P. Loftus, Moderna Considers Price of $110-$130 for Covid-19 Vaccine (January 9, 2023), Wall Street Journal, available at <https://www.wsj.com/articles/moderna-considers-price-of-110-130-for-covid-19-vaccine-11673289609> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

Moderna’s Commitment to Patient Access in the United States (February 15, 2023), Moderna, available at <https://investors.modernatx.com/Statements—Perspectives/Statements—Perspectives-Details/2023/Modernas-Commitment-to-Patient-Access-in-the-United-States/default.aspx > (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

Track Covid-19 in the United States (September 4, 2023), New York Times, available at < https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/us/covid-cases.html > (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

S.G. Stolberg and R. Robbins, Moderna and U.S. at Odds Over Vaccine Patent Rights (November 11, 2021), New York Times, available at <https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/09/us/moderna-vaccine-patent.html> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

L.C. Ivers and A. Mohareb, COVID Vaccines Were Developed on the American People’s Dime. They’ll Soon Quadruple in Price. (April 3, 2023), WBUR, available at <https://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2023/04/03/mrna-technology-covid-vaccine-moderna-price-hike-loiuse-ivers-amir-mohareb> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

See Letter from U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders to Moderna Chief Executive Stéphane Bancel (January 10, 2023), available at < https://www.sanders.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/Moderna-Letter-01.09.20231.pdf> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

B. Mole, Moderna CEO: 400% Price Hike on COVID Vaccine “Consistent with the Value” (January 10, 2023), Ars Technica, available at <https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/01/moderna-may-match-pfizers-400-price-hike-on-covid-vaccines-report-says/> (last visited November 16, 2023) (“The Journal spoke with Moderna CEO Stephane Bancel at the JP Morgan Healthcare Conference in San Francisco Monday, who said of the 400 percent price hike: ‘I would think this type of pricing is consistent with the value.’”).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023)+(“The+Journal+spoke+with+Moderna+CEO+Stephane+Bancel+at+the+JP+Morgan+Healthcare+Conference+in+San+Francisco+Monday,+who+said+of+the+400+percent+price+hike:+‘I+would+think+this+type+of+pricing+is+consistent+with+the+value.’”).>Google Scholar

M.C. Fitzpatrick et al., Two Years of U.S. COVID-19 Vaccines Have Prevented Millions of Hospitalizations and Deaths (December 13, 2022), The Commonwealth Fund, available at <https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2022/two-years-covid-vaccines-prevented-millions-deaths-hospitalizations> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

Lalani, H.S. et al., US Public Investment in Development of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccines: Retrospective Cohort Study, BMJ 380 (2023), available at < https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36858453/> (last visited November 16, 2023).Google ScholarPubMed

Id.Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

C.Y. Johnson, Serendipity and Foresight Prepared the World to Fight the Coronavirus (October 1, 2021), Washington Post, available at <https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/10/01/barney-graham-covid-vaccines/> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

J. Steenhuysen, Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Patent Dispute Headed to Court, U.S. NIH Head Says (November 11, 2021), Reuters, available at <https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-patent-dispute-headed-court-us-nih-head-says-2021-11-10/> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

U.S. Government Accountability Office, Operation Warp Speed: Accelerated COVID-19 Vaccine Development Status and Efforts to Address Manufacturing Challenge, GAO-21-319 (February 11, 2021), available at < https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-319> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

Z. Rizvi, BARDA Funding Tracker: Tracker Details Billions in Taxpayer Funds Supporting COVID-19 R&D Efforts, Public Citizen (last updated November 2, 2020), available at <https://www.citizen.org/article/barda-funding-tracker/> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

See Lalani et al., supra note 9.Google Scholar

S. Lupkin, Moderna Announced a Free COVID Vaccine Program. But Will That be Accessible Enough? (March 2, 2023), NPR, available at <https://www.npr.org/2023/03/02/1160714581/moderna-announced-a-free-covid-vaccine-program-but-will-that-be-accessible-enoug> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

See Lalani et al., supra note 9.Google Scholar

Trump Administration Collaborates With Moderna to Produce 100 Million Doses of COVID-19 Investigational Vaccine (August 11, 2020), US. Department of Defense, available at < https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2309561/trump-administration-collaborates-with-moderna-to-produce-100-million-doses-of/> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

B. Brittain, Moderna Again Points at U.S. Gov’t in COVID-19 Vaccine Patent Lawsuit (May 24, 2022), Reuters, available at <https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/moderna-again-points-us-govt-covid-19-vaccine-patent-lawsuit-2022-05-24/> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

Trump Administration Collaborates with Moderna to Produce 100 Million Doses of COVID-19 Investigational Vaccine (last updated August 11, 2020), MedicalCountermeasures.gov, available at <https://www.medicalcountermeasures.gov/newsroom/2020/modernamanufacturing/> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

K. Weintraub, Deliver a Safe, Effective COVID-19 Vaccine in Less Than a Year? Impossible. Meet Moncef Slaoui. (December 1, 2020), USA Today, available at <https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/health/2020/12/01/operation-warp-speeds-moncef-slaoui-guided-covid-19-vaccine-creation/6375043002/> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

Congressional Budget Office, Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry (April 2021), available at <https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57126> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

D. Gouglas et al., “Estimating the Cost of Vaccine Development Against Epidemic Infectious Diseases: a Cost Minimisation Study,” Lancet Global Health 6, no. 12 (2018): e1386–e1396, available at <https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(18)30346-2/fulltext> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

C.M. Snyder, K. Hoyt and D. Gouglas, An Optimal Mechanism To Fund The Development Of Vaccines Against Emerging Epidemics (November 2022), National Bureau of Economic Research, available at <https://www.nber.org/papers/w30619> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

M. Angell and A.S. Relman, “Patents, Profits & American Medicine: Conflicts of Interest in the Testing & Marketing of New Drugs,” Dædalus (Spring 2002): 102–111, available at < https://www.amacad.org/publication/patents-profits-american-medicine-conflicts-interest-testing-marketing-new-drugs> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

B. Plackett, “Why Big Pharma Has Abandoned Antibiotics,” Nature 586 (October 21, 2020): S50–S52, at S50, available at <https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02884-3> (last visited November 16, 2023).CrossRef+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

B. Tenni et al., What is the Impact of Intellectual Property Rules on Access to Medicines? A Systematic Review (April 15, 2022), Globalization and Health, available at <https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-022-00826-4> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

Moderna Inc., Annual Report Form 10-K (2021), available at <https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001682852/000168285222000012/mrna-20211231.htm> (last visited November 16, 2023); Moderna, Inc., Annual Report Form 10-K (2022), available at <https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001682852/000168285223000011/mrna-20221231.htm> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023);+Moderna,+Inc.,+Annual+Report+Form+10-K+(2022),+available+at++(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

D. Wainer, Moderna Peers Over a Scary Profit Cliff (February 23, 2023), Wall Street Journal, available at <https://www.wsj.com/articles/moderna-peers-over-a-scary-profit-cliff-5374e4d4> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

A. Liu et al., The Top 10 Most Profitable Pharma Companies in 2021 (June 14, 2022), Fierce Pharma, available at <https://www.fiercepharma.com/special-reports/top-10-most-profitable-pharma-companies-2021>..>Google Scholar

Moderna, Inc. Common Stock (MRNA) Historical Data, Nasdaq, available at <https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/mrna/historical> (last visited November 11, 2023).+(last+visited+November+11,+2023).>Google Scholar

Stéphane Bancel, Forbes, available at <https://www.forbes.com/profile/stephane-bancel/?sh=97d89463742f> (last visited March 19, 2023).+(last+visited+March+19,+2023).>Google Scholar

Robert Langer, Forbes, available at <https://www.forbes.com/profile/obert-langer/?sh=7a1e7ebd4537> (last visited March 19, 2023); Noubar Afeyan, Forbes, available at <https://www.forbes.com/profile/noubar-afeyan/?sh=798ef8c41d14> (last visited March 19, 2023).+(last+visited+March+19,+2023);+Noubar+Afeyan,+Forbes,+available+at++(last+visited+March+19,+2023).>Google Scholar

B. Herman and D. Garde, Moderna CEO Made $398 Million in 2022, but Still Pledges to Give Most to Charity (March 17, 2023), STAT News, available at <https://www.statnews.com/2023/03/17/moderna-stephane-bancel-compensation/> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

See Moderna, Press Release, Moderna Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2022 Financial Results and Provides Business Updates (February 23, 2023), available at <https://investors.modernatx.com/news/news-details/2023/Moderna-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Fiscal-Year-2022-Financial-Results-and-Provides-Business-Updates/default.aspx> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

S. Kimball, Moderna CEO Bancel’s Golden Parachute Soared by Hundreds of Millions over the Pandemic (March 10, 2022), CNBC, available at <https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/10/moderna-ceos-golden-parachute-soared-by-hundreds-of-millions-over-the-pandemic.html> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

J. Kates, C. Cox, and J. Michaud, How Much Could COVID-19 Vaccines Cost the U.S. After Commercialization (March 10, 2023), Kaiser Family Foundation, available at <https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/how-much-could-covid-19-vaccines-cost-the-u-s-after-commercialization> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

B. Mueller, After Long Delay, Moderna Pays N.I.H. for Covid Vaccine Technique (February 23, 2023), New York Times, available at <https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/23/science/moderna-covid-vaccine-patent-nih.html> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

See Stolberg and Robbins, supra note 4.Google Scholar

See Steenhuysen, supra note 14.Google Scholar

R. Robbins and S.G. Stolberg, Moderna Backs Down in its Vaccine Patent Fight with the N.I.H. (December 17, 2021), New York Times, available at <https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/17/us/moderna-patent-nih.html> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

C. Wroth and J. Palca, Moderna Sues Pfizer Over COVID-19 Vaccine Patents (August 26, 2022), NPR, available at <https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/08/26/1119608060/moderna-sues-pfizer-over-covid-19-vaccine-patents> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

J.L. Contreras, No Take-Backs: Moderna’s Attempt to Renege on its Vaccine Patent Pledge (August 29, 2022), Harvard Law School Bill of Health, available at <https://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2022/08/29/no-take-backs-modernas-attempt-to-renege-on-its-vaccine-patent-pledge/> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

R. Robbins, Moderna, Racing for Profits, Keeps Covid Vaccine Out of Reach of Poor (October 9, 2021), New York Times, available at <https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/09/business/moderna-covid-vaccine.html> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

L. Paremoer and A. Pollock, “A Passion to Change the Landscape and Drive a Renaissance”: The mRNA Hub at Afrigen as Decolonial Aspiration (November 28, 2022), Frontiers in Public Health, available at <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9742483/> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

C. Teicher, What Moderna Owes the World (November 4, 2021), STAT News, available at <https://www.statnews.com/2021/11/04/what-moderna-owes-the-world/> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

S. Artiga, P. Ubri, and J. Zur, The Effects of Premiums and Cost Sharing on Low-Income Populations: Updated Review of Research Findings (June 2017), Kaiser Family Foundation, available at <https://files.kff.org/attachment/Issue-Brief-The-Effects-of-Premiums-and-Cost-Sharing-on-Low-Income-Populations> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

See House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Press Release, E&C Investigation Finds Millions of Americans Enrolled in Junk Health Insurance Plans That Are Bad for Consumers & Fly Under the Radar of State Regulators (June 25, 2020), available at <https://democrats-energycommerce.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/ec-investigation-finds-millions-of-americans-enrolled-in-junk-health> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

CMS Waivers, Flexibilities, and the Transition Forward from the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency (February 27, 2023), Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, available at <https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/cms-waivers-flexibilities-and-transition-forward-covid-19-public-health-emergency> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

Id.Google Scholar

Y.M. Castellon and S. Bazargan-Hejazi, “The Impact of Patient Assistance Programs and the 340B Drug Pricing Program on Medication Cost,” American Journal of Managed Care 20 (2014): 146–150, at 146, available at <https://www.ajmc.com/view/the-impact-of-patient-assistance-programs-and-the-340b-drug-pricing-program-on-medication-cost> (last visited November 16, 2023); N. K. Choudhry et al, “Drug Company-Sponsored Patient Assistance Programs: A Viable Safety Net?,” Health Affairs 28, no.3 (2009): 827–834, available at <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19414893> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023);+N.+K.+Choudhry+et+al,+“Drug+Company-Sponsored+Patient+Assistance+Programs:+A+Viable+Safety+Net?,”+Health+Affairs+28,+no.3+(2009):+827–834,+available+at++(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

J. Cubanski, T. Neuman and M. Freed, Explaining the Prescription Drug Provisions in the Inflation Reduction Act (January 24 2023), Kaiser Family Foundation, available at <https://www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/explaining-the-prescription-drug-provisions-in-the-inflation-reduction-act/> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar

Dr. Francis Collins, Christopher J. Nassetta, Mary C. Brady, panel moderated by David M. Rubenstein, Virtual Signature Event: Dr. Francis Collins, Chris Nassetta, and Mary Brady (May 29, 2020), The Economic Club, available at <https://www.economicclub.org/sites/default/files/transcripts/Interview%20with%20Collins%20Nassetta%20Brady%20Edited%20Transcript.pdf> (last visited November 16, 2023).+(last+visited+November+16,+2023).>Google Scholar