The reader who has read thus far will want to know what right one has to impute motive, intention and disingenuousness to the actors whose personalities we have created out of the letters and speeches which survive from the past. He will want to know by what process we speak of Gladstone desiring, Disraeli wishing or Derby declining to make this decision or that. He will ask how certain we are of the existence of the tensions we have posited, and how far they can be said to have determined the actions of the actors we have presented. He will want to know how we justify the estimate we have made of the extent to which they were affected by the context in which they worked and the movement of events of which they were a part. This chapter will explain that we cannot justify very much.

History in one sense discovers the past: in another sense it creates it. To what extent historical writing is reconstruction is a question which we are not concerned with here. But it is certainly construction—the rendering into continuous prose of as much as the material justifies of the account we have decided to give. In construction of this sort the preliminary assumptions are crucial.