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72 results

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  • Associations between maternal exposure to surgery or pregnancy exposure to fluorinated anesthetics and children’s cognitive development and educational outcomes

  • Melissa E. Kravets, Mark A. Klebanoff, Sarah A. Keim
  • Journal: Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease / Volume 14 / Issue 2 / April 2023
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 August 2022, pp. 199-208

  • A transgenerational, epigenetic effect of anesthesia, particularly fluorinated agents, has been examined in rat models, but translation to humans is unclear. This study examined associations of maternal lifetime exposure to anesthesia and pregnancy exposure to fluorinated anesthetics with child cognitive and educational outcomes. Women in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959–1963) reported lifetime history of surgeries, and the obstetric record captured pregnancy exposure to anesthetics. Children were followed to age 7 for global cognitive ability and educational outcomes (n=47,977). Logistic and linear regressions were adjusted for maternal and child birth years, race and ethnicity, smoking, education, parity, study site. Many outcomes were not associated with exposure to maternal surgery that occurred at various life stages. However, maternal surgery in early childhood was associated both with being in a special school or not in school (adj OR=1.42; 95% CI 1.02, 1.98) and with slightly better cognitive ability across childhood (e.g., WISC IQ (adj β=0.59; CI 0.13, 1.04) (especially among boys)). Maternal surgery in puberty was associated with slightly lower IQ (adj β = –0.42; CI –0.79, –0.05) and poorer spelling at age 7. Children’s prenatal exposure to fluorinated anesthetics was associated with slightly better spelling ability (adj β = 1.20; CI 0.02, 2.38) but lower performance IQ at age 7 (only among boys, adj β = –1.97; CI –3.88, –0.06). This study shows inconsistent evidence of effects of maternal exposure to surgery or prenatal exposure to fluorinated agents on child developmental and educational outcomes Residual confounding by indication and socioeconomic status may explain observed associations.

  • The Annual Global Incidence Rate of Extreme Weather Event Disasters Appears Positively Correlated with World GDP, 1961–2020

  • Mark E. Keim, Thomas More Smith, Frederick M. Burkle, Jr.
  • Journal: Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 37 / Issue 4 / August 2022
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 July 2022, pp. 431-436
  • Print publication: August 2022
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  • Objective:

    This study compared the per capita annual global incidence rate of disasters caused by natural hazards with the annual world real gross domestic product, GDP (per global capita), as reported during 1961 through 2020.

    Methods:

    Sixty (60) values for the world real GDP per global capita (in constant 2015 $USD) were compared to corresponding annual values for global incidence rates for five natural disaster subgroups and then for a total of twelve individual disaster types that comprise the subgroups; each expressed as an annual global incidence rate (in terms of annual incidence per 100,000 persons). Calculations of multiple linear regression, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were performed for comparing population-adjusted values for GDP to corresponding values.

    Results:

    Four out of five hydrological and meteorological disasters were found to have a positive correlation with GDP. Results of the analysis revealed a relatively high degree of correlation between world GDP and the annual incidence of flood and storm disasters (P = 6.21 × 10−10 and P = 4.23 × 10−4, respectively). The annual incidence of heat waves and cold weather disasters also appeared to correlate with GDP (P = .002 and P = .019, respectively). In comparison, wet landslides indicated no such correlation (P = .862). No significant associations were found among the seven other individual biological, climatological, and geophysical disasters and GDP.

    Conclusion:

    The global incidence of four extreme weather (hydrometeorological) disasters appear to be positively associated with world real GDP during 1961-2020. These findings contradict previous postulates that the risk of disaster incidence is inversely associated with the capacity of the population.

  • Chapter 19 - Gap Analysis

  • from Part IV - The Process of Emergency Operations Planning
  • Mark Keim
  • Book: Disaster Planning
  • Published online: 21 October 2021
  • Print publication: 04 November 2021, pp 121-125

  • Summary

    This chapter provides a detailed guide for determining gaps within an organization’s capability and capacity to perform an emergency response.

  • Chapter 16 - Planning Assumptions

  • from Part IV - The Process of Emergency Operations Planning
  • Mark Keim
  • Book: Disaster Planning
  • Published online: 21 October 2021
  • Print publication: 04 November 2021, pp 93-99

  • Summary

    This chapter describes the process for determining the content of an emergency operations plan, in terms of disaster impacts, needs, and the capability to address those needs.

  • Chapter 25 - The Future of Disaster Planning

  • from Part V - The Quality of Emergency Operations Planning
  • Mark Keim
  • Book: Disaster Planning
  • Published online: 21 October 2021
  • Print publication: 04 November 2021, pp 168-176

  • Summary

    This chapter scans the range of possibilities now open for emergency operations planning. The embedded case study describes use of the cloud, artificial intelligence, and the “internet of things.”

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