Introduction

Indonesia is rich in energy and mineral resources and it has allowed foreign companies to explore and exploit its oil and gas reserves sincethe early 1960s. Chinese national oil companies (NOCs) have long demonstrated interest in Indonesia's energy resources and they have developed many oil and gas exploration projects there. After the global financial crisis in 2008, China accelerated its foreign direct investment (FDI) to Indonesia and, for the first time, China was among the top five countries for levels of FDI to Indonesia in the last quarter of 2014. This may elevate energy cooperation to a new level.

However, although Chinese government has planned to stake a long-term strategic energy investment in Indonesia through a range of policy incentives and Chinese capital has poured into resource and energy-related infrastructure sectors, emerging factors have been pushing the two countries’ energy ties toward difficulties and competition. Concerns in Indonesia that an increasing trade deficit with China will affect national economic security have stirred debates over how to protect Indonesian resource and mineral industries while maintaining trade ties with Beijing. Fearful of falling into a relationship of “dependency development” with China or other foreign mineralinvesting country, Jakarta implemented a new law banning the export of unprocessed ore in January 2014. Although the law aims to increase added value for mineral resources prior to export, the new regulations will affect Sino–Indonesian energy resource cooperation. Within this context of fraught political and economic relations, this chapter addresses the following questions: In what direction is the China–Indonesia energy tie going — towards cooperation or conflict? And can it provide a basis for a broader bilateral relationship?

Overview of the Indonesian Energy Sector

Historically, Indonesia has been an attractive country for mineral investors because of its rich mineral wealth.