1596–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hached, K, Xie, SZ, Buffin, E, et al. Mps1 at kinetochores is essential for female mouse meiosis I. Development 2011; 138(11): 2261–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homer, H, McDougall, A, Levasseur, M, et al. Mad2 prevents aneuploidy and premature proteolysis of cyclin B and securin during meiosis I in mouse oocytes. Genes Dev 2005; 19(2): 202–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunet, S, Santa Maria, A, Guillaud, P, et al. Kinetochore fibers are not involved in the formation of the first meiotic spindle of mouse oocytes, but control the exit from the first meiotic M phase. J Cell Biol 1999; 146: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kudo, N, Wassmann, K, Anger, M, et al. Resolution of chiasmata in oocytes requires separase-mediated proteolysis. Cell 2006; 126(1): 135–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, SI, Yun, Y, Jones, KT.Timing of anaphase-promoting complex activation in mouse oocytes is predicted by microtubule-kinetochore attachment but not by bivalent alignment or tension. Development 2012; 139(11): 1947–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rieder, CL, Cole, RW, Khodjakov, A, Sluder, G.The checkpoint delaying anaphase in response to chromosome monoorientation is mediated by an inhibitory signal produced by unattached kinetochores. J Cell Biol 1995; 130(4):941–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, L, Hodges, C, Baart, E, et al. Chromosomal influence on meiotic spindle assembly: abnormal meiosis I in female Mlh1 mutant mice. J Cell Biol 1999; 145(7): 1395–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagaoka, SI, Hodges, CA, Albertini, DF, Hunt, PA.Oocyte-specific differences in cell-cycle control create an innate susceptibility to meiotic errors. Curr Biol 2011; 21(8): 651–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffmann, S, Maro, B, Kubiak, JZ, Polanski, Z.A single bivalent efficiently inhibits cyclin B1 degradation and polar body extrusion in mouse oocytes indicating robust SAC during female meiosis I. PLoS One 2011; 6(11): e27143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolano, A, Brunet, S, Silk, AD, Cleveland, DW, Verlhac, MH.Error-prone mammalian female meiosis from silencing the spindle assembly checkpoint without normal interkinetochore tension. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109(27): E1858–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapoor, T, Lampson, M, Hergert, P, et al. Chromosomes can congress to the metaphase plate before biorientation. Science 2006; 311(5759): 388–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spruck, CH, de Miguel, MP, Smith, AP, et al. Requirement of Cks2 for the first metaphase/anaphase transition of mammalian meiosis. Science 2003; 300(5619): 647–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolthuis, R, Clay-Farrace, L, van Zon, W, et al. Cdc20 and Cks direct the spindle checkpoint-independent destruction of cyclin A. Mol Cell 2008; 30(3):290–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patra, D, Dunphy, WG.Xe-p9, a Xenopus Suc1/Cks protein, is essential for the Cdc2-dependent phosphorylation of the anaphase-promoting complex at mitosis. Genes Dev 1998; 12(16):2549–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van ZW, Oginkter Riet B, J, Medema, RH, et al. The APC/C recruits cyclin B1-Cdk1-Cks in prometaphase before D box recognition to control mitotic exit. J Cell Biol 2010; 190(4): 587–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, M, Stinnakre, MG, Senamaud-Beaufort, C, et al. Delayed early embryonic lethality following disruption of the murine cyclin A2 gene. Nat Genet 1997; 15(1): 83–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Persson, JL, Zhang, Q, Wang, XY, et al. Distinct roles for the mammalian A-type cyclins during oogenesis. Reproduction 2005; 130(4): 411–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winston, N, Bourgain-Guglielmetti, F, Ciemerych, MA, et al. Early development of mouse embryos null mutant for the cyclin A2 gene occurs in the absence of maternally derived cyclin A2 gene products. Dev Biol 2000; 223(1): 139–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geley, S, Kramer, E, Gieffers, C, et al. APC/C-dependent proteolysis of human cyclin A starts at the beginning of mitosis and is not subject to the spindle assembly checkpoint. J Cell Biol 2001; 153:137–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di, Fiore, Pines, J.How cyclin A destruction escapes the spindle assembly checkpoint. J Cell Biol 2010; 190(4): 501–9.Google Scholar
Wurzenberger, C, Gerlich, DW.Phosphatases: providing safe passage through mitotic exit. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12(8): 469–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ledan, E, Polanski, Z, Terret, M-E, Maro, B.Meiotic maturation of the mouse oocyte requires an equilibrium between cyclin B synthesis and degradation. Dev Biol 2001; 232: 400–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clute, P, Pines, J.Temporal and spatial control of cyclin B1 destruction in metaphase. Nat Cell Biol 1999; 1: 82–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Listovsky, T, Oren, YS, Yudkovsky, Y, et al. Mammalian Cdh1/Fzr mediates its own degradation. EMBO J 2004; 23(7): 1619–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iwabuchi, M, Ohsumi, K, Yamamoto, TM, Sawada, W, Kishimoto, T.Residual Cdc2 activity remaining at meiosis I exit is essential for meiotic M-M transition in Xenopus oocyte extracts. EMBO J 2000; 19(17): 4513–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Izawa, D, Goto, M, Yamashita, A, Yamano, H, Yamamoto, M.Fission yeast Mes1p ensures the onset of meiosis II by blocking degradation of cyclin Cdc13p. Nature 2005; 434(7032): 529–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madgwick, S, Hansen, D, Levasseur, M, Jackson, P, Jones, K.Mouse Emi2 is required to enter meiosis II by reestablishing cyclin B1 during interkinesis. J Cell Biol 2006; 174(6): 791–801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorr, IH, Reis, A, Boos, D, et al. Essential CDK1-inhibitory role for separase during meiosis I in vertebrate oocytes. Nat Cell Biol 2006; 8(9): 1035–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, LJ, Hutti, JE, Cantley, LC, Morgan, DO.Evolution of Ime2 phosphorylation sites on Cdk1 substrates provides a mechanism to limit the effects of the phosphatase Cdc14 in meiosis. Mol Cell 2007; 25(5): 689–702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsushime, H, Jinno, A, Takagi, N, Shibuya, M.A novel mammalian protein kinase gene (mak) is highly expressed in testicular germ cells at and after meiosis. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10(5): 2261–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan, H, O’Brien, MJ, Wigglesworth, K, Eppig, JJ, Schultz, RM.Transcript profiling during mouse oocyte development and the effect of gonadotropin priming and development in vitro. Dev Biol 2005; 286(2): 493–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorr, IH, Boos, D, Stemmann, O.Mutual inhibition of separase and Cdk1 by two-step complex formation. Mol Cell 2005; 19(1): 135–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khmelinskii, A, Roostalu, J, Roque, H, Antony, C, Schiebel, E.Phosphorylation-dependent protein interactions at the spindle midzone mediate cell cycle regulation of spindle elongation. Dev Cell 2009; 17(2): 244–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, W, Jimenez, G, Wells, NJ, et al. PRC1: a human mitotic spindle-associated CDK substrate protein required for cytokinesis. Mol Cell 1998; 2(6): 877–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubiak, J, Weber, M, de Pennart, H, Winston, N, Maro, B.The metaphase II arrest in mouse oocytes is controlled through microtubule-dependent destruction of cyclin B in the presence of CSF. EMBO J 1993; 12(10): 3773–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Nixon, VL, Levasseur, M, McDougall, A, Jones, KT.Ca2+ oscillations promote APC/C-dependent cyclin B1 degradation during metaphase arrest and completion of meiosis in fertilizing mouse eggs. Curr Biol 2002; 12: 746–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colledge, PM, Carlton, MBL, Udy, GB, Evans, MJ.Disruption of c-mos causes partenogenetic development of unfertilized mouse eggs. Nature 1994; 370: 65–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hashimoto, N, Watanabe, N, Furuta, Y, et al. Parthenogenetic activation of oocytes in c-mos-deficient mice. Nature 1994; 370(6484): 68–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verlhac, MH, Kubiak, JZ, Weber, M, et al. Mos is required for MAP kinase activation and is involved in microtubule organization during meiotic maturation in the mouse. Development 1996; 122(3): 815–22.Google ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, T, Suzuki, E, Yoshida, N, et al. Mouse Emi2 as a distinctive regulatory hub in second meiotic metaphase. Development 2010; 137(19): 3281–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, JQ, Kornbluth, S.Across the meiotic divide – CSF activity in the post-Emi2/XErp1 era. J Cell Sci 2008; 121(Pt 21): 3509–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dumont, J, Umbhauer, M, Rassinier, P, Hanauer, A, Verlhac, MH.p90Rsk is not involved in cytostatic factor arrest in mouse oocytes. J Cell Biol 2005; 169(2): 227–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefebvre, C, Terret, ME, Djiane, A, et al. Meiotic spindle stability depends on MAPK-interacting and spindle-stabilizing (MISS), a new MAPK substrate. J Cell Biol 2002; 157(4): 603–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terret, ME, Lefebvre, C, Djiane, A, et al. DOC1R: a MAP kinase substrate that controls microtubule organization of metaphase II mouse oocytes. Development 2003; 130(21): 5169–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tunquist, B, Eyers, P, Chen, L, Lewellyn, A, Maller, J.Spindle checkpoint proteins Mad1 and Mad2 are required for cytostatic factor-mediated metaphase arrest. J Cell Biol 2003; 163(6): 1231–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsurumi, C, Hoffmann, S, Geley, S, Graeser, R, Polanski, Z.The spindle assembly checkpoint is not essential for CSF arrest of mouse oocytes. J Cell Biol 2004; 167(6): 1037–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoji, S, Yoshida, N, Amanai, M, et al. Mammalian Emi2 mediates cytostatic arrest and transduces the signal for meiotic exit via Cdc20. EMBO J 2006; 25(4): 834–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, T, Yoshida, N, Suzuki, E, Okuda, E, Perry, AC.Full-term mouse development by abolishing Zn2+-dependent metaphase II arrest without Ca2+ release. Development 2010; 137(16):2659–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, HY, Jennings, PC, Stewart, J, Verrills, NM, Jones, KT.Essential role of protein phosphatase 2A in metaphase II arrest and activation of mouse eggs shown by okadaic acid, dominant negative protein phosphatase 2A, and FTY720. J Biol Chem 2011; 286(16): 14705–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, KT.Intracellular calcium in the fertilization and development of mammalian eggs. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34(10): 1084–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kashir, J, Jones, C, Coward, K. Calcium oscillations, oocyte activation, and phospholipase C zeta. Adv Exp Med Biol 2012; 740: 1095–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miao, YL, Stein, P, Jefferson, WN, Padilla-Banks, E, Williams, CJ.Calcium influx-mediated signaling is required for complete mouse egg activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109(11): 4169–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, H, Levasseur, M, Jones, K.Degradation of APCcdc20 and APCcdh1 substrates during the second meiotic division in mouse eggs. J Cell Sci 2004; 117(Pt 26): 6289–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madgwick, S, Levasseur, M, Jones, KT.Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and not protein kinase C, is sufficient for triggering cell-cycle resumption in mammalian eggs. J Cell Sci 2005; 118(Pt 17): 3849–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knott, JG, Gardner, AJ, Madgwick, S, et al. Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II triggers mouse egg activation and embryo development in the absence of Ca2+ oscillations. Dev Biol 2006; 296(2): 388–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, HY, Minahan, K, Merriman, JA, Jones, KT.Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase gamma 3 (CamKIIgamma3) mediates the cell cycle resumption of metaphase II eggs in mouse. Development 2009; 136(24): 4077–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Backs, J, Stein, P, Backs, T, et al. The gamma isoform of CaM kinase II controls mouse egg activation by regulating cell cycle resumption. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107(1): 81–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mochida, S, Hunt, T.Calcineurin is required to release Xenopus egg extracts from meiotic M phase. Nature 2007; 449(7160): 336–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishiyama, T, Yoshizaki, N, Kishimoto, T, Ohsumi, K.Transient activation of calcineurin is essential to initiate embryonic development in Xenopus laevis. Nature 2007; 449(7160): 341–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, AC, Verlhac, MH.Second meiotic arrest and exit in frogs and mice. EMBO Rep 2008; 9(3): 246–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oh, JS, Susor, A, Conti, M.Protein tyrosine kinase Wee1B is essential for metaphase II exit in mouse oocytes. Science 2011; 332(6028): 462–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, J, Melton, C, Suh, N, et al. Genome-wide analysis of translation reveals a critical role for deleted in azoospermia-like (Dazl) at the oocyte-to-zygote transition. Genes Dev 2011; 25(7): 755–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×