Aardal, Bernt. 2016a. Election Survey Time Series, 1977–1997 and 2001–2009. Bergen, Norway: Norwegian Social Data Services (NSD). Last accessed: February 7, 2022. https://datacatalogue.cessda.eu/detail?q=1e78752d9f7108c544a5570d66229e802fad4748111b72bd6e5215e703c9f7bcGoogle Scholar

Aardal, Bernt. 2016b. Election Survey Time Series, 2001–2009. Bergen, Norway: Social Data Services (NSD). https://datamed.org/display-item.php?repository=0012&idName=ID&id=56d4b819e4b0e644d312f78e. Last accessed: February 7, 2022.Google Scholar

Aarts, Kees, Blais, André, and Schmitt, Hermann. 2013. Political Leaders and Democratic Elections. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abou-Chadi, Tarik. 2016. “Niche Party Success and Mainstream Party Policy Shifts – How Green and Radical Right Parties Differ in Their Impact.” British Journal of Political Science 46(2): 417–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abou-Chadi, Tarik, and Orlowski, Matthias. 2016. “Moderate as Necessary: The Role of Electoral Competitiveness and Party Size in Explaining Parties’ Policy Shifts.” The Journal of Politics 78(3): 868–881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abou-Chadi, Tarik, and Wagner, Markus. 2019. “The Electoral Appeal of Party Strategies in Postindustrial Societies: When Can the Mainstream Left Succeed?” The Journal of Politics 81(4): 1405–1419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abou-Chadi, Tarik, and Wagner, Markus. 2020. “Electoral Fortunes of Social Democratic Parties: Do Second Dimension Positions Matter?” Journal of European Public Policy 27(2): 246–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abou-Chadi, Tarik, and Krause, Werner. 2020. “The Causal Effect of Radical Right Success on Mainstream Parties’ Policy Positions: A Regression Discontinuity Approach.” British Journal of Political Science 50(3): 829–847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abou-Chadi, Tarik, and Hix, Simon. 2021. “Brahmin Left versus Merchant Right? Education, Class, Multiparty Competition, and Redistribution in Western Europe.” The British Journal of Sociology 72(1): 79–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Abou-Chadi, Tarik, Häusermann, Silja, Mitteregger, Reto, Mosimann, Nadja, and Wagner, Markus. 2022. “Social Democratic Voting in a Pluralised Issue Space: Identifying Strategic Trade-Offs across 6 European Countries.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2019. The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies and the Fate of Liberty. London: Viking.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, and Johnson, Simon. 2023. Power and Progress. Our 1000-Year Struggle over Technology and Prosperity. New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar

Achen, Christopher H., and Bartels, Larry M.. 2016. Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ack, Tess Lee. 1991. “The Marxist Tradition and Women’s Liberation.” Marxist Left Review. Issue 4. https://marxistleftreview.org/articles/the-marxist-tradition-and-womens-liberation/. Last accessed: December 4, 2022.Google Scholar

Adams, James. 2012. “Causes and Electoral Consequences of Party Policy Shifts in Multiparty Elections: Theoretical Results and Empirical Evidence.” Annual Review of Political Science 15: 401–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, James, Clark, Michael, Ezrow, Lawrence, and Glasgow, Garret. 2004. “Understanding Change and Stability in Party Ideologies: Do Parties Respond to Public Opinion or to Past Election Results?” British Journal of Political Science 34(4): 589–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, James, Clark, Michael, Ezrow, Lawrence, and Glasgow, Garrett. 2006. “Are Niche Parties Fundamentally Different from Mainstream Parties? The Causes and the Electoral Consequences of Western European Parties’ Policy Shifts, 1976–1998.” American Journal of Political Science 50(3): 513–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, James, Haupt, Andrea B., and Stoll, Heather. 2009. “What Moves Parties?: The Role of Public Opinion and Global Economic Conditions in Western Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 42(5): 611–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, James, and Somer-Topcu, Zeynep. 2009a. “Policy Adjustment by Parties in Response to Rival Parties’ Policy Shifts: Spatial Theory and the Dynamics of Party Competition in Twenty-Five Post-War Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 39(4): 825–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, James, and Somer-Topcu, Zeynep. 2009b. “Moderate Now, Win Votes Later: The Electoral Consequences of Parties’ Policy Shifts in 25 Postwar Democracies.” The Journal of Politics 71(2): 678–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, James, Ezrow, Lawrence, and Somer-Topcu, Zeynep. 2011. “Is Anybody Listening? Evidence That Voters Do Not Respond to European Parties’ Policy Statements during Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 55(2): 370–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, James, Ezrow, Lawrence, and Wlezien, Christopher. 2016. “The Company You Keep: How Voters Infer Party Positions on European Integration from Governing Coalition Arrangements.” American Journal of Political Science 60(4): 811–823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, James, Bernardi, Luca, and Wlezien, Christopher. 2020. “Social Welfare Policy Outputs and Governing Parties’ Left-Right Images: Do Voters Respond?” Journal of Politics 82(3): 1161–1165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, James, Merrill, Samuel, and Zur, Roi. 2020. “The Spatial Voting Model.” In The SAGE Handbook of Research Methods in Political Science and International Relations, eds. Curini, Luigi, and Franzese, Robert. London: Sage Publications Ltd: 205–223.Google Scholar

Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties?: The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, Favero, Carlo, and Giavazzi, Francesco. 2019. Austerity: When It Works and When It Doesn’t. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, Perotti, Roberto, Tavares, José, Obstfeld, Maurice, and Eichengreen, Barry. 1998. “The Political Economy of Fiscal Adjustments.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1998(1): 197–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberta and Glaeser, Edward L.. 2006. Why Are Welfare States in the US and Europe So Different: What Do We Learn?. Horizons stratégiques, 2, 51–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allern, Elin H., and Bale, Tim. 2012. “Political Parties and Interest Groups: Disentangling Complex Relationships.” Party Politics 18(1): 7–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allern, Elin H., and Tim, Bale. 2017. Left-of-Centre Parties and Trade Unions in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, Christopher S. 2009. “‘Empty Nets’: Social Democracy and the ‘Catch-All Party Thesis’ in Germany and Sweden.” Party Politics 15(5): 635–653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alt, James E., and King, Gary. 1994. “Transfers of Governmental Power: The Meaning of Time Dependence.” Comparative Political Studies 27(2): 190–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Altemeyer, Bob. 1996. The Authoritarian Specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Andersen, Jørgen G. 2007. Danish Election Study 2005, Dansk Data Arkiv/Danish Data Archive. 1 data file: DDA-18184, version: 1.0.0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5279/DK-SA-DDA-18184. Last accessed: February 7, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andrews, Josephine T., and Jackman, Robert W.. 2008. “If Winning Isn’t Everything, Why Do They Keep Score? Consequences of Electoral Performance for Party Leaders.” British Journal of Political Science 38(4): 657–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Angrist, Joshua D., and Pischke, Jörn-Steffen. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ansell, Ben W., and Lindvall, Johannes. 2020. Inward Conquest: The Political Origins of Modern Public Services. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ares, Macarena. 2017. “Class Voting in Post-industrial Economies: A Comparative and Longitudinal Approach.” PhD thesis, European University Institute, Florence.Google Scholar

Arias, Eric, and Stasavage, David. 2019. “How Large Are the Political Costs of Fiscal Austerity?” The Journal of Politics 81(4): 1517–1522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Armingeon, Klaus and Bonoli, Giuliano. 2006. The Politics of Post-Industrial Welfare States. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Armingeon, Klaus, Guthmann, Kai, and Weisstanner, David. 2016. “Choosing the Path of Austerity: How Parties and Policy Coalitions Influence Welfare State Retrenchment in Periods of Fiscal Consolidation.” West European Politics 39(4): 628–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Armingeon, Klaus and Bürgisser, Reto. 2021. “Trade-Offs between Redistribution and Environmental Protection: The Role of Information, Ideology, and Self-Interest.” Journal of European Public Policy 28(4): 489–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arndt, Christoph. 2013. The Electoral Consequences of Third Way Welfare State Reforms: Social Democracy’s Transformation and Its Political Costs. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar

Arndt, Christoph. 2014. “Social Democracy’s Mobilization of New Constituencies: The Role of Electoral Systems.” Party Politics 20(5): 778–790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arndt, Christoph. 2018. “White-Collar Unions and Attitudes towards Income Inequality, Redistribution, and State–Market Relations.” European Sociological Review 34(6): 675–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arndt, Christoph, and Rennwald, Line. 2016. “Union Members at the Polls in Diverse Trade Union Landscapes.” European Journal of Political Research 55(4): 702–722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aronow, Peter M., and Samii, Cyrus. 2016. “Does Regression Produce Representative Estimates of Causal Effects?” American Journal of Political Science 60(1): 250–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Attewell, David. 2021. “Redistribution Attitudes and Vote Choice across the Educational Divide.” European Journal of Political Research 61: 1080–1101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Audas, Richard, Dobson, Stephen, and Goddard, John. 1997. “Team Performance and Managerial Change in the English Football League.” Economic Affairs 17(3): 30–36.Google Scholar

Audas, Richard, Dobson, Stephen, and Goddard, John. 2002. “The Impact of Managerial Change on Team Performance in Professional Sports.” Journal of Economics and Business 54(6): 633–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Autor, David. 2015. “Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 29(3): 3–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Autor, David H., and Dorn, David. 2013. “The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market.” American Economic Review 103(5): 1553–1597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Autor, David H., Dorn, David, and Hanson, Gordon H.. 2013. “The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States.” American Economic Review 103(6): 2121–2168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baccini, Leonardo, and Sattler, Thomas. 2020. “Austerity, Economic Vulnerability, and Populism.” Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association 2020, Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Bakker, Ryan, de Vries, Catherine, Edwards, Erica, Hooghe, Liesbet, Jolly, Seth, Marks, Gary, Polk, Jonathan, Rovny, Jan, Steenbergen, Marco, and Anna Vachudova, Milada. 2015. “Measuring Party Positions in Europe: The Chapel Hill Expert Survey Trend File, 1999–2010.” Party Politics 21(1): 143–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bakker, Ryan, Hooghe, Liesbet, Jolly, Seth, Marks, Gary, Polk, Jonathan, Rovny, Jan, Steenbergen, Marco, and Vachudova, Milada Anna. 2020. 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina. www.chesdata.eu (accessed October 24, 2020).Google Scholar

Bale, Tim. 2003. “Cinderella and Her Ugly Sisters: The Mainstream and Extreme Right in Europe’s Bipolarising Party Systems.” West European Politics 26(3): 67–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bale, Tim. 2008. “Turning Round the Telescope: Centre-Right Parties and Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe.” Journal of European Public Policy 15(3): 315–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bale, Tim, Green-Pedersen, Christoffer, Krouwel, André, Luther, Kurt Richard, and Sitter, Nick. 2010. “If You Can’t Beat Them, Join Them? Explaining Social Democratic Responses to the Challenge from the Populist Radical Right in Western Europe.” Political Studies 58(3): 410–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ballard-Rosa, Cameron, Martin, Lucy, and Scheve, Kenneth. 2017. “The Structure of American Income Tax Policy Preferences.” The Journal of Politics 79(1): 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bandau, Frank, and Ahrens, Leo. 2020. “The Impact of Partisanship in the Era of Retrenchment: Insights from Quantitative Welfare State Research.” Journal of European Social Policy 30(1): 34–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bandura, Albert. 1977. Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Bansak, Kirk, Bechtel, Michael M., and Margalit, Yotam. 2021. “Why Austerity? The Mass Politics of a Contested Policy.” American Political Science Review 115(2): 486–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banting, Keith and Kymlicka, Will. 2017. The Strains of Commitment: The Political Sources of Solidarity in Diverse Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barberá, Pablo, Casas, Andreu, Nagler, Monathan, Egan, Patrick J., Bonneau, Richard, Jost, John T., and Tucker, Joshua. 2019. “Who Leads? Who Follows? Measuring Issue Attention and Agenda Setting by Legislators and the Mass Public Using Social Media Data.” American Political Science Review 113(4): 883–901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barnes, Lucy, and Hicks, Timothy. 2018. “Making Austerity Popular: The Media and Mass Attitudes toward Fiscal Policy.” American Journal of Political Science 62(2): 340–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnes, Lucy, and Hicks, Timothy. 2021. “All Keynesians Now? Public Support for Countercyclical Government Borrowing.” Political Science Research and Methods 9(1): 180–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnes, Lucy, Blumenau, Jack, and Lauderdale, Benjamin E.. 2021. “Measuring Attitudes toward Public Spending Using a Multivariate Tax Summary Experiment.” American Journal of Political Science 66(1): 205–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartels, Larry M. 2008. Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Bartolini, Stefano. 2000. The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860–1980: The Class Cleavage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartolini, Stefano, and Mair, Peter. 1990. Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of European Electorates 1885–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bartsch, Matthias, Böll, Sven, Feldenkirchen, Markus, Höhne, Valerie, Knaup, Horand, and Neukirch, Ralf. February 1, 2017. “Meet the Man Who Will Challenge Merkel.” DER SPIEGEL. www.spiegel.de/international/germany/martin-schulz-could-present-serious-challenge-to-angela-merkel-in-german-election-a-1132362.html. Last accessed: February 12, 2022.Google Scholar

BBC. 2017. “Germany Election: Martin Schulz Stakes Anti-Populist Bid.” March 19, 2017. BBC. www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39321678. Last accessed: February 12, 2022.Google Scholar

Bebel, August. 1879. Women and Socialism. Zurich: Verlag Volksbuchhandlung.Google Scholar

Becher, Michael, and Pontusson, Jonas. 2011. “Whose Interests Do Unions Represent? Unionization by Income in Western Europe.” In Comparing European Workers Part B: Policies and Institutions (Research in the Sociology of Work, Vol. 22 Part 2), ed. Brady, David. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited: 181–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beck, Paul Allen, and Kent Jennings, M.. 1982. “Pathways to Participation.” The American Political Science Review 76(1): 94–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Becker, Sascha O., Egger, Peter H., and von Ehrlich, Maximilian. 2010. “Going NUTS: The Effect of EU Structural Funds on Regional Performance.” Journal of Public Economics 94(9–10): 578–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beitz, Charles R. 1999. Political Theory and International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Benedetto, Giacomo, Hix, Simon, and Mastrorocco, Nicola. 2020. “The Rise and Fall of Social Democracy, 1918–2017.” American Political Science Review 114(3): 928–939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beramendi, Pablo. 2012. The Political Geography of Inequality: Regions and Redistribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, Kitschelt, Herbert, and Kriesi, Hanspeter eds. 2015. The Politics of Advanced Capitalism. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, Kitschelt, Herbert, and Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2015. “Introduction: The Politics of Advanced Capitalism.” In The Politics of Advanced Capitalism, eds. Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, Kitschelt, Herbert, and Kriesi, Hanspeter. New York: Cambridge University Press: 1–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, Manfred, Jung, Matthias, and Roth, Dieter. 1999. Election Study 1998 (Politbarometer). GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA3160 Data file Version 1.0.0. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.3160. Last accessed: February 7, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berman, Sheri, and Snegovaya, Maria. 2019. “Populism and the Decline of Social Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 30(3): 5–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Betz, Hans-Georg. 1994. Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bille, Lars. 1997. “Leadership Change and Party Change: The Case of the Danish Social Democratic Party, 1960–95.” Party Politics 3(3): 379–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bischof, Daniel, and Wagner, Markus. 2020. “What Makes Parties Adapt to Voter Preferences? The Role of Party Organisation, Goals and Ideology.” British Journal of Political Science 50(1): 391–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bischof, Daniel, and Valentim, Vicente. 2021. “The Consequences of Punishing Political Ideologies in Democracies – Evidence from Employment Bans in Germany.” Working Paper.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bisgaard, Martin, and Slothuus, Rune. 2018. “Partisan Elites as Culprits? How Party Cues Shape Partisan Perceptual Gaps.” American Journal of Political Science 62(2): 456–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bittner, Amanda. 2011. Platform or Personality? The Role of Party Leaders in Elections. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blair, Tony, and Schröder, Gerhard. 2000. “The Third Way/Die Neue Mitte.” Dissent 2: 51–65.Google Scholar

Blau, Francine D., and Mackie, Christopher. 2016. The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration. Panel on the Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration; Committee on National Statistics; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Bledow, Nona, and Busemeyer, Marius R.. 2021. “Lukewarm or Enthusiastic Supporters? Exploring Union Member Attitudes towards Social Investment and Compensatory Policy.” Journal of European Social Policy 31(3): 267–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blinder, Alan S., and Holtz-Eakin, Douglas. 1984. “Public Opinion and the Balanced Budget.” The American Economic Review 74(2): 144–149.Google Scholar

Blyth, Mark, and Katz, Richard. 2005. “From Catch-All Politics to Cartelisation: The Political Economy of the Cartel Party.” West European Politics 28(1): 33–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bochsler, Daniel, Hänggli, Regula, and Häusermann, Silja. 2015. “Consensus Lost? Disenchanted Democracy in Switzerland.” Swiss Political Science Review 21(4): 475–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Böhmelt, Tobias, Ezrow, Lawrence, Lehrer, Roni, and Ward, Hugh. 2016. “Party Policy Diffusion.” American Political Science Review 110(2): 397–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boix, Carles. 1998. Political Parties, Growth and Equality: Conservative and Social Democratic Economic Strategies in the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boix, Carles. 2015. “Prosperity and the Evolving Structure of Advanced Economies.” In The Politics of Advanced Capitalism, eds. Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, Kitschelt, Herbert, and Kriesi, Hanspeter. New York: Cambridge University Press: 67–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boix, Carles. 2019. Democratic Capitalism at the Crossroads. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Bojar, Abel, Bremer, Björn, Kriesi, Hanspeter, and Wang, Chendi. 2022. “The Effect of Austerity Packages on Government Popularity during the Great Recession.” British Journal of Political Science 52(1): 181–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bolet, Diane. 2023. “The Janus-Faced Nature of Radical Voting: Subjective Social Decline at the Roots of Radical Right and Radical Left Support.” Party Politics 29(3): 475–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bonoli, Giuliano. 2005. “The Politics of the New Social Policies. Providing Coverage against New Social Risks in Mature Welfare States.” Policy and Politics 33(3): 431–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bonoli, Giuliano and Natali, David. Eds. 2012. The Politics of the New Welfare State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bornschier, Simon. 2010. Cleavage Politics and the Populist Right: The New Cultural Conflict in Western Europe. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Bornschier, Simon. 2010. “The New Cultural Divide and the Two-Dimensional Political Space in Western Europe.” West European Politics 33(3): 419–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bornschier, Simon, Häusermann, Silja, Zollinger, Delia, and Colombo, Céline. 2021a. “How ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ Relates to Voting Behavior – Social Structure, Social Identities, and Electoral Choice.” Comparative Political Studies 54(12): 2087–2122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bornschier, Simon, Haffert, Lukas, Häusermann, Silja, Steenbergen, Marco, and Zollinger, Delia. 2021b. “Identity Formation between Structure and Agency – How ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ Relates to Voting Behavior in Contexts of Electoral Realignment.” Paper Presented at the EPSA 2021 Online Conference.Google Scholar

Bornschier, Simon, Haffert, Lukas, Häusermann, Silja, Steenbergen, Marco, and Zollinger, Delia. 2024. Cleavage Formation in the 21st Century – How Social Identities Shape Voting Behavior in Contexts of Electoral Realignment. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., and Jones, Bradford S.. 1997. “Time Is of the Essence: Event History Models in Political Science.” American Journal of Political Science 41(4): 1414–1461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brady, Henry E., and Sniderman, Paul M.. 2008. “Racism, Xenophobia, and Distribution: Multi-Issue Politics in Advanced Democracies. By John E. Roemer, Woojin Lee, and Karine Van Der Straeten. Cambridge, MA: Russell Sage Foundation and Harvard University Press, 2007. 432p. $69.95.” Perspectives on Politics 6(2): 409–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bremer, Björn. 2018. “The Missing Left? Economic Crisis and the Programmatic Response of Social Democratic Parties in Europe.” Party Politics 24(1): 23–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bremer, Björn. 2022. “Public Preferences towards Social Investment: Comparing Patterns of Support across Three Continents.” In The World Politics of Social Investment: Volume I: Welfare States in the Knowledge Economy, eds. Garritzmann, Julian L., Häusermann, Silja and Palier, Bruno. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 351–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bremer, Björn, and McDaniel, Sean. 2020. “The Ideational Foundations of Social Democratic Austerity in the Context of the Great Recession.” Socio-Economic Review 18(2): 439–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bremer, Björn 2023. Austerity from the Left: Social Democratic Parties in the Shadow of the Great Recession. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bremer, Björn, and Bürgisser, Reto. 2023. “Do Citizens Care about Government Debt? Evidence from Survey Experiments on Budgetary Priorities.” European Journal of Political Research 62(1): 239–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brender, Adi, and Drazen, Allan. 2008. “How Do Budget Deficits and Economic Growth Affect Reelection Prospects? Evidence from a Large Panel of Countries.” American Economic Review 98(5): 2203–2220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Broockman, David E., and Butler, Daniel M.. 2017. “The Causal Effects of Elite Position-Taking on Voter Attitudes: Field Experiments with Elite Communication.” American Journal of Political Science 61(1): 208–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Budge, Ian. 2015. “Issue Emphases, Saliency Theory and Issue Ownership: A Historical and Conceptual Analysis.” West European Politics 38(4): 761–777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Budge, Ian, Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, and Tanenbaum, Eric. 2001. Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945–1998. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Budge, Ian, Ezrow, Lawrence, and McDonald, Michael D.. 2010. “Ideology, Party Factionalism and Policy Change: An Integrated Dynamic Theory.” British Journal of Political Science 40(4): 781–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Budge, Ian, Keman, Hans, McDonald, Michael, and Pennings, Paul. 2012. Organizing Democratic Choice: Party Representation over Time. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bürgisser, Reto, and Kurer, Thomas. 2021. “Insider–Outsider Representation and Social Democratic Labor Market Policy.” Socio-Economic Review 19(3): 1065–1094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burgoon, Brian, Noort, Sam van, Roodujin, Matthijs, and Underhill, Geoffrey. 2019. “Positional Deprivation and Support for Radical Right and Radical Left Parties.” Economic Policy 34(97): 49–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burgoon, Brian, and Schakel, Wouter. 2022. “The Party Road to Representation: Unequal Responsiveness in Party Platforms.” European Journal of Political Research 61(2), 304–325.Google Scholar

Busemeyer, Marius R., Garritzmann, Julian L., and Neimanns, Erik. 2020. A Loud but Noisy Signal?: Public Opinion and Education Reform in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Busemeyer, Marius R., Abrassart, Aurélien, and Nezi, Roula. 2021. “Beyond Positive and Negative: New Perspectives on Feedback Effects in Public Opinion on the Welfare State.” British Journal of Political Science 51(1): 137–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Butler, David, and Stokes, Donald. 1974. Political Change in Britain: Basis of Electoral Choice. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Callaghan, John. 2000. The Retreat of Social Democracy. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Carmines, Edward G., and Stimson, James A.. 1989. Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carsey, Thomas M., and Layman, Geoffrey C.. 2006. “Changing Sides or Changing Minds? Party Identification and Policy Preferences in the American Electorate.” American Journal of Political Science 50(2): 464–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carter, Elisabeth. 2005. The Extreme Right in Western Europe: Success or Failure? Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google ScholarPubMed

Carter, Neil, Ladrech, Robert, Little, Conor, and Tsagkroni, Vasiliki. 2018. “Political Parties and Climate Policy: A New Approach to Measuring Parties’ Climate Policy Preferences.” Party Politics 24(6): 731–742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Caughey, Devin, O’Grady, Tom, and Warshaw, Christopher. 2019. Policy Ideology in European Mass Publics, 1981–2016. American Political Science Review 113(3): 674–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chase, Jefferson. July 30, 2018. “Germany’s Social Democrats Still Struggling after Andrea Nahles’ First 100 Days.” Deutsche Welle. https://p.dw.com/p/32JpI. Last accessed: February 12, 2022.Google Scholar

Clarke, Harold., et al. 2006. British Election Study, 2005; Face-to-Face Survey [computer file]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor]. www.britishelectionstudy.com/data-object/2005-bes-post-election-survey/. Last accessed: February 7, 2022.Google Scholar

Cohen, Denis, and Krause, Werner. 2020. “How to Model Multi-Party Competition in a Transforming Political Space.” Working Paper.Google Scholar

Cohen, Denis, Krause, Werner and Abou-Chadi, Tarik. 2023. Comparative Vote Switching: A New Framework for Studying Dynamic Multi-Party Competition. Journal of Politics (Online First).Google Scholar

Colantone, Italo, and Stanig, Piero. 2018a. “Global Competition and Brexit.” American Political Science Review 112(2): 201–218.Google Scholar

Colantone, Italo, and Stanig, Piero. 2018b. “The Trade Origins of Economic Nationalism: Import Competition and Voting Behavior in Western Europe.” American Journal of Political Science 62(4): 936–953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. 2020. CSES Integrated Module Dataset (IMD) [dataset and documentation]. December 8, 2020 version. http://dx.doi.org/10.7804/cses.imd.2020-12-08.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Connolly, Kate. March 24, 2017. “Have Germany’s Social Democrats Found a Winner in Martin Schulz?” The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/24/martin-schulz-boost-to-germanys-spd-raises-stakes-for-angela-merkel. Last accessed: February 12, 2022.Google Scholar

Cozza, Joseph F., and Somer-Topcu, Zeynep. 2021. “Membership Vote for Party Leadership Changes: Electoral Effects and the Causal Mechanisms Behind.” Electoral Studies 71, 102326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cox, Gary W. 1997. Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World’s Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cross, William P., and Blais, André. 2012. Politics at the Centre: The Selection and Removal of Party Leaders in the Anglo Parliamentary Democracies. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curtis, Josh. 2016. “Social Mobility and Class Identity: The Role of Economic Conditions in 33 Societies, 1999–2009.” European Sociological Review 32(1): 108–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dalton, Russell J. 2008. “The Quantity and the Quality of Party Systems: Party System Polarization, Its Measurement and Its Consequences.” Comparative Political Studies 41(7): 899–920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dalton, Russell J. 2018. Political Realignment: Economics, Culture, and Electoral Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dalton, Russell J., Flanagan, Scott C., and Allen Beck, Paul. 1984. Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russell J., and Wattenberg, Martin P.. 2000. Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russel J. 2004. Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dalton, Russell J., Farrell, David M., and McAllister, Ian. 2011. Political Parties and Democratic Linkage: How Parties Organize Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dalton, Russell J., and McAllister, Ian. 2015. “Random Walk or Planned Excursion? Continuity and Change in the Left-Right Positions of Political Parties.” Comparative Political Studies 48(6): 759–787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dancygier, Rafaela, and Walter, Stefanie. 2015. “Globalization, Labor Market Risks, and Class Cleavages.” In The Politics of Advanced Capitalism, eds. Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, Kitschelt, Herbert and Kriesi, Hanspeter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 133–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dancygier, Rafaela M. 2017. Dilemmas of Inclusion: Muslims in European Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Dassonneville, Ruth, and Hooghe, Marc. 2017. “The Noise of the Vote Recall Question: The Validity of the Vote Recall Question in Panel Studies in Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 29(2): 316–338.Google Scholar

Däubler, Thomas, and Benoit, Kenneth. 2017. “Estimating Better Left-Right Positions Through Statistical Scaling of Manual Content Analysis.” Working Paper. University of Mannheim.Google Scholar

De Graaf, Nan Dirk, Nieuwbeerta, Paul, and Heath, Anthony. 1995. “Class Mobility and Political Preferences: Individual and Contextual Effects.” American Journal of Sociology 100(4): 997–1027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Lange, Sarah L. 2007. “A New Winning Formula?: The Programmatic Appeal of the Radical Right.” Party Politics 13(4): 411–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Lange, Sarah L. 2012. “New Alliances: Why Mainstream Parties Govern with Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties.” Political Studies 60(4): 899–918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Sio, Lorenzo, and Weber, Till. 2014. “Issue Yield: A Model of Party Strategy in Multidimensional Space.” American Political Science Review 108(4): 870–885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Der Westen. 2019. “SPD versinkt im Chaos: Diese Zahl zeigt das ganze Ausmaß der Misere.” June 3, 2019. Der Westen. www.derwesten.de/politik/spd-versinkt-im-chaos-diese-zahl-zeigt-das-ganze-ausmass-der-misere-id225922819.html. Last accessed: February 12, 2022.Google Scholar

Devries, Pete, Guajardo, Jaime, Leigh, Daniel, and Pescatori, Andrea. 2011. “A New Action-Based Dataset of Fiscal Consolidation.” IMF Working Paper 11/128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Vries, Catherine. E., and Hobolt, Sara B.. 2012. “When Dimensions Collide: The Electoral Success of Issue Entrepreneurs.” European Union Politics 13(2): 246–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Vries, Catherine E., and Hobolt, Sara B.. 2020. Political Entrepreneurs: The Rise of Challenger Parties in Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Die Zeit. 2018. “Widerstand gegen Nahles wächst.” February 13, 2018. DIE ZEIT. www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2018-02/spd-parteivorsitz-martin-schulz-nachfolge-widerstand-andrea-nahles. Last accessed: February 12, 2022.Google Scholar

Dingel, Jonathan I., and Neiman, Brent. 2020. “How Many Jobs Can Be Done from Home?” Journal of Public Economics 189: 104235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Doepke, Matthias, and Zilibotti, Fabrizio. 2019. Love, Money, and Parenting, How Economics Explains the Way We Raise Our Kids. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Donnelly, Michael J. 2016. “Competition and Solidarity: Union Members and Immigration in Europe.” West European Politics 39(4): 688–709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Downs, Anthony. 1957a. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Downs, Anthony. 1957b. “An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy.” Journal of Political Economy 65(2): 135–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Döring, Holger, and Manow, Philip. 2019. Parliaments and Governments Database (ParlGov): Information on Parties, Elections and Cabinets in Modern Democracies. Development version.Google Scholar

Döring, Holger, and Manow, Philip. 2021. “Parliaments and Governments Database (ParlGov): Information on Parties, Elections, and Cabinets in Modern Democracies.” www.parlgov.org.Google Scholar

Duch, Ray M., and Stevenson, Randy T.. 2010. The Economic Vote: How Political and Economic Institutions Condition Election Results. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Eatwell, Roger, and Goodwin, Matthew. 2018. National Populism: The Revolt against Liberal Democracy. London: Pelican.Google Scholar

Ebbinghaus, Bernhard, Göbel, Claudia, and Koos, Sebastian. 2011. “Social Capital, ‘Ghent’ and Workplace Contexts Matter: Comparing Union Membership in Europe.” European Journal of Industrial Relations 17(2): 107–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckert, Fabian, Ganapati, Sharat, and Walsh, Conor. 2019. “Skilled Tradable Services: The Transformation of US High-Skill Labor Markets.” Available at SSRN 3439118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Egmond, Marcel van, Brug, Wouter van der, Hobolt, Sara, Franklin, Mark, and Sapir, Eliyahu V.. 2017. “European Parliament Election Study 2009, Voter Study.” GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA5055 Data file Version 1.1.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4232/1.11760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eijk, Cees van der, Franklin, Mark, Schönbach, Klaus, Schmitt, Hermann, and Semetko, Holli, with: Brug, Wouter van der, Holmberg, Sören, Mannheimer, Renato, Marsh, Michael, Thomassen, Jacques, and Wessels, Bernhard. 2009. European Election Study 1999. DANS. http://dx.doi.org/10.17026/dans-z9j-vy6m.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elff, Martin. 2007. “Social Structure and Electoral Behavior in Comparative Perspective: The Decline of Social Cleavages in Western Europe Revisited.” Perspectives on Politics 5(2): 247–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elff, Martin. 2009. “Social Divisions, Party Positions, and Electoral Behavior.” Electoral Studies 28(2): 297–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elkjaer, Mads Andreas, and Iversen, Torben. 2020. “The Political Representation of Economic Interests: Subversion of Democracy or Middle-Class Supremacy?” World Politics 72(2): 254–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elkjaer, Mads Andreas, and Iversen, Torben. 2023. “The Democratic State and Redistribution: Whose Interests Are Served?” American Political Science Review 117(2): 391–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elsässer, Lea. 2018. Wessen Stimme zählt? Soziale und politische Ungleichheit in Deutschland. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.Google Scholar

Emmenegger, Patrick, Häusermann, Silja, Palier, Bruno, and Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin. 2012. The Age of Dualization: The Changing Face of Inequality in Deindustrializing Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Enelow, James M., and Hinich, Melvin J.. 1984. The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Enggist, Matthias, and Pinggera, Michael. 2022. “Radical Right Parties and Their Welfare State Stances – Not So Blurry after All?” West European Politics 45(1): 102–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ennser-Jedenastik, Laurenz, and Müller, Wolfgang C.. 2015. “Intra-Party Democracy, Political Performance and the Survival of Party Leaders: Austria, 1945–2011.” Party Politics 21(6): 930–943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ennser-Jedenastik, Laurenz, and Schumacher, Gijs. 2015. “Why Some Leaders Die Hard (and Others Don’t).” In The Politics of Party Leadership: A Cross-National Perspective, eds. Cross, William P. and Pilet, Jean-Benoit. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 107–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Erikson, Robert S., MacKuen, Michael B., and Stimson, James A.. 2002. The Macro Polity. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1985. Politics against Markets: The Social Democratic Road to Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 2015. “Welfare Regimes and Social Stratification.” Journal of European Social Policy 25(1): 124–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ESS Round 1-5: European Social Survey Round 1-5 Data. 2002–2010. Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and Distributor of ESS Data for ESS ERIC. http://dx.doi.org/10.21338/NSD-ESS5-2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ESS Round 8: European Social Survey Round 8 Data. 2016. Data File Edition 2.2. NSD – Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and Distributor of ESS Data for ESS ERIC. http://dx.doi.org/10.21338/NSD-ESS8-2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

European Social Survey Cumulative File, ESS 1-9. 2020. Data file edition 1.0. NSD – Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway – Data Archive and Distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. http://dx.doi.org/10.21338/NSD-ESS-CUMULATIVE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, Geoffrey. 1999. The End of Class Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, Geoffrey. 2017. “Social Class and Voting.” In The SAGE Handbook of Electoral Behaviour, eds. Arzheimer, Kai, Evans, Jocelyn, and Lewis-Beck, Michael S.. London: SAGE Publications: 177–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, Geoffrey, and Tilley, James. 2012a. “The Depoliticization of Inequality and Redistribution: Explaining the Decline of Class Voting.” The Journal of Politics 74(4): 963–976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, Geoffrey, and Tilley, James. 2012b. “How Parties Shape Class Politics: Explaining the Decline of the Class Basis of Party Support.” British Journal of Political Science 42(1): 137–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, Geoffrey, and Tilley, James. 2017. The New Politics of Class: The Political Exclusion of the British Working Class. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, Geoffrey, and Neundorf, Anja. 2020. “Core Political Values and the Long-Term Shaping of Partisanship.” British Journal of Political Science 50(4): 1263–1281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ezrow, Lawrence. 2005. “Are Moderate Parties Rewarded in Multiparty Systems? A Pooled Analysis of Western European Elections, 1984–1998.” European Journal of Political Research 44(6): 881–898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ezrow, Lawrence. 2008. “Parties’ Policy Programmes and the Dog that Didn’t Bark: No Evidence that Proportional Systems Promote Extreme Party Positioning.” British Journal of Political Science 38(3): 479–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ezrow, Lawrence, de Vries, Catherine, Steenbergen, Marco, and Edwards, Erica. 2011. “Mean Voter Representation and Partisan Constituency Representation: Do Parties Respond to the Mean Voter Position or to Their Supporters?” Party Politics 17(3): 275–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Falter, Jürgen W., Gabriel, Oscar W., and Rattinger, Hans. 2015. Politische Einstellungen, politische Partizipation und Wählerverhalten im vereinigten Deutschland 2002 (Studie zur Bundestagswahl 2002). GESIS Datenarchiv, Köln. ZA3861 Datenfile Version 3.0.0. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.11967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Faus, Jana, Knaup, Horand, Rüter, Michael, Schroth, Yvonne, and Stauss, Frank. 2018. “Aus Fehlern lernen. Eine Analyse der Bundestagswahl 2017.” Report SPD. www.spd.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Sonstiges/Evaluierung_SPD__BTW2017.pdf. Last accessed: February 12, 2022.Google Scholar

Fernández-Macías, Enrique. 2012. “Job Polarization in Europe? Changes in the Employment Structure and Job Quality, 1995–2007.” Work and Occupations 39(2): 157–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fernandez-Vazquez, Pablo. 2014. “And Yet It Moves: The Effect of Election Platforms on Party Policy Images.” Comparative Political Studies 47(14): 1919–1944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fernandez-Vazquez, Pablo, and Somer-Topcu, Zeynep. 2019. “The Informational Role of Party Leader Changes on Voter Perceptions of Party Positions.” British Journal of Political Science 49(3): 977–996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fetzer, Thiemo. 2019. “Did Austerity Cause Brexit?” American Economic Review 109(11): 3849–3886.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fieldhouse, Ed, Green, Jane, Evans, Geoff, Schmitt, Hermann, van der Eijk, Cees, Mellon, Jonathan, Prosser, Chris. 2016. British Election Study, 2015: Face-to-Face Post-Election Survey. [Data collection]. UK Data Service. SN: 7972, http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7972-1. Last accessed: February 7, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fortunato, David, and Stevenson, Randolph T.. 2013. “Perceptions of Partisan Ideologies: The Effects of Coalition Participation.” American Journal of Political Science 57(2): 459–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fortunato, David, and Adams, James. 2015. “How Voters’ Perceptions of Junior Coalition Partners Depend on the Prime Minister’s Position.” European Journal of Political Research 54(3): 601–621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fox Piven, Frances. 1991. Labor Parties in Postindustrial Societies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Fox Piven, Frances. 1991. “The Decline of Labor Parties: An Overview.” In Labor Parties in Postindustrial Societies, ed. Piven, Frances Fox. New York: Oxford University Press: 1–19.Google Scholar

Franklin, Mark., Mackie, Thomas T., and Valen, Henry. 1992. Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Freemark, Yonah, Steil, Justin, and Thelen, Kathleen. 2020. “Varieties of Urbanism: A Comparative View of Inequality and the Dual Dimensions of Metropolitan Fragmentation.” Politics & Society 48(2): 235–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frega, Roberto. 2018. “Has Social Democracy Run Out of Steam?”, Manuscript.Google Scholar

Frega, Roberto. 2020. Le projet démocratique: une approche pragmatiste. Paris: Ed. De la Sorbonne.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frega, Roberto. 2021. “The Fourth Stage of Social Democracy.” Theory and Society 50(3): 489–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ganzeboom, Harry B. G. 2013. “ISCO-88 Codes for Parental Occupations in the European Social Survey, Rounds 1-2-3-4-5.” Amsterdam: VU University. www.harryganzeboom.nl/ESS-DEVO/citation_fmisko.htm. Last accessed: June 10, 2020.Google Scholar

Garrett, Geoffrey. 1998. Partisan Politics in the Global Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garritzmann, Julian L., Busemeyer, Marius R., and Neimanns, Erik. 2018. “Public Demand for Social Investment: New Supporting Coalitions for Welfare State Reform in Western Europe?” Journal of European Public Policy 25(6): 844–861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garritzmann, Julian. L., and Schwander, Hanna. 2021. “Gender and Attitudes toward Welfare State Reform: Are Women Really Social Investment Promoters?” Journal of European Social Policy 31(3): 253–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garritzmann, Julian L., Häusermann, Silja, and Palier, Bruno. 2022. The World Politics of Social Investment: Volume I: Welfare States in the Knowledge Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Genovese, Federica, Schneider, Gerald, and Wassmann, Pia. 2016. “The Eurotower Strikes Back: Crises, Adjustments, and Europe’s Austerity Protests.” Comparative Political Studies 49(7): 939–967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Giddens, Anthony. 1998. The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Gidron, Noam. 2022. “Many Ways to Be Right: Cross-Pressured Voters in Western Europe.” British Journal of Political Science 52(1): 146–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gidron, Noam, and Hall, Peter. 2017. “The Politics of Social Status: Economic and Cultural Roots of the Populist Right.” British Journal of Sociology 68(1): 557–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gidron, Noam, and Hall, Peter. 2019. “Populism as a Problem of Social Integration.” Comparative Political Studies 53(7): 1027–1059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Giger, Nathalie, and Nelson, Moira. 2011. “The Electoral Consequences of Welfare State Retrenchment: Blame Avoidance or Credit Claiming in the Era of Permanent Austerity?” European Journal of Political Research 50(1): 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilmore, Thomas North. 1988. Making a Leadership Change: How Organizations and Leaders Can Handle Leadership Transitions Successfully. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Gingrich, Jane. 2011. Making Markets in the Welfare State: The Politics of Varying Market Reforms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gingrich, Jane, and Ansell, Ben. 2012. “Preferences in Context: Micro Preferences, Macro Contexts, and the Demand for Social Policy.” Comparative Political Studies 45(12): 1624–1654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gingrich, Jane, and Häusermann, Silja. 2015. “The Decline of the Working-Class Vote, the Reconfiguration of the Welfare Support Coalition and Consequences for the Welfare State.” Journal of European Social Policy 25(1): 50–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gingrich, Jane, and Lynch, Julia. 2019. “Integrative Institutions and Mainstream Party Collapse. The Regional Context.” Working Paper.Google Scholar

Gingrich, Jane, McArthur, Daniel, and Cuibus, Minhea. 2023. Regional Human Capital Database. Unpublished Dataset.Google Scholar

Glass, Jennifer, Bengtson, Vern L., and Chorn Dunham, Charlotte. 1986. “Attitude Similarity in Three-Generation Families: Socialization, Status Inheritance, or Reciprocal Influence?” American Sociological Review 51(5): 685–698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

GLES. 2020. GLES Querschnitt 2009–2017, Kumulation. GESIS Datenarchiv, Köln. ZA6835 Datenfile Version 1.0.0. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glyn, Andrew. 2001. Social Democracy in Neoliberal Times: The Left and Economic Policy Since 1980. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodhart, David. 2017. The Road to Somewhere: The Populist Revolt and the Future of Politics. London: Hurst & Company.Google Scholar

Goren, Paul. 2012. On Voter Competence. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goren, Paul, and Chapp, Christopher. 2017. “Moral Power: How Public Opinion on Culture War Issues Shapes Partisan Predispositions and Religious Orientations.” American Political Science Review 111(1): 110–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grant, Zack P., and Tilley, James. 2023. “Why the Left Has More to Lose from Ideological Convergence than the Right.” Party Politics, 29(5): 803–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Green, Jane. 2015. “Party and Voter Incentives at the Crowded Centre of British Politics.” Party Politics 21(1): 80–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Green, Jane, and Jennings, Will. 2017. The Politics of Competence: Parties, Public Opinion and Voters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Green-Pedersen, Christoffer. 2019. The Reshaping of West European Party Politics: Agenda-Setting and Party Competition in Comparative Perspective. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Green-Pedersen, Christoffer, and Kersbergen, Kees van. 2002. “The Politics of the ‘Third Way’: The Transformation of Social Democracy in Denmark and the Netherlands.” Party Politics 8(5): 507–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greene, Zachary David, and Haber, Matthias. 2015. “The Consequences of Appearing Divided: An Analysis of Party Evaluations and Vote Choice.” Electoral Studies 37: 15–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greive, Martin, and Stratmann, Klaus. October 21, 2018. “Malu Dreyer über GroKo-Streit: ‘Wir müssen künftig früher die Notbremse ziehen.’” Handelsblatt. www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/stellvertretende-spd-vorsitzende-malu-dreyer-ueber-groko-streit-wir-muessen-kuenftig-frueher-die-notbremse-ziehen/23207506.html?ticket=ST-8935050-CvGT2puNT6JeLVxELtdL-ap6. Last accessed: February 12, 2022.Google Scholar

Grofman, Bernard. 2004. “Downs and Two-Party Competition.” Annual Review of Political Science 7: 25–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grossmann, Emiliano, and Guinaudeau, Isabelle 2021. Do Elections Still Matter? Mandates, Institutions, and Policies in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grusky, Oscar. 1960. “Administrative Succession in Formal Organizations.” Social Forces 39(2): 105–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gumbrell-McCormick, Rebecca, and Hyman, Richard. 2013. Trade Unions in Western Europe: Hard Times, Hard Choices. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Güveli, Ayse, Need, Ariana, and Dirk de Graaf, Nan. 2007. “The Rise of ‘New’ Social Classes within the Service Class in the Netherlands: Political Orientation of Social and Cultural Specialists and Technocrats between 1970 and 2003.” Acta Sociologica 50(2): 129–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hadziabdic, Sinisa, and Baccaro, Lucio. 2020. “A Switch or a Process? Disentangling the Effects of Union Membership on Political Attitudes in Switzerland and the UK.” Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 59(3): 466–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hagevi, Magnus, Blombäck, Sofie, Demker, Marie, Hinnfors, Jonas, and Loxbo, Karl. 2022. Party Realignment in Western Europe: Electoral Drivers and Global Constraints. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hainmueller, Jens and Hopkins, Daniel J.. 2014. “Public Attitudes towards Immigration.” Annual Review of Political Science 17: 225–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hall, Peter A. 1989. The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism across Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hall, Peter A. 2017. “The Political Sources of Social Solidarity.” In The Strains of Commitment: The Political Sources of Solidarity in Diverse Societies, eds. Banting, Keith and Kymlicka, Will. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 201–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hall, Peter A. 2021. “How Growth Strategies Evolve in the Developed Democracies.” In Growth and Welfare in Advanced Capitalist Economies, eds. Hassel, Anke and Palier, Bruno. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 57–97.Google Scholar

Hall, Peter A., Evans, Georgina, and In Kim, Sung. 2022. Political Change and Electoral Coalitions in Western Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harmel, Robert, Heo, Uk, Tan, Alexander, and Janda, Kenneth. 1995. “Performance, Leadership, Factions and Party Change: An Empirical Analysis.” West European Politics 18(1): 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hassel, Anke. 2015. “Trade Unions and the Future of Democratic Capitalism.” In The Politics of Advanced Capitalism, eds. Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, Kitschelt, Herbert, and Kriesi, Hanspeter. New York: Cambridge University Press: 231–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haupt, Andrea B. 2010: “Parties’ Responses to Economic Globalization. What Is Left for the Left and Right for the Right?” Party Politics 16(1): 5–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Häusermann, Silja. 2010. The Politics of Welfare State Reform in Continental Europe: Modernization in Hard Times. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Häusermann, Silja. 2018. “Social Democracy and the Welfare State in Context: The Conditioning Effect of Institutional Legacies and Party Competition.” In Welfare Democracies and Party Politics: Explaining Electoral Dynamics in Times of Changing Welfare Capitalism, eds. Manow, Philip, Palier, Bruno, and Schwander, Hanna. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 150–170.Google Scholar

Häusermann, Silja, and Schwander, Hanna. 2012. “Varieties of Dualization? Labor Market Segmentation and Insider-Outsider Divides across Regimes.” In The Age of Dualization: The Changing Face of Inequality in Deindustrializing Societies, eds. Emmenegger, Patrick, Häusermann, Silja, Palier, Bruno, and Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 27–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Häusermann, Silja, and Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2015. “What Do Voters Want? Dimensions and Configurations in Individual-Level Preferences and Party Choice.” In The Politics of Advanced Capitalism, eds. Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, Kitschelt, Herbert, and Kriesi, Hanspeter. New York: Cambridge University Press: 202–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Häusermann, Silja, Kurer, Thomas, and Schwander, Hanna. 2015. “High-Skilled Outsiders? Labor Market Vulnerability, Education and Welfare State Preferences.” Socio-Economic Review 13(2): 235–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Häusermann, Silja, Pinggera, Michael, Ares, Macarena, and Enggist, Matthias. 2019. “The Limits of Solidarity. Changing Welfare Coalitions in a Transforming European Party System.” Manuscript.Google Scholar

Häusermann, Silja, Pinggera, Michael, Ares, Macarena, and Enggist, Matthias. 2021. “Class and Social Policy in the Knowledge Economy.” European Journal of Political Research 61(2): 462–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Häusermann, Silja, Garritzmann, Julian, and Palier, Bruno. 2022. “The Politics of Social Investment: A Global Theoretical Framework.” In The World Politics of Social Investment (Volume I): Welfare States in the Knowledge Economy, eds. Garritzmann, Julian L., Häusermann, Silja, and Palier, Bruno. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 59–105.Google Scholar

Häusermann, Silja, Abou-Chadi, Tarik, Bürgisser, Reto, Enggist, Matthias, Mitteregger, Reto, Mosimann, Nadja, and Zollinger, Delia. 2022. Wählerschaft und Perspektiven der Sozialdemokratie in der Schweiz. Zürich: NZZ Libro.Google Scholar

Häusermann, Silja, Thomas Kurer and Delia Zollinger. 2023. “Aspiration versus Apprehension: Economic Opportunities and Electoral Preferences”, British Journal of Political Science, 53(4), 1230–1251.Google Scholar

Häusermann, Silja, Ares, Macarena, Enggist, Matthias, and Pinggera, Michael. forthcoming. The Politics of Welfare Reform in 21st Century Western Europe: Inclusion or Segmentation? Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hechter, Michael. 2004. “From Class to Culture.” American Journal of Sociology 110(2): 400–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hellemans, Staf. 2020. “Pillarization (‘Verzuiling’): On Organized ‘Self-Contained Worlds’ in the Modern World.” The American Sociologist 51: 124–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hellwig, Timothy. 2015. Globalization and Mass Politics: Maintaining the Room to Maneuver. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hemerijck, Anton. 2013. Changing Welfare States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hernandez, Enrique and Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2016. “The Political Consequences of the Financial and Economic Crisis in Europe.” European Journal of Political Research, 55(2): 203–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herrigel, Gary. 2000. Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (Vol. 9). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hibbs, Jr., Douglas A. 1977. “Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy.” The American Political Science Review 71(4): 1467–1487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hinnfors, Jonas, Spehar, Andrea, and Bucken-Knapp, Gregg. 2012. “The Missing Factor: Why Social Democracy Can Lead to Restrictive Immigration Policy.” Journal of European Public Policy 19(4): 585–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hjorth, Frederik, and Vinæs Larsen, Martin. 2022. “When Does Accommodation Work? Electoral Effects of Mainstream Left Position Taking on Immigration.” British Journal of Political Science 52(2): 949–957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hobolt, Sara B., and Tilley, James. 2016. “Fleeing the Centre: The Rise of Challenger Parties in the Aftermath of the Euro Crisis.” West European Politics 39(5): 971–991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hobolt, Sara B., Leeper, Thomas J., and Tilley, James. 2021. “Divided by the Vote: Affective Polarization in the Wake of the Brexit Vote.” British Journal of Political Science 51(4): 1476–1493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holmberg, S., Ekengren Oscarsson, H., & Statistics Sweden. 2006. Swedish Election Study 2002 (1.0) [Data Set]. University of Gothenburg. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5878/002643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holmberg, Sören, and Oscarsson, Henrik. 2012. Statistics Sweden. University of Gothenburg, Department of Political Science. Swedish Election Study 2006. Swedish National Data Service. Version 2.0. https://doi.org/10.5878/002526. Last accessed: February 7, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holmberg, Sören, and Oscarsson, Henrik. 2017. University of Gothenburg, Department of Political Science. Swedish Election Study 2010. Swedish National Data Service. Version 1.0. https://doi.org/10.5878/002905. Last accessed: February 7, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hooghe, Liesbet, and Marks, Gary. 2009. “A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus.” British Journal of Political Science 39(1): 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hooghe, Liesbet, and Marks, Gary. 2018. “Cleavage Theory Meets Europe’s Crises: Lipset, Rokkan, and the Transnational Cleavage.” Journal of European Public Policy 25(1): 109–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hope, David, and Martelli, Angelo. 2019. “The Transition to the Knowledge Economy, Labor Market Institutions, and Income Inequality in Advanced Democracies.” World Politics 71(2): 236–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hopkin, Jonathan, and Blythe, Mark. 2019. “The Global Economics of European Populism: Growth Regimes and Party System Change in Europe.” Government and Opposition 54(2): 193–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Horn, Alexander. 2021. “The Asymmetric Long-Term Electoral Consequences of Unpopular Reforms: Why Retrenchment Really Is a Losing Game for Left Parties.” Journal of European Public Policy 28(9): 1494–1517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Houtman, Dirk, Achterberg, Peter, and Derks, Anton. 2008. Farewell to the Leftist Working Class. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Hübscher, Evelyne, and Sattler, Thomas. 2017. “Fiscal Consolidation under Electoral Risk.” European Journal of Political Research 56(1): 151–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hübscher, Evelyne, Sattler, Thomas, and Wagner, Markus. 2020. “Does Austerity Cause Political Polarization and Fragmentation?” SSRN Working Paper. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3541546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hübscher, Evelyne, Sattler, Thomas, and Wagner, Markus. 2021. “Voter Responses to Fiscal Austerity.” British Journal of Political Science 51(4): 1751–1760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Inglehart, Ronald. 1971. “The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-industrial Societies.” American Political Science Review 65(4): 991–1017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Inglehart, Ronald. 1977. The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Inglehart, Ronald, and Norris, Pippa. 2019. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David. 2006. “Electoral Institutions and the Politics of Coalitions: Why Some Democracies Redistribute More Than Others.” American Political Science Review 100(2): 165–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David. 2019. Democracy and Prosperity: Reinventing Capitalism through a Turbulent Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Iversen, Torben, and Rehm, Philipp. 2022. Big Data and the Welfare State: How the Information Revolution Threatens Social Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Irwin, Gale A., van Holsteyn, Jopp J.M., den Ridder, Josje M., and Stichting Kiezersonderzoek Nederland (SKON). 2003. Nationaal Kiezersonderzoek, NKO 2002 2003. DANS. http://dx.doi.org/10.17026/dans-zk3-7d56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacobs, Alan M. 2016. “Policy Making for the Long Term in Advanced Democracies.” Annual Review of Political Science 19: 433–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacques, Olivier, and Haffert, Lukas. 2021. “Are Governments Paying a Price for Austerity? Fiscal Consolidations Reduce Government Approval.” European Political Science Review 13(2): 189–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jahn, Detlef. 2006. “Globalization as ‘Galton’s Problem’: The Missing Link in the Analysis of Diffusion Patterns in Welfare State Development.” International Organization 60(2): 401–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jansen, Giedo, Evans, Geoffrey, and Dirk de Graaf, Nan. 2013. “Class Voting and Left–Right Party Positions: A Comparative Study of 15 Western Democracies, 1960–2005.” Social Science Research 42(2): 376–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jennings, M. Kent, and Niemi, Richard G.. 1968. “The Transmission of Political Values from Parent to Child.” The American Political Science Review 62(1): 169–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jennings, M. Kent, Stoker, Laura, and Bowers, Jake. 2009. “Politics across Generations: Family Transmission Reexamined.” The Journal of Politics 71(3): 782–799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jennings, Will, and Wlezien, Christopher. 2016. “The Timeline of Elections: A Comparative Perspective.” American Journal of Political Science 60(1): 219–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jessee, Stephen A. 2012. Ideology and Spatial Voting in American Elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jun, Uwe, and Jakobs, Simon. 2021. “The Selection of Party Leaders in Germany.” In Managing Leader Selection in European Political Parties, eds. Aylott, Nicholas and Bolin, Niklas. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan: 73–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jusko, Karen Long. 2017. Who Speaks for the Poor? Electoral Geography, Party Entry, and Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaiser, Mark A. 2014. “The Elusive Economic Vote.” In Comparing Democracies. Elections and Voting in a Changing World. Fourth Edition, eds. LeDuc, Lawrence, Niemi, Richard G., and Norris, Pippa. London: Sage: 112–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karreth, Johannes, Polk, Jonathan T., and Allen, Christopher S.. 2013. “Catchall or Catch and Release? The Electoral Consequences of Social Democratic Parties’ March to the Middle in Western Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 46(7): 791–822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kastning, Thomas. 2013. “Basics on Social Democracy.” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Ghana. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ghana/10519.pdf.Google Scholar

Katz, Richard, and Mair, Peter. 1995. “Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party.” Party Politics 1(1): 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, Richard, and Mair, Peter. 2009. “The Cartel Party Thesis: A Restatement.” Perspectives on Politics 7(4): 753–766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, Richard, and Mair, Peter. 2018. Democracy and the Cartelization of Political Parties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katznelson, Ira, and Zolberg, Aristide R.. 1986. Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Katznelson, Ira. 2013. Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar

Keman, Hans. 2011. “Third Ways and Social Democracy: The Right Way to Go?” British Journal of Political Science 41(3): 671–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kirchheimer, Otto. 1966. “The Transformation of the Western European Party Systems.” In Political Parties and Political Development, eds. LaPalombara, Joseph and Weiner, Myron. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press: 177–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kister, Kurt. March 8, 2018. “Der Sturz des Ego-Tiers.” Süddeutsche Zeitung. www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/sigmar-gabriel-sturz-kommentar-1.3897747. Last accessed: February 12, 2022.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 1994. The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 2000. “Citizens, Politicians, and Party Cartellization: Political Representation and State Failure in Post-industrial Democracies.” European Journal of Political Research 37(2): 149–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, and McGann, Anthony J.. 1995. The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 1999. “European Social Democracy between Political Economy and Electoral Competition.” In Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism, eds. Kitschelt, Herbert, Lange, Peter, Marks, Gary, and Stephen, John. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 317–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 2012. “Social Class and the Radical Right: Conceptualizing Political Preference Formation and Partisan Choice.” In Class Politics and the Radical Right, ed. Rydgren, Jens. London: Routledge: 224–251.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, and McGann, Anthony J.. 1995. The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, and Rehm, Philipp. 2014. “Occupations as a Site of Political Preference Formation.” Comparative Political Studies 47(12): 1670–1706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, and Rehm, Philipp. 2015. “Party Alignments: Change and Continuity.” In The Politics of Advanced Capitalism, eds. Beramendi, Pablo, Häusermann, Silja, Kitschelt, Herbert, and Kriesi, Hanspeter. New York: Cambridge University Press: 179–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, and Rehm, Philipp. 2019. “Secular Partisan Realignment in the United States: The Socioeconomic Reconfiguration of White Partisan Support since the New Deal Era.” Politics & Society 47(3): 425–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, and Rehm, Philipp. 2023. “Polarity Reversal: The Socioeconomic Reconfiguration of Partisan Support in Knowledge Societies.” Politics & Society, 51(4): 520–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kjellberg, Anders. 2008. “Union Density and Specialist/Professional Unions in Sweden.” Conference Paper.Google Scholar

Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, Budge, Ian, and McDonald, Michael D.. 2006. Mapping Policy Preferences II: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments in Eastern Europe, European Union and OECD 1990–2003. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Koole, Ruud. 1996. “Cadre, Catch-All or Cartel? A Comment on the Notion of the Cartel Party.” Party Politics 2(4): 507–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Korpi, Walter. 1983. The Democratic Class Struggle. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Kneebone, Elizabeth, and Garr, Emily. 2010. The Suburbanization of Poverty: Trends in Metropolitan America, 2000 to 2008. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.Google Scholar

Knutsen, Oddbjørn. 2006. Class Voting in Western Europe: A Comparative Longitudinal Study. Lanham: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Knutsen, Oddbjørn. 2007. “The Decline of Social Class?” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, eds. Dalton, Russel J. and Klingemann, Hans-Dieter. New York: Oxford University Press: 457–480.Google Scholar

Knutsen, Oddbjørn. 2018. Social Structure, Value Orientations and Party Choice in Western Europe. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kocka, Jürgen. 1990. Weder Stand noch Klasse: Unterschichten um 1800. Bonn: J.H.W. Dietz.Google Scholar

Koedam, Jelle. 2022. “A Change of Heart? Analysing Stability and Change in European Party Positions.” West European Politics: 45(4): 693–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Koelble, Thomas A. 1991. The Left Unraveled: Social Democracy and the New Left Challenge in Britain and West Germany. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Kollman, Ken, Hicken, Allen, Caramani, Daniele, and Backer, David. 2010. “Constituency-level Elections Archive (CLEA).” Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan. www.electiondataarchive.orgGoogle Scholar

Kollman, Ken, Hicken, Allen, Caramani, Daniele, Backer, David, and Lublin, David. 2017. “Constituency-level Elections Archive (CLEA).” Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan. www.electiondataarchive.orgGoogle Scholar

Koole, Ruud. 1996. “Cadre, Catch-All or Cartel? A Comment on the Notion of the Cartel Party.” Party Politics 2(4), 507–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Korpi, Walter. 1983. The Democratic Class Struggle. London: Routledge & K. Paul.Google Scholar

Kohn, Melvin L. 1977. Class and Conformity: A Study in Values, with a Reassessment. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Kraft, Jonas. 2017. “Social Democratic Austerity: The Conditional Role of Agenda Dynamics and Issue Ownership.” Journal of European Public Policy 24(10): 1430–1449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krause, Werner, Cohen, Denis, and Abou-Chadi, Tarik. 2020. “Does Accommodation Work? Mainstream Party Strategies and the Success of Radical Right Parties.” Working Paper.Google Scholar

Kriesi, Hanspeter. 1989. “New Social Movements and the New Class in the Netherlands.” American Journal of Sociology 94(5): 1078–1116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kriesi, Hanspeter. 1999. “Movements of the Left, Movements of the Right: Putting the Mobilization of Two New Types of Social Movements into Political Context.” In Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism, eds. Kitschelt, Herbert, Lange, Peter, Marks, Gary, and Stephens, John D.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 398–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kriesi, Hanspeter, Grande, Edgar, Lachat, Romain, Dolezal, Martin, Bornschier, Simon, and Frey, Timotheos. 2006. “Globalization and the Transformation of the National Political Space: Six European Countries Compared.” European Journal of Political Research 45(6): 921–956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kriesi, Hanspeter, Grande, Edgar, Lachat, Romain, Dolezal, Martin, Bornschier, Simon, and Frey, Timotheos. 2008. West European Politics in the Age of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kriesi, Hanspeter, Grande, Edgar, Dolezal, Martin, Helbling, Marc, Höglinger, Dominic, Hutter, Swen, and Wüest, Bruno. 2012. Political Conflict in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kristensen, Thomas Artmann, Green-Pedersen, Christoffer, Mortensen, Peter B., and Seeberg, Henrik Bech. 2022. “Avoiding or Engaging Problems? Issue Ownership, Problem Indicators, and Party Issue Competition.” Journal of European Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2022.2135754.Google Scholar

Kritzinger, Sylvia, Zeglovits, Eva, Aichholzer, Julian, Glantschnigg, Christian, Glinitzer, Konstantin, Johann, David, Thomas, Kathrin, and Wagner, Markus. 2020. AUTNES Pre- and Post Panel Study 2013 (SUF edition), https://doi.org/10.11587/LBAHIZ, AUSSDA, V1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kühnel, Steffen, Niedermayer, Oskar, and Westle, Bettina. 2012. Bundestagswahl 2005 – Bürger und Parteien in einer veränderten Welt. GESIS Datenarchiv, Köln. ZA4332 Datenfile Version 2.0.0. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.11463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kurer, Thomas. 2020. “The Declining Middle: Occupational Change, Social Status, and the Populist Right.” Comparative Political Studies 53(10–11): 1798–1835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kurer, Thomas, and Van Staalduinen, Britta. 2022. “Disappointed Expectations: Downward Mobility and Electoral Change.” American Political Science Review 116(4): 1340–1356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kurer, Thomas and Häusermann, Silja. 2022. “Automation Risk, Social Policy Preferences, and Political Participation.” In Digitalisation and the Welfare State, eds. Busemeyer, Marius R., Kemmerling, Achim, Kersbergen, Kees Van, and Marx, Paul. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 139–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Langsæther, Peter Egge. 2019. “Cleavage Politics in the 21st Century. How and Why Social Background Affects Political Preferences.” PhD thesis, University of Oslo.Google Scholar

Lau, Richard R., Patel, Parina, Fahmy, Dalia F., and Kaufman, Robert R.. 2014. “Correct Voting across Thirty-Three Democracies: A Preliminary Analysis.” British Journal of Political Science 44(2): 239–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lavelle, Ashley. 2008. The Death of Social Democracy: Political Consequences in the 21st Century. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar

Laver, Michael. 2005. “Policy and the Dynamics of Political Competition.” American Political Science Review 99(2): 263–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laver, Michael, and Sergenti, Ernest. 2011. Party Competition: An Agent-Based Model. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

LeDuc, Lawrence. 2001. “Democratizing Party Leadership Selection.” Party Politics 7(3): 323–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lehrer, Ron. 2012. “Intra-Party Democracy and Party Responsiveness.” West European Politics 35(6): 1295–1319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Stegmaier, Mary. 2000. “Economic Determinants of Electoral Outcomes.” Annual Review of Political Science 3(1): 183–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lilla, Mark. 2018. The Once and Future Liberal: After Identity Politics. London: Hurst & Company.Google Scholar

Lin, Tse-Min, Enelow, James M., and Dorussen, Han. 1999. “Equilibrium in Multicandidate Probabilistic Spatial Voting.” Public Choice 98(1/2): 59–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lindvall, Johannes, and Rueda, David. 2014. “The Insider–Outsider Dilemma.” British Journal of Political Science 44(2): 460–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lipset, Seymour M. 1959. “Democracy and Working-Class Authoritarianism.” American Sociological Review 24(4): 482–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1960. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. New York: Doubleday & Co.Google Scholar

Lipset, Seymour M., and Rokkan, Stein. 1967. “Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction.” In Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, eds. Lipset, Seymour M., and Rokkan, Stein. New York: Free Press: 1–65.Google Scholar

Lockwood, Matthew. 2018. “Right-Wing Populism and the Climate Change Agenda: Exploring the Linkages.” Environmental Politics 27(4): 712–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lowe, Will, Benoit, Kenneth, Mikhaylov, Slava, and Laver, Michael. 2011. “Scaling Policy Preferences from Coded Political Texts.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 36(1): 123–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lowe, Will, Benoit, Kenneth, Mikhaylov, Slava, and Laver, Michael. 2012. “Codebook for the Manifesto Project Data Extended to Include the Logit Scales and Standard Errors (Version 5.0).” Harvard Dataverse. http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/17073.Google Scholar

Loxbo, Karl, Hinnfors, Jonas, Hagevi, Magnus, Blombäck, Sofie, and Demker, Marie. 2021. “The Decline of Western European Social Democracy: Exploring the Transformed Link between Welfare State Generosity and the Electoral Strength of Social Democratic Parties, 1975–2014.” Party Politics 27(3): 430–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lupu, Noam. 2014. “Brand Dilution and the Breakdown of Political Parties in Latin America.” World Politics 66(4): 561–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lupu, Noam. 2016. Party Brands in Crisis: Partisanship, Brand Dilution, and the Breakdown of Political Parties in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Macdonald, David. 2019. “Labor Unions and Support for Redistribution in an Era of Inequality.” Social Science Quarterly 100(4): 1197–1214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mair, Peter. 2013. Ruling the Void: The Hollowing of Western Democracy. London: Verso.Google Scholar

Manager Magazin. 2004. “Schröder tritt als SPD-Chef zurück.” February 6, 2004. Manager Magazin. www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/artikel/a-285175.html. Last accessed: February 12, 2022.Google Scholar

Manow, Philip, Palier, Bruno, and Schwander, Hanna. 2018. Welfare Democracies and Party Politics: Explaining Electoral Dynamics in Times of Changing Welfare Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Margalit, Yotam. 2019. “Economic Insecurity and the Causes of Populism, Reconsidered.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 33(4): 152–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, Thomas Humphrey. 1950. Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mason, Lilliana. 2018. Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Matwijkiw, Anja, and Matwijkiw, Bronik. 2018. “Marx, Gender Issues, and Modes of Interpretation: Competing Outlooks on the Possibility of a Transition from Historical Materialism to Feminism.” The Philosophical Forum 49(1): 83–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maxwell, Rahsaan. 2019. “Cosmopolitan Immigration Attitudes in Large European Cities: Contextual or Compositional Effects?” American Political Science Review 113(2): 456–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McAllister, Ian. 2007. “The Personalization of Politics.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, eds. Dalton, Russell J. and Klingemann, Hans-Dieter. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 571–588.Google Scholar

Meguid, Bonnie M. 2008. Party Competition between Unequals: Strategies and Electoral Fortunes in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mendelberg, Tali. 2018. “From the Folk Theorem to Symbolic Politics: Toward a More Realistic Understanding of Voter Behavior.” Critical Review 30(1–2): 107–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Merkel, Wolfgang, Petring, Alexander, Henkes, Christian, and Egle, Christoph. 2008. Social Democracy in Power: The Capacity to Reform. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Merkle, Wolfgang, and Zürn, Michael. 2019. “The Defects of Cosmopolitan and Communitarian Democracy.” In The Struggle over Borders: Cosmopolitanism and Communitarianism, eds. de Wilde, Pieter, Koopmans, Ruud, Merkel, Wolfgang, Strijbis, Oliver, and Zürn, Michael. Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres: 207–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Merkur. 2018. “SPD-Vorsitz: Das sagt Andrea Nahles zu ihrer Nominierung.” February 13, 2018. Merkur. www.merkur.de/politik/spd-vorsitz-sagt-andrea-nahles-zu-ihrer-nominierung-zr-9611964.html. Last accessed: February 12, 2022.Google Scholar

Meyer, Thomas. 2013. Constraints on Party Policy Change. Colchester, Essex: ECPR Press.Google Scholar

Meyer, Thomas, and Hinchman, Lewis. 2007. The Theory of Social Democracy. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Morel, Nathalie, Palier, Bruno, and Palme, Joakim. 2012. Towards a Social Investment Welfare State?: Ideas, Policies and Challenges. Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar

Moretti, Enrico. 2012. The New Geography of Jobs. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar

Mosimann, Nadja, and Pontusson, Jonas. 2017. “Solidaristic Unionism and Support for Redistribution in Contemporary Europe.” World Politics 69(3): 448–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mosimann, Nadja, and Pontusson, Jonas. 2022. “Varieties of Trade Unions and Support for Redistribution.” West European Politics 45(6): 1310–1333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mudge, Stephanie. 2018. Leftism Reinvented: Western Parties from Socialism to Neoliberalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Müller, Wolfgang C., and Strøm, Kaare. 1999. Policy, Office, or Votes?: How Political Parties in Western Europe Make Hard Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Neundorf, Anja, and Smets, Kaat. 2017. “Political Socialization and the Making of Citizens.” Oxford Handbooks Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935307.013.98. Last accessed: September 14, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Naurin, E., Royed, T., & Thomson, R. 2019. Party Mandates and Democracy: Making, Breaking, and Keeping Election Pledges in Twelve Countries. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O’Grady, Tom. 2019. “Careerists versus Coal-Miners: Welfare Reforms and the Substantive Representation of Social Groups in the British Labour Party.” Comparative Political Studies 52(4): 544–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar