This book is about the design and application of industrial cleanroom robots in electronics manufacturing. It is intended as a hands-on technical reference for engineers and factory managers involved in manufacturing electronic devices in cleanroom environments. The book provides insight into the principles and applications of industrial cleanroom robotics, in particular in semiconductor manufacturing, the most demanding process in terms of cleanliness requirements. Other examples are the hard disk, flat panel display, and solar industries, which also use high levels of cleanroom automation and robotics. In contrast to the complex manufacturing process, the typical robotic designs often utilize relatively simple robot kinematics in the highly structured environments of process and metrology tools. Some industries, for example the semiconductor front-end industry, are governed by technical standards and guidelines, which are generally helpful during the design process of robotic systems. On the other hand, robotic engineers in electronics manufacturing face challenges that are unknown in other markets, most importantly the cleanliness required in certain factories. Strict cleanliness requirements have resulted in two categories of cleanroom robots: ‘atmospheric robots’ for high-quality cleanliness at ambient atmospheric pressure, and ‘vacuum robots’ for extreme cleanliness in enclosures under various vacuum pressures. These two categories are the focus of this book.