This chapter describes families of relationship- and emotion-focused therapies, whose members include psychoanalytic, psychodynamic and humanistic treatments. It begins with Freud’s traditional psychoanalysis, which stresses the need for clients to develop insight into their primitive drives, unconscious conflicts, and patterns of relating. It next covers other psychodynamic approaches that share ideas with traditional psychoanalysis, including interpersonal therapy. It also describes humanistic treatments, including person-centered, Gestalt, and existential therapies, all of which emphasize each client’s unique way of experiencing the world. Psychodynamic and humanistic treatments are considered relational approaches because they place strong emphasis on the role of the therapeutic relationship in treatment. The chapter also describes other treatments such as motivational interviewing and emotion-focused therapy that emphasize the role of emotion and interpersonal relationships in helping clients overcome psychological problems.

This chapter describes pseudoscience and questionable ideas related to substance use disorders and addiction. The chapter opens by discussing diagnostic controversies and myths that influence treatments. Dubious treatments include naturopathy, homeopathy, orthomolecular medicine, acupuncture, energy medicine, hypnosis, chiropractic care, and animal-assisted therapy. The fuzzy boundary between science-based and pseudoscientific approaches is also considered. The chapter closes by reviewing research-supported approaches.

The chapter describes how to manage ruptures in the therapeutic alliance. It opens by outlining a conceptual model to understand the ruptures and proceeds to consider the ways that ruptures may manifest at different points in psychotherapy. One way to respond to some ruptures in alliance in via enhancing motivation and therefore the technique of Motivational Interviewing is described in detail; outlining the steps of expressing empathy, developing discrepancies (between actual and desired outcomes), avoiding argumentation, rolling with resistance and supporting self-efficacy. The chapter reviews ways to manage the assignment and review of homework exercises so that they are a productive element in clinical psychology practice. The chapter concludes with a close examination of psychotherapeutic process; defining what “process” is, and how to work with transference and countertransference.

The chapter outlines for the clinical psychologist how longer treatments can be adapted in the form of brief interventions. As an example with a strong evidence base, we focus on brief interventions for alcohol use. The aim of these interventions is to raise awareness of alcohol-related risk and reduce hazardous and harmful drinking behaviour. The chapter outlines a detailed, practical example of a brief intervention for problem drinking.

This chapter introduces the intersections between mental health care and drug and alcohol care. It addresses the implications for holistic health care needs related to dual drug and alcohol use, and concurrent mental health conditions. It tells the contemporary, real-life story of a person who developed an episode of psychosis following consumption of premixed alcohol and caffeine drinks. The chapter also describes change models applied to substance use and recovery, such as motivational interviewing and stages of change readiness. Both common and less common drugs and their misuse affect the physical, social, cognitive and mental health dimensions of people with mental health conditions. Reflective exercises guide readers to consider how they will be able to promote mental health and well-being and minimise drug-related harm to individuals and communities in a practice context.

This chapter introduces the intersections between mental health care and drug and alcohol care. It addresses the implications for holistic health care needs related to dual drug and alcohol use, and concurrent mental health conditions. It tells the contemporary, real-life story of a person who developed an episode of psychosis following consumption of premixed alcohol and caffeine drinks. The chapter also describes change models applied to substance use and recovery, such as motivational interviewing and stages of change readiness. Both common and less common drugs and their misuse affect the physical, social, cognitive and mental health dimensions of people with mental health conditions. Reflective exercises guide readers to consider how they will be able to promote mental health and well-being and minimise drug-related harm to individuals and communities in a practice context.

This chapter explores the biopsychosocial factors that influence prescribing behaviour. It begins by introducing theories of behaviour to explore how health systems, pharmaceutical companies, individual professions, roles and identities, colleagues, patients, the time of day, personal beliefs, habits, emotions and the environmental setting can all influence prescribers and their prescribing behaviour. It also discusses the influences of wider society and culture and how that has also shaped healthcare, prescribing practice and patients’ understandings of illness and their expectations around healthcare and treatment. Having taken a look at all these influences on prescribing behaviour, it gives an overview of interventions that help prescribers optimise their prescribing decision making and prescribing behaviours as well as optimise patient satisfaction with and adherence to treatment. These include person-centred and shared decision making, using motivational interviewing to enhance communication during consultations and evidence-based training programmes that have used these approaches to optimise non-medical prescribing.

Family therapies for adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) face notorious engagement problems related to population-specific barriers. Supporting Teens’ Autonomy Daily (STAND) is an empirically-supported engagement-focused therapy for parents and teens with ADHD. In this chapter, we step into the lives of adolescents with ADHD and their parents, uncovering why therapeutic behavior change historically eluded this population. We describe the STAND model and discuss specific strategies that therapists can employ to enhance parent and teen engagement. Our approach draws from social psychology research on human motivation, change-oriented therapies such as motivational interviewing (MI), research on therapy homework and habit formation, behavioral principles and our own trial and error working with families. We share the results of three clinical trials that established STAND’s efficacy and discuss limitations and future directions for the evolving STAND model. We invite readers to collaborate with us in this process, creating their own brand of STAND to improve the lives of families.

Evidence for the idea that some individuals may experience an addictive-like response to certain foods has grown in the past decade. Food addiction parallels substance use disorders to suggest that highly processed foods (e.g., chocolate, French fries) may exhibit an addictive potential and trigger addictive-like responses in vulnerable individuals. An opposing conceptualization of addictive-like eating was recently developed, suggesting that the behavioral act of eating may be addictive rather than highly processed foods. However, the arguments for a behavioral eating addiction do not consider the central role of behaviors within substance use disorders and are not supported by preliminary research demonstrating that highly processed foods may directly contribute to the addictive-like eating phenotype. The primary goal of this chapter is to argue that a substance-based, food addiction framework is the most appropriate reflection of the current state of the literature and more closely parallels scientific understanding of addictive disorders. Specifically, this chapter will review theoretical debates between the food versus eating addiction perspectives, raise concerns about discrepancies between eating addiction and existing behavioral addictions, and review assessment tools for food and eating addiction. Finally, implications for stigma, intervention, and future research are discussed.

Approximately 23.5 million people in America need assistance for an alcohol, tobacco, or other drug use (ATOD) disorder, although many do not obtain the help that they need. This disorder is extremely difficult to resolve, as it can be hard to make the necessary lifestyle changes to accommodate sobriety. Sometimes, individuals may recover without formalized treatment, otherwise known as natural recovery. Other times, inpatient or outpatient treatment, or partial-hospitalization, is warranted. Even for individuals taking the proper steps and going to treatment, attrition rates are high, with consistent drop-out rates of 30 percent to 40 percent within three months of treatment initiation. Racial and gender disparities in both treatment participation and outcomes exist, indicating a need for tailoring of treatments and further research on breaking barriers to treatment entrance. Motivation is central in several recovery models proposed to explain stages of change in treatment. Treatment options include initial detoxification and pharmacological options (such as medication-assisted treatment using buprenorphine for opioid use disorder), cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, cue exposure, attentional retraining, twelve-step programs, and group/family therapy. Relapse rates are high, and oftentimes individuals move from one addiction to another. Harm reduction approaches may be beneficial to those that cannot fully quit an addiction, and relapse prevention is an important treatment component, as addiction is a life-long battle.

Skin cancer is a major public health issue with global rates of disease steadily on the rise. Intentional tanning behaviors, including sunbathing and indoor tanning, are high-risk practices strongly associated with an increased risk of skin cancer. Despite the known health risks, both indoor and outdoor tanning remain popular, particularly among young adult non-Hispanic white women. While all tanning increases the risk of skin cancer, in a subset of those who tan the behavior becomes frequent and excessive, with addiction-like properties. “Tanning addiction” is thus associated with the characteristics of other addictions such as craving for the behavior, a reinforcing effect, an inability to quit, and resulting adverse health consequences related to the behavior. Motivations driving tanning addiction may stem from both psychological factors such as appearance norms and from the physiologic effects of exposure to ultraviolet light on brain reward pathways influencing mood. In this chapter we present the concept of tanning as an addiction, reviewing its definition, measurement, and prevalence in the population, and outlining the empirical evidence for the behavioral and biological drivers of tanning addiction. The implications of this research, we suggest, warrants greater attention to this emerging addiction, and necessitates the development of effective prevention and treatment interventions in those at risk of addictive tanning.

This chapter provides an overview of the key areas of agreement and debate about workaholism, particularly its conceptualization, prevention, and treatment. The chapter integrates biomedical and health psychology perspectives with a view to challenging and advancing understanding on how to prevent people from developing a problematic relationship with work, and how best to support those experiencing the problem. The chapter begins by reviewing the conceptualization of workaholism, and then reviews the existing evidence concerning the main correlates and vulnerability factors. This discussion then leads to an exploration into alternative ways that workaholism can be theorized, in particular biopsychosocial models and critical theory of addiction. Building upon this combined theoretical perspective, the chapter ends by reviewing and speculating on different aspects of prevention and treatment according to the different stakeholders involved.