Informal borrowings constitute an important linguistic phenomenon, yet they remain underrepresented in scholarly literature. This book is to remedy the situation. Drawing from the methodological framework of documentary linguistics and sociolinguistics, it relies on lexical material from a large database of citations from diverse sources – including spoken utterances, films and TV shows, print, and social media – to ensure authenticity and representativeness. Much space is devoted to the presentation, explanation, interpretation, and illustration of language data; the format of description is designed to be extensive, covering a wide range of themes which allow an examination from various perspectives. The description is amply supported throughout the text with usage examples that illustrate linguistic patterns, show the sociocultural context in which they are used, and attest to the very existence of these expressions.

The introduction provides the historical context behind the book. It also introduces conceptual terms that are central to the book – republic, vecino, ciudadano – and whose definitions have shifted since the early modern period. Subsequently, it examines Latin American historiography on race, political participation, and citizenship. Finally, it provides a chapter outline.

The starting point for discussion and analysis of the sources of international law is almost invariably art 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (‘ICJ Statute’), the International Court of Justice being the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. Article 38 lists the sources of international law as comprising treaties, custom, general principles of law, and – as subsidiary means for determining the law – judicial decisions and academic writing. However, in the 75 years since the adoption of the ICJ Statute, newer sources of legal obligation have emerged for the international community. These often involve non-state and intergovernmental actors in their creation. This chapter explores both the traditional and newer sources of international law and assesses how they are adopted and created.

The Novgorod genocidal massacre of 1570 is one of the major events of the reign of Ivan the Terrible (1533-1584). It shows the tyranny of the tsar in terms of the 16th century and has been used in the historiography for 200 years to show how a tsar who had reigned for 20 years as a reformer could change and commit the most horrible crimes against his own people before turning back to his normal reign again. Supposing the Novgorodians were planning treason, the tsar and his army went secretly to Novgorod, shamed the Archbishop and began a massacre among the population as well as forcibly looted the town and its environments. The sources all tell the same story, as if they were from the same eyewitness. Also, contemporary sources appeared only in Western Europe from 1570 on, 17th ct. Russian sources betray a textual relationship to the Western sources so that the conclusion is that the Russian history of the Novgorod genocidal massacre derives rather from the Western than from native eyewitnesses’ descriptions.

This chapter analyses Thucydides use of sources and his approach to evidence. It surveys his (possible) use of documentary sources and eye-witness testimony, before going on to discuss specific types of evidence cited in the text: inscriptions, letters, poetry and prose writing. The second part of the chapter explores the ways in which Thucydides’ approach to history (and to the writing of history) might have influenced his use of sources, drawing particular attention to the influence that Thucydides’ views of religion might have had on his presentation of events.

The international law of the sea is one of the oldest branches of public international law. Thus, it must be examined from the perspective of the development of international law in general. Originally, the law of the sea consisted of a body of rules of customary law. Later on, these rules were progressively codified. The Third United Nations (UN) Conference on the Law of the Sea, which successfully adopted the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (the LOSC) in 1982, is of critical importance in the codification of the law. Furthermore, the international community and the situations that surround the oceans are constantly changing. Accordingly, it is also necessary to examine the evolutionary process of the law after the adoption of the LOSC. As a general introduction, this chapter will address the following issues in particular: (1) the principal functions of the law of the sea, (2) the sources of the law of the sea, (3) the principles governing the law of the sea (4) procedures of the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), (5) the principal features of the LOSC, and (6) the evolutionary process of the LOSC and the law of the sea.

This chapter introduces the reader to some major themes and sources of evidence in the study of ancient Roman music, as well as surveying the history of scholarship in this field. It also provides an overview of the four main chapters and their contribution to the overall themes of the book.

An ‘in context’ biography. What is available to a biographer when he is deprived of all correspondence and personal papers and is reduced to working on impersonal documents and archives? What can he do if his subject lived at a time when it was unthinkable to reveal anything about oneself in a work of fiction? What remains if he wants to eliminate all the invented tales and imaginary anecdotes contained in the first ‘lives of Molière’? What is left is to contextualise Molière. There is the historical, documentary (and thereby sociological) contexualisation that, over the last century, has radically transformed the traditional image of Molière the homme du théâtre; the aesthetic contextualisation made possible by the last fifty years of studies of galanterie, which can only be fully understood when linked to its socio-literary context; the recontextualisation of the conditions in which Molière’s plays were created; the contextualisation of theatre practices; the contextualisation of his sources in connection with their aesthetic context… Contextualising Molière, is to leave behind the vicious circles (the misanthropic Molière), legends (the jealous Molière) and errors (the sick Molière and medicine) to capture as best one can one of the most extraordinary comic dramatists of all time.

This introdutory chapter describes events leading to the introduction of the Abortion Act. It explains the use of ’biography’ to frame the analysis, offers a brief synospsis of each chapter, discusses the sources used in the research and explains the choices made regarding terminology.

This introduction discusses the kinds of evidence available for the study of the Roman imperial court and the kinds of historical knowledge of the court that are possible.

In 1684, Lourenço da Silva de Mendonça from the kingdom of Kongo in the Indies ‘arrived in Rome to take up an important role for Black peoples’. That role was to bring an ethical and criminal kufunda (case) before the Vatican court, which accused the nations involved in Atlantic slavery, including the Vatican, Italy, Spain and Portugal, of committing crimes against humanity. It detailed the ‘tyrannical sale of human beings … the diabolic abuse of this kind of slavery … which they committed against any Divine or Human law’. Mendonça was a member of the Ndongo royal family, rulers of Pedras (Stones) of Pungo-Andongo, situated in what is now modern Angola. He carried with him the hopes of enslaved Africans and other oppressed groups in what was a remarkable moment that, I would argue, challenges the established interpretation of the history of abolition.

In this chapter I take a deep dive into contemporary examples of EV including its sources and the pathways of EV to people’s lives, as well as the everyday life practices that both produce and are affected by EV. We will see how EV is both produced by everyday life practices, and how it harms or changes everyday life practices: it is both a product and transformer of the contemporary human niche, a recursive linkage. I more fully examine aspects of time, accumulation, and scale. I discuss the mutual emission and dynamism between toxic and nontoxic pollutants, since they are often emitted together, as copollutants. I close the chapter by reviewing the politics of EV and demonstrating why the anthropological ecosystems approach, informed by complex adaptive systems and human niche construction theory, is vital to the process of identifying, tracking, and measuring EV in the Earth system and its impacts on everyday life.