Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T12:04:26.059Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section I - Abortion Training: Workforce, Leadership, Social & Political Impact

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2021

Uta Landy
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Philip D Darney
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Jody Steinauer
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Advancing Women's Health Through Medical Education
A Systems Approach in Family Planning and Abortion
, pp. 7 - 100
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Flexner, A. Medical education in the United States and Canada. From the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Bulletin Number Four, 1910. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80(7):594602.Google Scholar
Frenk, J, Chen, L, Bhutta, ZA, et al. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet. 2010;376(9756):19231958. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61854-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manyazewal, T. Using the World Health Organization health system building blocks through survey of healthcare professionals to determine the performance of public healthcare facilities. Arch Public Health. 2017;75:50. doi:10.1186/s13690-017-0221-9Google Scholar
A statement on abortion by one hundred professors of obstetrics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972;112(7):992998. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(72)90826-5Google Scholar
Federal Support for Graduate Medical Education: An Overview. Congressional Research Service; 2018. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44376.pdf.Google Scholar
ABMS | American Board of Medical Specialties. www.abms.org. Accessed April 4, 2020.Google Scholar
Ryan, KJ. Historical Perspective, 1972–73 Revisited. In Conference on Impact of Subspecialization on Residency Training and Practice of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Chicago, IL: The American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology; 1991:34.Google Scholar
Creinin, MD, Darney, PD. Methotrexate and misoprostol for early abortion. Contraception. 1993;48(4):339348. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(93)90079-mCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, AB, Greenberg, MB, Darney, PD. Misoprostol and pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(1):3847. doi:10.1056/NEJM200101043440107Google Scholar
ABOG. www.abog.org. Accessed April 4, 2020.Google Scholar
ACGME Home. www.acgme.org. Accessed April 4, 2020.Google Scholar
Committees and Members Selection Process. www.acgme.org/About-Us/Committees-and-Members-Selection-Process. Accessed April 4, 2020.Google Scholar
Fellowship in Complex Family Planning Advisory Board. Guide to Learning in Complex Family Planning. 2019.Google Scholar
Fellowship in Complex Family Planning. General Requirements for a Post-Graduate Program in the Subspecialty Area of Complex Family Planning. 2019.Google Scholar
Zeldovich, VB, Rocca, CH, Langton, C, Landy, U, Ly, E, Freedman, L. Abortion policies in United States teaching hospitals: formal and informal parameters beyond the law. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(6):12961305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138196/. Accessed April 4, 2020.Google Scholar
Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.Google Scholar
Landy, U. Medical education in family planning in the United States: why and how. Poster presented at Cape Town, South Africa; 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zieman, M, Hatcher, RA, Allen, AZ, Lathrop, E, Haddad, L. Managing Contraception: For Your Pocket. 15th ed. Managing Contraception, LLC; 2018.Google Scholar
Morse, JE, Rowen, TS, Steinauer, J, Byamugisha, J, Kakaire, O. A qualitative assessment of Ugandan women’s perceptions and knowledge of contraception. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2014;124(1):3033. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.07.014Google Scholar
Lester, F, Kakaire, O, Byamugisha, J, et al. Intracesarean insertion of the copper T380A versus 6 weeks postcesarean: a randomized clinical trial. Contraception. 2015;91(3):198203. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.12.002Google Scholar
Kakaire, O, Byamugisha, JK, Tumwesigye, NM, Gemzell-Danielsson, K. Clinical versus laboratory screening for sexually transmitted infections prior to insertion of intrauterine contraception among women living with HIV/AIDS: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod Oxf Engl. 2015;30(7):15731579. doi:10.1093/humrep/dev109CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Averbach, S, Kakaire, O, McDiehl, R, Dehlendorf, C, Lester, F, Steinauer, J. The effect of immediate postpartum levonorgestrel contraceptive implant use on breastfeeding and infant growth: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception. 2019;99(2):8793. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.10.008Google Scholar
Averbach, S, Kakaire, O, Kayiga, H, et al. Immediate versus delayed postpartum use of levonorgestrel contraceptive implants: a randomized controlled trial in Uganda. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(5):568.e1568.e7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.06.005Google Scholar
Lemani, C, Tang, JH, Kopp, D, et al. Contraceptive uptake after training community health workers in couples counseling: a cluster randomized trial. PloS One. 2017;12(4):e0175879. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175879CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemani, C, Kamtuwanje, N, Phiri, B, et al. Effect of family planning interventions on couple years of protection in Malawi. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;141(1):37-44. doi:10.1002/ijgo.12439CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, JH, Kaliti, C, Bengtson, A, et al. Improvement and retention of emergency obstetrics and neonatal care knowledge and skills in a hospital mentorship program in Lilongwe, Malawi. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2016;132(2):240243. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.062Google Scholar
Krashin, JW, Lemani, C, Nkambule, J, et al. A comparison of breastfeeding exclusivity and duration rates between immediate postpartum levonorgestrel versus etonogestrel implant users: a prospective cohort study. Breastfeed Med. 2019;14(1):6976. doi:10.1089/bfm.2018.0165Google Scholar
Krashin, JW, Haddad, LB, Tweya, H, et al. Factors associated with desired fertility among HIV-positive women and men attending two urban clinics in Lilongwe, Malawi. PloS One. 2018;13(6):e0198798. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198798CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chinula, L, Nelson, JAE, Wiener, J, et al. Effect of the depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable and levonorgestrel implant on HIV genital shedding: a randomized trial. Contraception. 2018;98(3):193198. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.05.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chinula, L, Hicks, M, Chiudzu, G, et al. A tailored approach to building specialized surgical oncology capacity: early experiences and outcomes in Malawi. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2018;26:6065. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2018.10.001Google Scholar
Gausi, B, Chagomerana, MB, Tang, JH, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus serodiscordance and dual contraceptive method use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men and women in Lilongwe, Malawi. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45(11):747753. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000868Google Scholar
Mbichila, TH, Chagomerana, M, Tang, JH, et al. Partnership duration and HIV serodisclosure among people living with HIV/AIDS in Lilongwe, Malawi. Int J STD AIDS. 2018;29(10):987993. doi:10.1177/0956462418769730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bula, A, Kopp, DM, Maman, S, Chinula, L, Tsidya, M, Tang, JH. Family planning knowledge, experiences and reproductive desires among women who had experienced a poor obstetric outcome in Lilongwe Malawi: a qualitative study. Contracept Reprod Med. 2018;3:22. doi:10.1186/s40834-018-0075-8Google Scholar
Mwafulirwa, T, O’Shea, MS, Hamela, G, et al. Family planning providers’ experiences and perceptions of long-acting reversible contraception in Lilongwe, Malawi. Afr J Reprod Health. 2016;20(2):6271. doi:10.29063/ajrh2016/v20i2.7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, C, Pekny, C, Omukagah, CO, et al. Integration of contraceptive services into anticoagulation management services improves access to long-acting reversible contraception. Contraception. 2018;98(6):486491. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.07.139Google Scholar
Patel, RC, Jakait, B, Thomas, K, et al. Increasing body mass index or weight does not appear to influence the association between efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy and implant effectiveness among HIV-positive women in western Kenya. Contraception. 2019;100(4):288295. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2019.06.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernard, C, Jakait, B, Fadel, W, et al. Preferences for multipurpose technology and alternative methods of antiretroviral therapy among women living with HIV in western Kenya. Poster presented at Mexico City, Mexico; 2019.Google Scholar
Negussie, D, Bekele, D, Curran, D, et al. Ethiopian and American collaboration: process, accomplishments, and lessons learned. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(3):703708. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003705Google Scholar
Truong, M, Wood, SY. Unconscionable: When Providers Deny Abortion Care. International Women’s Health Coalition; 2018. https://31u5ac2nrwj6247cya153vw9-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/IWHC_CO_Report-Web_single_pg.pdf.Google Scholar
Stifani, BM, Couto, M, Lopez, Gomez A. From harm reduction to legalization: the Uruguayan model for safe abortion. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;143(Suppl 4):4551. doi:10.1002/ijgo.12677Google Scholar

References

The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. New York: United Nations; 2015:75. http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2015/English2015.pdf.Google Scholar
Arulkumaran, S, Hediger, V, Manor, A, May, J. Saving Mothers’ Lives: Transforming Strategy into Action.  Imperial College, London: Global Health Policy Summit, Report of the Maternal Health Working Group; 2012:19.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, MI, Chang, R, Thiel de Bocanegra, H. The impact of postpartum contraception on reducing preterm birth: findings from California. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(5):703.e1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, K, Teal, SB, Potter, JE. Contraception after delivery and short interpregnancy intervals among women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(6):14711477.Google Scholar
McDorman, M, Declercq, E, Cabral, H, Morton, C. Recent Increases in the US maternal mortality rate: disentangling trends from measurement issues. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128:447553.Google Scholar
Moaddab, A, Dildy, G, Brown, H, et al. Racial differences in maternal mortality in the USA. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(4):707712.Google Scholar
Joseph, K, Lisonkova, M, Giulia, M, et al. Factors underlying the temporal increase in maternal mortality in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(1):91100.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, et al. (Eds.), on behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford; 2018. www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/mbrrace-ukGoogle Scholar
Womersley, K. Why giving birth is safer in Britain than in the U.S. ProPublica; August 31, 2017.Google Scholar
Terplan, M. Women and the opioid crisis: historical context and public health solutions. Fertil Steril. 2017;108:195–196.Google Scholar
Petersen, EE, Davis, NL, Goodman, D, et al. Vital signs: pregnancy-related deaths, United States, 2011–2015, and strategies for prevention, 13 states, 2013–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:423429. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6818e1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chescheir, N. Drilling down on maternal mortality. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128:427428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addante, A, Eisenberg, D, Leonard, J, Hoofnagle, M. The association of restricted abortion access and increasing rates of maternal mortality in the United States. Contraception. 2019;100:306.Google Scholar
Yifru, B. National Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR) Annual Report, 2010 EFY. Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Public Health Emergency Management System (PHEMS); 2011.Google Scholar
Yifru, B. Abortion-related mortality in EthiopiaEthiop J Health Sci2014;24(Suppl 0):1528.Google Scholar
Pathak, LR, Malla, DS, Pradhan, A. Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Study. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health; 1998.Google Scholar
Samandari, G, Wolf, M, Basnett, I, Hyman, A, Anderson, C. Implementation of legal abortion in Nepal: a model for rapid scale up of high-quality care. Reprod Health. 2012;9:7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abortion Task Force. Workshop Report – National Implementation Plan for Abortion Services. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health, Department of Health Services, Family Health Division; November 18–19, 2002.Google Scholar
Henderson, JT, Puri, M, Blum, M, et al. Effects of abortion legalization in Nepal, 2001–2010. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e64775.Google Scholar
Tamang, A, Puri, M, Lama, K, Shrestha, P. Pharmacy workers in Nepal can provide the correct information about using mifepristone and misoprostol to women seeking medication to induce abortion. Reprod Health Matters. 2015;(Suppl 44):104–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocca, CH, Puri, M. Shrestha, P, et al. Effectiveness and safety of early medication abortion provided in pharmacies by auxiliary nurse-midwives: a non-inferiority study in Nepal. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0191174. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191174Google Scholar
Darney, P, Nakamura, C, Regan, L, Surur, F, Thapa, K. Maternal mortality in the USA compared to Ethiopia, Nepal, Brazil and UK: contrasts in reproductive health policies. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135:16.Google Scholar
Martin, N, Montagne, R. The last person you’d expect to die in childbirth. ProPublica; May 12, 2017. www.propublica.org/article/die-in-childbirth-maternal-death-rate-health-care-systemGoogle Scholar
Veklerov, K. How California learned to keep pregnant women, new moms from dying. San Francisco Chronicle; September 4, 2018. www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/How-California-learned-to-keep-pregnant-women-and-13204352.phpGoogle Scholar
Moaddab, A, Dildy, GA, Brown, HL, et al. Health care disparity and pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 2005–2014. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(4):707712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, JT, Puri, M, Blum, M, et al. Effects of abortion legalization in Nepal, 2001–2010. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e64775.Google Scholar

References

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).Google Scholar
Greenhouse, L, Siegel, R. Before Roe v. Wade: Voices That Shaped the Abortion Debate before the Supreme Court’s Ruling. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network; 2012. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2131505Google Scholar
Gold, RB. Lessons from before Roe: will past be prologue? Issues Brief (Alan Guttmacher Inst). 2003;(5):1–4.Google Scholar
Tietze, C, Lewit, S. Joint Program for the Study of Abortion (JPSA): early medical complications of legal abortion. Stud Fam Plann. 1972;3(6):97122. doi:10.2307/1965375CrossRefGoogle Scholar
A statement on abortion by one hundred professors of obstetrics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972;112(7):992998. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(72)90826-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewit, S. Abortion Techniques and Services. Amsterdam: Excerpta medica; 1972. http://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:000382479Google Scholar
Hodgson, JE, ed. Abortion and Sterilization. London: Academic Press; 1981. www.elsevier.com/books/abortion-and-sterilization/hodgson/978-0-12-792030-6. Accessed March 31, 2020.Google Scholar
Schoen, J. Living through some giant change: the establishment of abortion services. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(3):416425. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301173Google Scholar
Landy, U, Lewit, S. Administrative, counseling and medical practices in National Abortion Federation facilities. Fam Plann Perspect. 1982;14(5):257262.Google Scholar
Burkman, RT, King, TM, Burnett, LS, Atienza, MF. University abortion programs: one year later. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974;119(1):131136. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(74)90327-5Google Scholar
Donovan, MK. In Real Life: Federal Restrictions on Abortion Coverage and the Women They Impact. Washington, DC: Guttmacher Institute; 2017:7. www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/article_files/gpr2000116.pdfGoogle Scholar
Freedman, L, Langton, C, Landy, U, Ly, E, Rocca, C. Abortion care policies and enforcement in U.S. obstetrics–gynecology teaching hospitals: a national survey. Contraception. 2017;96(4):265. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.07.017Google Scholar
Jones, RK, Jerman, J. Abortion incidence and service availability in the United States, 2014. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2017;49(1):1727. doi:10.1363/psrh.12015Google Scholar
Zekman, P. The abortion profiteers. Chicago Sun-Times; November 12, 1978. http://dlib.nyu.edu/undercover/abortion-profiteers-pamela-zekman-pamela-warrick-chicago-sun-times. Accessed March 31, 2020.Google Scholar
Clendinen, D. Abortion clinic bombings have caused disruption for many. New York Times; February 6, 1985:14.Google Scholar
Grimes, DA, Forrest, JD, Kirkman, AL, Radford, B. An epidemic of antiabortion violence in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165(5 Pt 1):12631268. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(91)90346-sCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimes, DA. Clinicians who provide abortions: the thinning ranks. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80(4):719723.Google ScholarPubMed
Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 612: abortion training and education. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(5):10551059. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000456327.96480.18Google Scholar
Herbitter, C, Bennett, A, Schubert, FD, Bennett, IM, Gold, M. Management of early pregnancy failure and induced abortion by family medicine educators. J Am Board Fam Med. 2013;26(6):751758. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2013.06.120248CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AAFP Home | American Academy of Family Physicians. www.aafp.org/home.html. Accessed April 3, 2020.Google Scholar
Wessell, NY. The triad of medicine. N Engl J Med. 1957;257(13):603605. doi:10.1056/NEJM195709262571305Google Scholar
Fellowship in Family Planning National Office, 2019 Program Data.Google Scholar
Kenneth J. Ryan Residency Training Program in Family Planning and Abortion National Office, 2019 Program Data.Google Scholar
Landy, U. Is family planning a subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology? Contraception. 2005;72(6):399401. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.017Google Scholar
Lathrop, E, Landy, U. The Fellowship in Family Planning. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;121(1):1013. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.12.005Google Scholar
Schulz, KF, Grimes, DA. The Lancet Handbook of Essential Concepts in Clinical Research. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2006.Google Scholar
The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research; 1979. www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/read-the-belmont-report/index.html#.Google Scholar
Papaya Workshop. About Papaya Workshop. http://papayaworkshop.org/. Accessed April 3, 2020.Google Scholar
ACGME. Accreditation Data System (ADS). https://apps.acgme.org/ads/Public/Reports/Report/3. Accessed April 3, 2020.Google Scholar
Zeldovich, VB, Rocca, CH, Langton, C, Landy, U, Ly, E, Freedman, L. Abortion policies in United States teaching hospitals: formal and informal parameters beyond the law. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(6):12961305. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003876Google Scholar
Steinauer, J, Dehlendorf, C, Grumbach, K, Landy, U, Darney, P. Multi-specialty family planning training: collaborating to meet the needs of women. Contraception. 2012;86(3):188190. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.12.001Google Scholar
Guiahi, M, Westover, C, Lim, S, Westhoff, CL. The New York City mayoral abortion training initiative at public hospitals. Contraception. 2012;86(5):577582. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.02.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guiahi, M, Lim, S, Westover, C, Gold, M, Westhoff, CL. Enablers of and barriers to abortion training. J Grad Med Educ. 2013;5(2):238243. doi:10.4300/JGME-D-12-00067.1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fellowship in Complex Family Planning. General Requirements for a Post-Graduate Program in the Subspecialty Area of Complex Family Planning. 2019.Google Scholar

References

Reagan, LJ. When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1997.Google Scholar
Mohr, JC. Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy. Oxford University Press; 1978.Google Scholar
Luker, K. Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1984.Google Scholar
Potts, M, Diggory, P, Peel, J. Abortion. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1977.Google Scholar
Joffe, C. Doctors of Conscience. Boston: Beacon Press; 1996.Google Scholar
Grimes, D. Every Third Woman in America: How Legal Abortion Transformed Our Nation. Carolina Beach, NC: Daymark; 2014.Google Scholar
Joffe, C. Physician provision of abortion before Roe v. Wade. Res Sociol Health Care. 1991;9:2132.Google Scholar
Cates, W, Rochat, RW, Grimes, DA, Tyler, CW. Legalized abortion: effect on national trends of maternal and abortion-related mortality (1940 through 1976). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978;132(2):211214. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(78)90926-2Google Scholar
Fathalla, MF, Sinding, SW, Rosenfield, A, Fathalla, MMF. Sexual and reproductive health for all: a call for action. Lancet. 2006;368(9552):20952100. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69483-XGoogle Scholar
Garrow, DJ. Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1998.Google Scholar
Dynak, H, Weitz, T, Joffe, C, Stewart, F, Arons, A. Honoring San Francisco’s Abortion Pinoeers. San Francisco: UCSF Center for Reproductive Health Reseach & Policy; The Regents of the University of California; 2003.Google Scholar
Leavy, Z, Kummer, JM. Criminal abortion: human hardship and unyielding laws. South Calif Law Rev. 1962;35(123):24.Google Scholar
Stewart, GK, Goldstein, PJ. Therapeutic abortion in California. Effects of septic abortion and maternal mortality. Obstet Gynecol. 1971;37(4):510514.Google Scholar
Goldstein, P, Stewart, G. Trends in therapeutic abortion in San Francisco. Am J Public Health. 1972;62(5):695699. doi:10.2105/AJPH.62.5.695Google Scholar
Arulkumaran, S, Hediger, V, Manzoor, A, May, J. Saving Mothers’ Lives: Transforming Strategy into Action. Global Health Policy Summit, Report of the Maternal Health Working Group. London: Imperial College; 2012.Google Scholar
Guttmacher, AF. Abortion: odyssey of an attitude. Fam Plann Perspect. 1973;4:1014.Google Scholar
Zatuchni, GI, Sciarra, JJ, Speidel, JJ, eds. Pregnancy Termination: Procedures, Safety, and New Developments. Hagerstown, MD: Harper & Row; 1979.Google Scholar
Margolis, AJ, Overstreet, EW. Legal abortion without hospitalization. Obstet Gynecol. 1970;36(3):479481.Google Scholar
A statement on abortion by one hundred professors of obstetrics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972;112(7):992998. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(72)90826-5Google Scholar
Darney, PD, Training physicians in elective abortion technique in the United States. In Landy, U, Ratnam, SS (Eds.), Prevention and Treatment of Contraceptive Failure: In Honor of Christopher Tietze. New York: Plenum Press; 1986: 133147.Google Scholar
Ryan, KJ. Abortion or motherhood, suicide and madness. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166(4):10291036. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(11)90587-0Google Scholar
Freedman, L. Willing and Unable: Doctors’ Constraints in Abortion Care. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press; 2010.Google Scholar
Freedman, L, Landy, U, Darney, P, Steinauer, J. Obstacles to the integration of abortion into obstetrics and gynecology practice. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2010;42(3):146151. doi:10.1363/4214610Google Scholar
Blackwell, S, Louis, JM, Norton, ME, et al. Reproductive services for women at high risk for maternal mortality: a report of the workshop of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Fellowship in Family Planning, and the Society of Family Planning. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(4):B2B18. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.12.008Google Scholar
Zeldovich, VB, Rocca, CH, Langton, C, Landy, U, Ly, E, Freedman, L. Abortion policies in United States teaching hospitals: formal and informal parameters beyond the law. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(5):12961305. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003876CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarification on Requirements Regarding Family Planning and Contraception Review Committee for Obstetrics and Gynecology. www.acgme.org/portals/0/pfassets/programresources/220_obgyn_abortion_training_clarification.pdf. Accessed June 2, 2019.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. College Statement of Policy. Abortion Policy. November 2014. www.acog.org/clinical-information/policy-and-position-statements/statements-of-policy/2017/abortion-policyGoogle Scholar
Association of American Medical Colleges. Accredited Medical Education Programs in the U.S. February 26, 2020. www.printfriendly.com/p/g/gK5Aec. Accessed April 8, 2020.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Facts Are Important. Abortion Is Health Care. www.acog.org/-/media/Departments/Government-Relations-and-Outreach/FactsAreImportantABisHC.pdf?dmc=1&ts=20190803T1459203762. Accessed August 3, 2019.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Health Care Services, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Reproductive Health Services: Assessing the Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the U.S. The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2018. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507236/. Accessed March 30, 2020.Google Scholar
Norris, A, Bessett, D, Steinberg, JR, Kavanaugh, ML, De Zordo, S, Becker, D. Abortion stigma: a reconceptualization of constituents, causes, and consequences. Womens Health Issues. 2011;21(3 Suppl):S49S54. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2011.02.010Google Scholar
Debbink, MLP, Hassinger, JA, Martin, LA, Maniere, E, Youatt, E, Harris, LH. Experiences with the Providers Share Workshop method: abortion worker support and research in tandem. Qual Health Res. 2016;26(13):18231837. doi:10.1177/1049732316661166Google Scholar
Parikh, LI, Benner, RS, Riggs, TW, Hazen, N, Chescheir, NC. Subspecialty influence on scientific peer review for an obstetrics and gynecology journal with a high impact factor. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(2):243248. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001852Google Scholar
Espey, E, Dennis, A, Landy, U. The importance of access to comprehensive reproductive health care, including abortion: a statement from women’s health professional organizations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(1):6770. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.09.008Google Scholar
One Hundred Professors of Obstetrics and Gynecology. A statement on abortion by 100 professors of obstetrics: 40 years later. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209(3):193199. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.007Google Scholar
Cohen, DS, Joffe, C. Obstacle Course. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2020.Google Scholar

References

Lave, J, Wenger, E. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991.Google Scholar
Barab, SA, Barnett, M, Squire, K. Developing an empirical account of a community of practice: characterizing the essential tensions. J Learn Sci. 2002;11(4):489542.Google Scholar
Wenger, E. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mody, SK, Kiley, J, Gawron, L, Garcia, P, Hammond, C. Team-based learning: a novel approach to medical student education in family planning. Contraception. 2013;88(2):239242.Google Scholar
Steinauer, J, Preskil, F, Devaskar, S, Landy, U, Darney, P. The Papaya Workshop: using the papaya to teach intrauterine gynecologic procedures. MedEdPORTAL. 2013.Google Scholar
Steinauer, J, Hawkins, M, Preskill, F, Koenemann, K, Dehlendorf, C. Caring for Challenging Patients Workshop. MedEdPORTAL. 2014.Google Scholar
Espey, E, Ogburn, T, Chavez, A, Qualls, C, Leyba, M. Abortion education in medical schools: a national survey. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(2):640643.Google Scholar
Advocacy Essentials: Reproductive Rights, Health, and Justice. 2018.Google Scholar
Curtis, KM, Jatlaoui, TC, Tepper, NK, et al. U.S. selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(4):166.Google Scholar

References

Fort, DG, Herr, TM, Shaw, PL, Gutzman, KE, Starren, JB. Mapping the evolving definitions of translational research. J Clin Transl Sci. 2017;1(1):6066.Google Scholar
Berwick, DM, Nolan, TW, Whittington, J. The triple aim: care, health, and cost. Health Aff (Millwood). 2008;27(3):759769.Google Scholar
Sackett, DL, Rosenberg, WM, Gray, JA, Haynes, RB, Richardson, WS. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;455:35.Google Scholar
Sackett, DL, Rosenberg, WM. The need for evidence-based medicine. J R Soc Med. 1995;88(11):620624.Google Scholar
Straus, SE, Glasziou, P, Richardson, S, Haynes, RB. Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM. 5th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2018.Google Scholar
Cook, RJ, Dickens, BM. Reducing stigma in reproductive health. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2014;125(1):8992.Google Scholar
Cook, RJ, Cusack, S, Dickens, BM. Unethical female stereotyping in reproductive health. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010;109(3):255258.Google Scholar
Norris, A, Bessett, D, Steinberg, JR, Kavanaugh, ML, De Zordo, S, Becker, D. Abortion stigma: a reconceptualization of constituents, causes, and consequences. Womens Health Issues. 2011;21(3 Suppl):S49S54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geibel, S, Hossain, SM, Pulerwitz, J, et al. Stigma reduction training improves healthcare provider attitudes toward, and experiences of, young marginalized people in Bangladesh. J Adolesc Health. 2017;60(2S2):S35S44.Google Scholar
Guiahi, M, Davis, A. First-trimester abortion in women with medical conditions: release date October 2012 SFP Guideline #20122. Contraception. 2012;86(6):622630.Google Scholar
Diedrich, J, Drey, E. Induction of fetal demise before abortion. Contraception. 2010;81(6):462473.Google Scholar
Roe, AH, Bartz, D. Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: contraception after surgical abortion. Contraception. 2019;99(1):29.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin No. 143: medical management of first-trimester abortion. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(3):676692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerns, J, Steinauer, J. Management of postabortion hemorrhage: release date November 2012 SFP Guideline #20131. Contraception. 2013;87(3):331342.Google Scholar
Newmann, S, Dalve-Endres, A, Drey, EA. Clinical guidelines. Cervical preparation for surgical abortion from 20 to 24 weeks’ gestation. Contraception. 2008;77(4):308314.Google Scholar
Lohr, PA, Lyus, R, Prager, S. Use of intrauterine devices in nulliparous women. Contraception. 2017;95(6):529537.Google Scholar
Levy, BS, Ness, DL, Weinberger, SE. Consensus guidelines for facilities performing outpatient procedures: evidence over ideology. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(2):255260.Google Scholar
Allen, RH, Singh, R. Society of Family Planning clinical guidelines pain control in surgical abortion part 1 – local anesthesia and minimal sedation. Contraception. 2018;97(6):471477.Google Scholar
Han, L, Padua, E, Hart, KD, Edelman, A, Jensen, JT. Comparing cervical mucus changes in response to an oral progestin or oestrogen withdrawal in ovarian-suppressed women: a clinical pilot. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2019;24(3):209215.Google Scholar
Han, L, Padua, E, Edelman, A, Jensen, JT. Appraising cervical mucus: a new approach to evaluating contraceptives. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2018;23(1):7883.Google Scholar
Han, L, Taub, R, Jensen, JT. Cervical mucus and contraception: what we know and what we don’t. Contraception. 2017;96(5):310321.Google Scholar
Patil, E, Thurmond, A, Edelman, A, et al. Pressure dynamics in the non-gravid uterus: intrauterine pressure cannot confirm tubal occlusion after non-surgical permanent contraception. Contraception. 2017;96(5):330–35.Google Scholar
Jensen, JT, Hanna, C, Yao, S, Thompson, E, Bauer, C, Slayden, OD. Transcervical administration of polidocanol foam prevents pregnancy in female baboons. Contraception. 2016;94(5):527533.Google Scholar
Slayden, OD, Lee, DO, Yao, S, Jensen, JT. Polidocanol induced tubal occlusion in nonhuman primates: immunohistochemical detection of collagen I-V. Contraception. 2016;94(5):521526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, JT, Hanna, C, Yao, S, Bauer, C, Morgan, TK, Slayden, OD. Characterization of tubal occlusion after transcervical polidocanol foam (PF) infusion in baboons. Contraception. 2015;92(2):96102.Google Scholar
Jensen, JT, Hanna, C, Yao, S, et al. Blockade of tubal patency following transcervical administration of polidocanol foam: initial studies in rhesus macaques. Contraception. 2014;89(6):540549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, JT, Rodriguez, MI, Liechtenstein-Zabrak, J, Zalanyi, S. Transcervical polidocanol as a nonsurgical method of female sterilization: a pilot study. Contraception. 2004;70(2):111115.Google Scholar
Luo, D, Westhoff, CL, Edelman, AB, Natavio, M, Stanczyk, FZ, Jusko, WJ. Altered pharmacokinetics of combined oral contraceptives in obesity – multistudy assessment. Contraception. 2019;99(4):256263.Google Scholar
Edelman, A, Trussell, J, Aiken, ARA, Portman, DJ, Chiodo, JA, 3rd, Garner, EIO. The emerging role of obesity in short-acting hormonal contraceptive effectiveness. Contraception. 2018;97(5):371377.Google Scholar
Edelman, AB, Cherala, G, Blue, SW, Erikson, DW, Jensen, JT. Impact of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel-based emergency contraception: single and double dosing. Contraception. 2016;94(1):5257.Google Scholar
Edelman, AB, Cherala, G, Munar, MY, McInnis, M, Stanczyk, FZ, Jensen, JT. Correcting oral contraceptive pharmacokinetic alterations due to obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception. 2014;90(5):550556.Google Scholar
Lazorwitz, A, Aquilante, CL, Oreschak, K, Sheeder, J, Guiahi, M, Teal, S. Influence of genetic variants on steady-state etonogestrel concentrations among contraceptive implant users. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(4):783794.Google Scholar
Renner, RM, Edelman, AB, Nichols, MD, Jensen, JT, Lim, JY, Bednarek, PH. Refining paracervical block techniques for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion: a randomized controlled noninferiority trial. Contraception. 2016;94(5):461466.Google Scholar
Allen, RH, Fortin, J, Bartz, D, Goldberg, AB, Clark, MA. Women’s preferences for pain control during first-trimester surgical abortion: a qualitative study. Contraception. 2012;85(4):413418.Google Scholar
Romero, I, Turok, D, Gilliam, M. A randomized trial of tramadol versus ibuprofen as an adjunct to pain control during vacuum aspiration abortion. Contraception. 2008;77(1):5659.Google Scholar
Dragoman, MV, Grossman, D, Kapp, N, et al. Two prophylactic medication approaches in addition to a pain control regimen for early medical abortion < 63 days’ gestation with mifepristone and misoprostol: study protocol for a randomized, controlled trial. Reprod Health. 2016;13(1):132.Google Scholar
Conti, JA, Lerma, K, Shaw, KA, Blumenthal, PD. Self-administered lidocaine gel for pain control with first-trimester surgical abortion: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(2):297303.Google Scholar
Carr, S, Espey, E. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease among adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52(4 Suppl):S22S28.Google Scholar
Bryant, AG, Kamanga, G, Stuart, GS, Haddad, LB, Meguid, T, Mhango, C. Immediate postpartum versus 6-week postpartum intrauterine device insertion: a feasibility study of a randomized controlled trial. Afr J Reprod Health. 2013;17(2):7279.Google Scholar
Chen, BA, Reeves, MF, Creinin, MD, Schwarz, EB. Postplacental or delayed levonorgestrel intrauterine device insertion and breast-feeding duration. Contraception. 2011;84(5):499504.Google Scholar
Wolfe, KK, Wilson, MD, Hou, MY, Creinin, MD. An updated assessment of postpartum sterilization fulfillment after vaginal delivery. Contraception. 2017;96(1):4146.Google Scholar
Zite, N, Wuellner, S, Gilliam, M. Failure to obtain desired postpartum sterilization: risk and predictors. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(4):794799.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, MI, Seuc, A, Sokal, DC. Comparative efficacy of postpartum sterilisation with the titanium clip versus partial salpingectomy: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2013;120(1):108112.Google Scholar
Dilley, SE, Havrilesky, LJ, Bakkum-Gamez, J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of opportunistic salpingectomy for ovarian cancer prevention. Gynecol Oncol. 2017;146(2):373379.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, MI, Darney, BG, Elman, E, Linz, R, Caughey, AB, McConnell, KJ. Examining quality of contraceptive services for adolescents in Oregon’s family planning program. Contraception. 2015;91(4):328335.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, MI, Chang, R, Thiel de Bocanegra, H. The impact of postpartum contraception on reducing preterm birth: findings from California. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(5):703 e1e6.Google Scholar
Krashin, JW, Edelman, AB, Nichols, MD, Allen, AJ, Caughey, AB, Rodriguez, MI. Prohibiting consent: what are the costs of denying permanent contraception concurrent with abortion care? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211(1):76e1–e10.Google Scholar
Burlone, S, Edelman, AB, Caughey, AB, Trussell, J, Dantas, S, Rodriguez, MI. Extending contraceptive coverage under the Affordable Care Act saves public funds. Contraception. 2013;87(2):143148.Google Scholar
Jarlenski, M, Borrero, S, La Charite, T, Zite, NB. Episode-based payment for perinatal care in medicaid: implications for practice and policy. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(6):10801084.Google Scholar
Zite, N, Wuellner, S, Gilliam, M. Barriers to obtaining a desired postpartum tubal sterilization. Contraception. 2006;73(4):404.Google Scholar
Gilliam, ML, Neustadt, A, Gordon, R. A call to incorporate a reproductive justice agenda into reproductive health clinical practice and policy. Contraception. 2009;79(4):243246.Google Scholar
Hatcher, RA. Contraceptive Technology. 21st ed. New York: Ardent Media; 2018: xxx.Google Scholar
Hubacher, D, Grimes, DA. Noncontraceptive health benefits of intrauterine devices: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2002;57(2):120128.Google Scholar
Hubacher, D, Kavanaugh, M. Historical record-setting trends in IUD use in the United States. Contraception. 2018;98(6):467470.Google Scholar
Hubacher, D, Finer, LB, Espey, E. Renewed interest in intrauterine contraception in the United States: evidence and explanation. Contraception. 2011;83(4):291294.Google Scholar
MacIsaac, L, Espey, E. Intrauterine contraception: the pendulum swings back. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2007;34(1):91111, ix.Google Scholar
Kavanaugh, ML, Jerman, J. Contraceptive method use in the United States: trends and characteristics between 2008, 2012 and 2014. Contraception. 2018;97(1):1421.Google Scholar
Secura, GM, Allsworth, JE, Madden, T, Mullersman, JL, Peipert, JF. The Contraceptive CHOICE Project: reducing barriers to long-acting reversible contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(2):115 e1e7.Google Scholar
McNicholas, C, Madden, T, Secura, G, Peipert, JF. The Contraceptive CHOICE Project round up: what we did and what we learned. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2014;57(4):635643.Google Scholar
O’Neil-Callahan, M, Peipert, JF, Zhao, Q, Madden, T, Secura, G. Twenty-four-month continuation of reversible contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(5):10831091.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, MI, Evans, M, Espey, E. Advocating for immediate postpartum LARC: increasing access, improving outcomes, and decreasing cost. Contraception. 2014;90(5):468471.Google Scholar
Teal, SB. Postpartum contraception: optimizing interpregnancy intervals. Contraception. 2014;89(6):487488.Google Scholar
Han, L, Teal, SB, Sheeder, J, Tocce, K. Preventing repeat pregnancy in adolescents: is immediate postpartum insertion of the contraceptive implant cost effective? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211(1):24 e1e7.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, MI, Jensen, JT, Darney, PD, Little, SE, Caughey, AB. The financial effects of expanding postpartum contraception for new immigrants. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(3):552558.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, MI, Caughey, AB, Edelman, A, Darney, PD, Foster, DG. Cost-benefit analysis of state- and hospital-funded postpartum intrauterine contraception at a university hospital for recent immigrants to the United States. Contraception. 2010;81(4):304308.Google Scholar
Gemmill, A, Lindberg, LD. Short interpregnancy intervals in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(1):6471.Google Scholar
Ball, SJ, Pereira, G, Jacoby, P, de Klerk, N, Stanley, FJ. Re-evaluation of link between interpregnancy interval and adverse birth outcomes: retrospective cohort study matching two intervals per mother. BMJ. 2014;349:g4333.Google Scholar
White, K, Teal, SB, Potter, JE. Contraception after delivery and short interpregnancy intervals among women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(6):14711477.Google Scholar
Gurney, EP, Sonalkar, S, McAllister, A, Sammel, MD, Schreiber, CA. Six-month expulsion of postplacental copper intrauterine devices placed after vaginal delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219(2):183 e1e9.Google Scholar
Whitaker, AK, Endres, LK, Mistretta, SQ, Gilliam, ML. Postplacental insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device after cesarean delivery vs. delayed insertion: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception. 2014;89(6):534539.Google Scholar
Jatlaoui, TC, Marcus, M, Jamieson, DJ, Goedken, P, Cwiak, C. Postplacental intrauterine device insertion at a teaching hospital. Contraception. 2014;89(6):528-33.Google Scholar
Prager, S, Gupta, P, Chilambwe, J, et al. Feasibility of training Zambian nurse-midwives to perform postplacental and postpartum insertions of intrauterine devices. Intl J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;117(3):243247.Google Scholar
Chen, BA, Reeves, MF, Hayes, JL, Hohmann, HL, Perriera, LK, Creinin, MD. Postplacental or delayed insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device after vaginal delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(5):10791087.Google Scholar
Hayes, JL, Cwiak, C, Goedken, P, Zieman, M. A pilot clinical trial of ultrasound-guided postplacental insertion of a levonorgestrel intrauterine device. Contraception. 2007;76(4):292296.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, MI, Edelman, A, Wallace, N, Jensen, JT. Denying postpartum sterilization to women with Emergency Medicaid does not reduce hospital charges. Contraception. 2008;78(3):232236.Google Scholar
Dehlendorf, C, Rodriguez, MI, Levy, K, Borrero, S, Steinauer, J. Disparities in family planning. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(3):214220.Google Scholar
DuBard, CA, Massing, MW. Trends in emergency Medicaid expenditures for recent and undocumented immigrants. JAMA. 2007;297(10):10851092.Google Scholar
Swartz, JJ, Hainmueller, J, Lawrence, D, Rodriguez, MI. Expanding prenatal care to unauthorized immigrant women reduces infant mortality. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(5):938945.Google Scholar
Swartz, JJ, Hainmueller, J, Lawrence, D, Rodriguez, MI. Oregon’s expansion of prenatal care improved utilization among immigrant women. Matern Child Health J. 2019;23(2):173182.Google Scholar
Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.Google Scholar
Calonge, BN, Gayle, HD. The safety and quality of abortion services in the United States: what does the evidence indicate? Ann Intern Med. 2018;168(12):878880.Google Scholar
Goldberg, AB, Fortin, JA, Drey, EA, et al. Cervical preparation before dilation and evacuation using adjunctive misoprostol or mifepristone compared with overnight osmotic dilators alone: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(3):599609.Google Scholar
Shaw, KA, Shaw, JG, Hugin, M, Velasquez, G, Hopkins, FW, Blumenthal, PD. Adjunct mifepristone for cervical preparation prior to dilation and evacuation: a randomized trial. Contraception. 2015;91(4):313319.Google Scholar
Drey, EA, Benson, LS, Sokoloff, A, Steinauer, JE, Roy, G, Jackson, RA. Buccal misoprostol plus laminaria for cervical preparation before dilation and evacuation at 21–23 weeks of gestation: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception. 2014;89(4):307313.Google Scholar
Newmann, SJ, Dalve-Endres, A, Diedrich, JT, Steinauer, JE, Meckstroth, K, Drey, EA. Cervical preparation for second trimester dilation and evacuation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(8):CD007310.Google Scholar
MacIsaac, L, Grossman, D, Balistreri, E, Darney, P. A randomized controlled trial of laminaria, oral misoprostol, and vaginal misoprostol before abortion. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93(5 Pt 1):766770.Google Scholar
Goldberg, AB, Drey, EA, Whitaker, AK, Kang, MS, Meckstroth, KR, Darney, PD. Misoprostol compared with laminaria before early second-trimester surgical abortion: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(2):234241.Google Scholar
Shaw, KA, Shaw, JG, Hugin, M, Velasquez, G, Hopkins, FW, Blumenthal, PD. Adjunct mifepristone for cervical preparation prior to dilation and evacuation: a randomized trial. Contraception. 2015;91(4):313319.Google Scholar
Jackson, R, Teplin, V, Drey, E, Thomas, L, Darney, P. Digoxin to facilitate late second-trimester abortion: a randomized, masked, placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(3):471476.Google Scholar
Edelman, AB, Buckmaster, JG, Goetsch, MF, Nichols, MD, Jensen, JT. Cervical preparation using laminaria with adjunctive buccal misoprostol before second-trimester dilation and evacuation procedures: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(2):425430.Google Scholar
Casey, FE, Ye, PP, Perritt, JD, Moreno-Ruiz, NL, Reeves, MF. A randomized controlled trial evaluating same-day mifepristone and misoprostol compared to misoprostol alone for cervical preparation prior to second-trimester surgical abortion. Contraception. 2016;94(2):127133.Google Scholar
Shaw, KA, Topp, NJ, Shaw, JG, Blumenthal, PD. Mifepristone-misoprostol dosing interval and effect on induction abortion times: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(6):13351347.Google Scholar

References

Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 612: abortion training and education. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(5):10551059. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000456327.96480.18Google Scholar
Steinauer, JE, Turk, JK, Pomerantz, T, Simonson, K, Learman, LA, Landy, U. Abortion training in US obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219(1):86.e1–86.e6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.04.011Google Scholar
Steinauer, JE, Turk, JK, Fulton, MC, Simonson, KH, Landy, U. The benefits of family planning training: a 10-year review of the Ryan Residency Training Program. Contraception. 2013;88(2):275280. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2013.02.006Google Scholar
Fellowship in Family Planning National Office, 2019 Program Data.Google Scholar
Miller, RA. Evaluation of the Family Planning Fellowship. Oakland: Public Health Institute; 2006:89.Google Scholar
Renner, R-M, Nichols, MD, Jensen, JT, Li, H, Edelman, AB. Paracervical block for pain control in first-trimester surgical abortion: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(5):10301037. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318250b13eGoogle Scholar
Schreiber, CA, Creinin, MD, Atrio, J, Sonalkar, S, Ratcliffe, SJ, Barnhart, KT. Mifepristone pretreatment for the medical management of early pregnancy loss. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(23):21612170. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1715726Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Health Care Services, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Reproductive Health Services: Assessing the Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the U.S. The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academies Press 2018. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507236/. Accessed March 30, 2020.Google Scholar
Secura, GM, Madden, T, McNicholas, C, et al. Provision of no-cost, long-acting contraception and teenage pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(14):13161323. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1400506Google Scholar
American Academy of Pediatrics. AAP Updates Recommendations on Teen Pregnancy Prevention. http://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAP-Updates-Recommendations-on-Teen-Pregnancy-Prevention.aspx. Accessed April 7, 2020.Google Scholar
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 735: adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(5):e130e139. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002632Google Scholar
Simonson, K, Pomerantz, T, Mullersman, K, Ly, E, Landy, U. Improving evidence-based practice for LARC: evaluation of the Ryan LARC program. Oral presentation at the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics meeting; 2015.Google Scholar
Kenneth, J. Ryan Residency Training Program in Family Planning and Abortion National Office, 2019 Program Data.Google Scholar
Welcome to Family Planning Fellowship | Family Planning Fellowship. www.familyplanningfellowship.org/. Accessed April 6, 2020.Google Scholar
Colorado’s success with long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). Department of Public Health and Environment; January 6, 2017. www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/cfpi-report. Accessed April 6, 2020.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, MI, Chang, R, Thiel de Bocanegra, H. The impact of postpartum contraception on reducing preterm birth: findings from California. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(5):703.e1–6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.033Google Scholar
Allen, RH, Cwiak, C, eds. Contraception for the Medically Challenging Patient. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2014.Google Scholar
Thiel de Bocanegra, H, Chang, R, Menz, M, Howell, M, Darney, P. Postpartum contraception in publicly-funded programs and interpregnancy intervals. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(2 Pt 1):296303. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182991db6Google Scholar
Thiel de Bocanegra, H, Chang, R, Howell, M, Darney, P. Interpregnancy intervals: impact of postpartum contraceptive effectiveness and coverage. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(4):311.e1–311.e8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.12.020Google Scholar
Rodriguez, MI, Jensen, JT, Darney, PD, Little, SE, Caughey, AB. The financial effects of expanding postpartum contraception for new immigrants. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(3):552558. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181d06f96Google Scholar
Darney, PD, Stuart, GS, Thomas, MA, Cwiak, C, Olariu, A, Creinin, MD. Amenorrhea rates and predictors during 1 year of levonorgestrel 52 mg intrauterine system use. Contraception. 2018;97(3):210214. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.10.005Google Scholar
Archer, DF, Merkatz, RB, Bahamondes, L, et al. Efficacy of the 1-year (13-cycle) segesterone acetate and ethinylestradiol contraceptive vaginal system: results of two multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 3 trials. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(8):e1054e1064. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30265-7Google Scholar
Contraceptive Clinical Trials Network (CCTN). www.nichd.nih.gov/research/supported/cctn.. Accessed April 6, 2020.Google Scholar
Clinical Practice Handbook for Safe Abortion. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190095/. Accessed April 6, 2020.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). U S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR-4):186.Google Scholar
Curtis, KM, Jatlaoui, TC, Tepper, NK, et al. U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(4):166. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6504a1Google Scholar
Tang, J, Kapp, N, Dragoman, M, de Souza, JP. WHO recommendations for misoprostol use for obstetric and gynecologic indications. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;121(2):186189. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.12.009Google Scholar
Lavelanet, AF, Schlitt, S, Johnson, BR, Ganatra, B. Global Abortion Policies Database: a descriptive analysis of the legal categories of lawful abortion. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2018;18(1):44. doi:10.1186/s12914-018-0183-1Google Scholar
Medical Management of Abortion. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536779/. Accessed April 6, 2020.Google Scholar
Hannaford, PC, Ti, A, Chipato, T, Curtis, KM. Copper intrauterine device use and HIV acquisition in women: a systematic review. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2020;46(1):17–5. doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2019-200512CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jatlaoui, TC, Eckhaus, L, Mandel, MG, et al. Abortion surveillance – United States, 2016. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2019;68(11):141. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1Google Scholar
Lathrop, E, Romero, L, Hurst, S, et al. The Zika Contraception Access Network: a feasibility programme to increase access to contraception in Puerto Rico during the 2016–17 Zika virus outbreak. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3(2):e91e99. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30001-XGoogle Scholar
Li, R, Simmons, KB, Bertolli, J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of increasing access to contraception during the Zika virus outbreak, Puerto Rico, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(1):7482. doi:10.3201/eid2301.161322Google Scholar
Curtis, KM, Tepper, NK, Jatlaoui, TC, et al. U.S. medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(3):1103. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1Google Scholar
Gavin, L, Moskosky, S, Carter, M, et al. Providing quality family planning services: recommendations of CDC and the U.S. Office of Population Affairs. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63(RR-04):154.Google Scholar
The Center for Biomedical Research | Population Council. www.popcouncil.org/cbr. Accessed April 6, 2020.Google Scholar
Charlotte Ellertson Social Science Postdoctoral Fellowship in Abortion and Reproductive Health. Ibis Reproductive Health; May 1, 2011. www.ibisreproductivehealth.org/projects/charlotte-ellertson-social-science-postdoctoral-fellowship-abortion-and-reproductive-health. Accessed April 6, 2020.Google Scholar
Guttmacher Institute. State Facts about Abortion: Massachusetts; January 26, 2016. www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/state-facts-about-abortion-massachusetts. Accessed April 6, 2020.Google Scholar
Lang, B, Sammel, M, Meisel, Z, Schreiber, C. Most patients with bleeding and cramping in early pregnancy can be safely triaged to the ambulatory setting. Contraception. 2019;100:325. doi:0.1016/j.contraception.2019.07.070Google Scholar
Shorter, JM, Atrio, JM, Schreiber, CA. Management of early pregnancy loss, with a focus on patient centered care. Semin Perinatol. 2019;43(2):8494. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2018.12.005Google Scholar
Miller, CA, Roe, AH, McAllister, A, Meisel, ZF, Koelper, N, Schreiber, CA. Patient experiences with miscarriage management in the emergency and ambulatory settings. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(6):12851292. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003571Google Scholar
ACOG Congressional Leadership Conference (CLC). www.acog.org/en/Education. Accessed April 6, 2020.Google Scholar
Lathrop, v. Deal, 801 S.E.2d 867 (Ga 2017).Google Scholar
Weitz, TA, Taylor, D, Desai, S, et al. Safety of aspiration abortion performed by nurse practitioners, certified nurse midwives, and physician assistants under a California legal waiver. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(3):454461. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301159Google Scholar
Parker, W. Life’s Work: A Moral Argument for Choice. New York: 37 Ink; 2017.Google Scholar
Gordon, M, McCammon, S. A drug that eases miscarriages is difficult for women to get. NPR; January 10, 2019. www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/01/10/666957368/a-drug-that-eases-miscarriages-is-difficult-for-women-to-getGoogle Scholar
Harris, LH. My day as an abortion care provider. New York Times; October 24, 2019:23.Google Scholar
Hardy-Fairbanks, A. Mother and abortion provider – I can be both. Newsweek; May 11, 2019. www.newsweek.com/abortion-provider-mother-opinion-1409871Google Scholar
Abortion Onscreen. Abortion Onscreen in 2019. San Francisco: Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health; 2019:19. www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/Abortion%20Onscreen%20Report%202019.pdf. Accessed April 7, 2020.Google Scholar

References

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted December 16, 1966, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force March 23, 1976).Google Scholar
Chavkin, W, Abu-Odeh, D, Clune-Taylor, C, Dubow, S, Ferber, M, Meyer, IH. Balancing freedom of conscience and equitable access. Am J Public Health. 2018;108:14871488.Google Scholar
Chavkin, W, Leitman, L, Polin, K. Conscientious objection and refusal to provide reproductive healthcare: a white paper examining prevalence, health consequences, and policy responses. Int J of Gynecol and Obstet. 2013;123(S3):S41S56.Google Scholar
Chavkin, W, Swerdlow, L, Fifield, J. Regulation of conscientious objection to abortion. Health Hum Rights. 2017;19(1):5568.Google Scholar
Melling, L, Lim, M, Brighouse, R, Aviv, NM. Drawing the line: tackling tensions between religious freedom and equality. International Network of Civil Liberties Organizations; 2015. www.cels.org.ar/common/documentos/DrawingtheLine.pdfGoogle Scholar
Raifman, J, Galea, S. The new US “Conscience and Religious Freedom Division”: imposing religious beliefs on others. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(7):889890.Google Scholar
US Department of the Interior. Basic obligation of public service. www.doi.gov/ethics/basic-obligations-of-public-service. Accessed September 26, 2019.Google Scholar
California Senate Bill 277: An Act to Amend Sections 120325, 120335, 120370, and 120375 of, to Add Section 120338 to, and to Repeal Section 120365 of, the Health and Safety Code, Relating to Public Health; 2015. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB277Google Scholar
New York State Senate Bill S2994A: An Act to Amend the Public Health Law, in Relation to Exemptions from Vaccination Due to Religious Beliefs; to Repeal Subdivision 9 of Section 2164 of the Public Health Law, Relating to Exemption from Vaccination Due to Religious Beliefs; and Providing for the Repeal of Certain Provisions upon Expiration Thereof; 2019. www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2019/s2994Google Scholar
World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Adopted 1964. www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/. Accessed September 26, 2019.Google Scholar
FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health. Ethical guidelines on conscientious objection. FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2006;92(3):333334.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Committee on Ethics. ACOG Committee Opinion Number 385: The limits of conscientious refusal in reproductive medicine; 2007 (reaffirmed 2019). www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Ethics/The-Limits-of-Conscientious-Refusal-in-Reproductive-Medicine. Accessed September 26, 2019.Google Scholar
Zampas, C, Andion-Ibaniez, X. Conscientious objection to sexual and reproductive health services: international human rights standards and European law and practice. Eur J Health Law. 2012;19:231256.Google Scholar
De Zordo, S, Mishtal, J. Physicians and abortion: provision, political participation and conflicts on the ground – the cases of Brazil and Poland. Womens Health Issues. 2011;21(Suppl 3):S32S36.Google Scholar
Charo, RA. Health care provider refusals to treat, prescribe, refer or inform: professionalism and conscience. Journal ACS Issue Groups. 2007:119–135.Google Scholar
Steinauer, J, Koenemann, K, Coghlan, K, Landy, U, Turk, J. Impact of Ryan Program on resident clinical experience and plans to include abortion in future practice. ePoster presented at the ACOG Annual Clinical Meeting, Nashville, TN; 2019.Google Scholar
Steinauer, JE, Turk, JK, Fulton, MC, Simonson, KH, Landy, U. The benefits of family planning training: a 10-year review of the Ryan Residency Training Program. Contraception. 2013;88(2):275280. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2013.02.006Google Scholar
Harris, LH, Cooper, A, Rasinski, KA, Curlin, FA, Lyerly, AD. Obstetrician-gynecologists’ objections to and willingness to help patients obtain an abortion. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118(4):905912.Google Scholar
Frank, JE. Conscientious refusal in family medicine residency training. Fam Med. 2011;43(5):330333.Google Scholar
Srinivasulu, S, Maldonado, L, Prine, L, Rubin, SE. Intention to provide abortion upon completing family medicine residency and subsequent abortion provision: a 5-year follow-up survey. Contraception. 2019:100(3):188192.Google Scholar
Kavanaugh, J. What should we teach medical students about abortion. June 4, 2019, webinar.Google Scholar
Simpson, J. Abortion care: reforming the undergraduate medical curriculum. Paper presented at the meeting of the Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, RCOG, 2019.Google Scholar
Stulberg, DB, Dude, AM, Dahlquist, I, Curlin, FA. Obstetrician-gynecologists, religious institutions, and conflicts regarding patient-care policies. Amer J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207(1):7375.Google Scholar
Norwegian Directorate of Health. Specialist training and authorization for doctors: gynecology. www.helsedirektoratet.no/tema/autorisasjon-og-spesialistutdanning/spesialistutdanning-for-leger/fodselshjelp-og-kvinnesykdommer/laeringsmal?query=gynekologi. Accessed September 26, 2019.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×