This chapter explores the assumptions and struggles of public health’s long history. It is an opportunity to question what public health is and where it is going, based on where it has been. Following the social philosopher Michel Foucault (1926–84), the public health knowledge presented is viewed as a product of its time, culture and context rather than the result of progress: a linear path of discovery (Foucault, [1969] 2002). Accordingly, this chapter examines current public health principles and practices resulting from the actions of historic heroes and innovators as much as chance and folly. This chapter introduces readers to the different lenses through which public health has been viewed and practised, from individualist, behaviourist and biomedical perspectives through to cultural and socio-environmental; from ancient Greece to 19th-century Prussia. Australia’s and New Zealand’s histories are also explored, showing how different approaches to public health have (de)emphasised the importance of collective action. The chapter concludes with an examination of this tension in contemporary public health: tobacco control.

The Introduction makes an argument for the importance of disability as an analytical category and sets out an agenda for doing this work. The basis of this argument lies both in the historiographical demand for this kind of analysis, and the historical, political and theoretical importance of including disability as a key concept in discussions of the nineteenth-century British empire. The relationship between disability and race is an element to this and historical examples are used to demonstrate this argument. The introduction also defines key terms that are used throughout such as ‘disability’, ‘disablism’, ‘ableism’ and sketches out the scope and structure of the book.

In the volume’s afterword, the founder of the Discourse–Pragmatic Variation and Change Research network assesses how the field has expanded over recent decades, and offers suggestions for its future development. The afterword discusses the strengths of this volume, including the breadth and diversity of topics covered. It calls for further studies of discourse–pragmatic variation in contact settings, for cross–linguistic comparisons, and for studying languages other than English, arguing that such analyses will facilitate exploration of how discourse–pragmatic variation and change manifests across languages. It also recommends an expansion of data sources, methodological approaches and theoretical frameworks, arguing that such expansion will diversify the kind of research questions discourse variationists can be pursue.

The production of hazardous pollutants is part of everyday life for most every human; the problem is that the degree of production per person today is greater than it has ever been – and only getting worse. We all participate in this process, but not equally. We are currently in a moment of geologic history where something living is now the single largest driver of planetary change: humans. In the process of creating this change we are also creating substantial and unnecessary human health hazards, what I call environmental violence. Environmental violence (EV) encompasses many activities and processes – but certainly not everything – that humans do, particularly processes of consumption and production that exceed well past meeting basic needs. In this chapter I work through the theoretical threads that underpin the concept of EV and work to situate EV in human evolutionary and geologic history. I also chart out the rest of the book, providing a roadmap of where we are going and the materials, evidence, case studies, and methods that I will employ along the journey.

Chapter 4 examines the codification of agricultural knowledge, the process through which practical knowledge was transformed into writing. Rather than asking whether this produced ‘useful’ knowledge to improve farming methods, it asks: for whom was such knowledge useful? It first identifies the construction of ‘agriculture’ as a literary category and an independent body of theory in the seventeenth century, departing from classical and medieval genres. The main section analyses four key modes of codification from 1669 to 1792: systematic, theoretical, experimental and observational. It argues that fundamentally all these modes of codification were shaped by the need to subordinate customary knowledge and labour and establish the supremacy of written knowledge. It further argues that the art of husbandry was codified in accordance with the cultural preferences and managerial interests of landowners, professionals and large farmers. Hence farming books provided a managerial knowledge suitable for the emerging occupational structures of agrarian capitalism.

Chapter 6 explores the efforts to institutionalise a new book-based expertise through the professionalisation of agriculture. First, it considers the reimagining of agriculture as a learned profession through contemporary analogies with medicine. Second, it examines how books were envisioned as part of a new system of learning by analysing proposals for educational reform. Third, it examines the development of the estate or land steward as an example of an agricultural profession that came to be defined by possession of universal book-based knowledge, through an analysis of manuals for stewards. It argues that while the vision of professionalised agriculture was only partly achieved, it reveals the scope of ambition of agricultural authors in their determination to monopolise knowledge.

Today’s adolescents are often considered to be digital natives given the near-ubiquity of their access and use of these technologies. In the context of the near-ubiquity of digital media, studies have endeavored to understand the relationship between digital media use and common mental health concerns of depression and anxiety. This chapter begins with an overview of depression and anxiety among adolescents. After providing that background, the chapter reviews the state of the science of the relationship between these two critical mental health issues and social media use. Both potential risks and benefits of social media use on mental health are explored. Finally, throughout the chapter we consider other factors that may influence these relationships between digital media use, depression and anxiety. The chapter concludes with considering clinical implications and future research directions.

Chapter 1 examines behavioural coherence as a marker of both fictional and actual identity. Concentrating on the recognition scenes in Medea and Thyestes, this chapter contends that Senecan recognition is less about revelation than about validation of an identity achieved through consistent, habitual conduct. It discusses key concepts of decorum and Stoic persona-theory as ways of evaluating Atreus‘ and Medea’s self-construction. It also demonstrates how such behavioural repetition has gone largely unnoticed, as scholars have focused instead on the textual repetition highlighted by dominant methods of intertexual analysis.

The Introduction sets forth the book’s main parameters and situates its study within the current landscape of Senecan scholarship. In addition, it provides a detailed overview of major theoretical approaches to literary character from the late nineteenth century to the present, arguing against the limitations inherent in both the formalist/structuralist method of character criticism, and the humanist/psychological method, and proposing instead a blended theory of character that recognises both structural and person-like qualities. The final section of the Introduction narrows focus to theatrical contexts and considers how stage performance affects the presentation and reception of fictional character.

Undergraduate research (UR) has become a major consideration among research universities around the world to advance both academic teaching and research productivity. This handbook is the first truly comprehensive and systematic account of undergraduate research, looking at different countries (from Argentina to New Zealand), disciplines (from architecture to theology), and methodologies (e.g., mentoring, research cycles). It also provides an overview of current research and theoretical perspectives on undergraduate research (e.g., psychology, sociocultural perspectives) as well as developmental prospects (e.g., community-based or crosscultural undergraduate research). The U.S. Council on Undergraduate Research and other networks supporting student research worldwide were involved in the preparation of this handbook.

This is the general introduction to the Cambridge Handbook of Undergraduate Research. It deals with the history of the university as an institution (which has been a research institution only since the nineteenth century); with the concept of undergraduate research and its dimesions (e.g., student- or staff-initiated research); with possible alternative concepts (e.g., critical thinking or lifelong learning); with research on undergraduate research (e.g., increased retention rate but necessary mentoring); and with implementation challenges (for universities and faculty). We see a new role for students: that in ever more differentiated modern societies, collaborative, cross-segmental knowledge production becomes a new necessity, the educational means to which might be undergraduate research.

Chapter 2 introduces the need for wireless network performance analysis tools to drive optimal network deployments and set optimal parameter values and describes the main building blocks and models of any wireless network performance analysis tool. In more details, it focuses on i) the system-level simulation and ii) the theoretical performance analysis concepts used in this book, paying particular attention to stochastic geometry frameworks.

Chapter 1 opens with a narrative detailing the countless ways in which we interact with others about politics on a daily basis. We illustrate that previous research on the topic has left several assumptions untested, such as that individuals feel “upset” or “anxious” when faced with political disagreement, that social harmony can affect our political discussion behavior, and that the decision to engage in or avoid a discussion is an active choice. The goal of this chapter is to summarize the book’s key contributions, persuade readers of its importance, and preview the remaining chapters.

This concluding chapter has three objectives: (1) to review the central threads of contemporary material culture research; (2) to assess material culture theoretical approaches and perspectives that offer greatest potential for future development of the field; and (3) to define material culture and the future of material culture studies in relation to the traditions of disciplinary practice.

In Chapter 2, we outline the theoretical core of our inquiry. To fully understand the experience of political discussion, we must think more broadly about the full set of considerations that structure people’s decisions. We introduce the concept of the 4D Framework to the process of political discussion, articulating what happens at each of four stages preceding, during, and after the opportunity to discuss politics. The stages include Detection, Decision, Discussion, and Determination. Individuals make choices at each stage of the cycle as a result of their unique individual dispositions and the social context, both of which contribute to unique motivations. To rigorously examine the motivations behind political discussion preferences, we develop the AAA Typology, which characterizes motivations as accuracy, affiliation, and affirmation. We argue that in contrast to previous research emphasizing instrumental goals in political discussion (i.e. to learn more information, an accuracy goal), most individuals are driven to preserve their self-esteem (affirmation) and the social ties with their potential discussants (affiliation).

Chapter 3 explains how the conventional crisis-oriented approach in the literature cannot explain variation in efforts to involve elites in the state-building enterprise. Instead, it argues that both demand and supply factors must be taken into account and disaggregates the components of each, including whether elites can satisfy their demand for public goods in the private market, the ideology of the government, and the extent to which linkages between business elites and the government exist. Chapter 3 also evaluates alternative explanations, including the availability of nonfiscal resources such as oil rents and foreign aid and the degree of inequality in society.

Kelleen Toohey went to school on the Canadian prairies with Ukrainian-Canadian and Cree classmates. Strongly influenced by the civil rights movement, she continued to document diverse cultural practices to give students “voice.” Using video cameras, tripods, storyboards, and video editing software, she continues to enhance enaction in classrooms, including both human and non-human actors.