The shift towards cultivating domesticated crops was a pivotal development in ecological, economic, and human behavioural systems. As agriculture expanded beyond its origins, it faced diverse environments, often unsuitable for the originally cultivated domesticates. Farmers in Central Europe had to adjust and transform their farming systems, typically cultivating only five domesticated crop species. Here, we present new archaeobotanical data comprising 7955 determined charred remains and 22 radiocarbon dates from South Bohemia. This region, with higher altitudes, colder climates, and less fertile soils, lies on the periphery of Early Neolithic settlement. Our results reveal increased crop diversity as a form of adaptation to the harsher environment that bolstered resilience against crop failure. The earliest 14C-based evidence of deliberate cultivation of barley and Timopheev’s wheat in the region also provides new insights into the interplay between crop diffusion, landscapes, and food choices in the Neolithic Central Europe.

Over the last few years, during the pandemic, the Brazilian population has suffered several problems, ranging from health to socioeconomic impacts. When we consider Brazilian science, there has been an undeniable scientific delay generated by the pandemic, especially in areas that are not related to the coronavirus. In this context, with the aim of fostering collaboration among researchers in the field of Developmental Origins of Health and Diseases (DOHaD) and enhancing the potential for implementing public health strategies to prevent noncommunicable chronic diseases, the Brazilian Association of Developmental Origins of Health and Diseases (DOHaD Brazil) was established in 2020. In this narrative, we explore the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, focusing on its impacts on scientific research conducted in universities. Additionally, we underscore the significance of the DOHaD Brazil Association, particularly from the perspective of young researchers engaged in DOHaD research in Brazil.

This cross-sectional study aims to describe and compare energy, nutrient intake and food consumption according to eating location and by age groups using data from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (IAN-AF 2015/2016). Dietary intake was estimated by two non-consecutive days of food diaries (children)/24-h recalls (other age groups), and four eating location categories were defined according to the proportion of meals consumed at out-of-home locations: Home (at least 80 % of meals at home), Other Homes, School or Work and Restaurants and Other Places. The majority of meals (69·1 %) were consumed at home. Meals were also often taken at school by children and adolescents and in restaurants and similar outlets by adults and elderly. Children and adolescents in the School or Work category ate more fruit, vegetables and pulses and cereals and starchy tubers, whereas adults in this category ate more red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets. Compared with Home category, Restaurants and Other Places was associated with worse diet adequacies among children (β = –1·0; 95 % CI = –2·0, −0·04), adolescents: (β = –2·4; 95 % CI = –3·2, −1·5) and adults (β = –1·3; 95 % CI = –1·6, −1·0) reflecting higher intakes of energy, fat, trans-fatty acids and SFA, and Na. The elderly consumed more free sugars and fat when eating out of home in general. Overall, findings reflect important variation in nutrient profiles by eating location, with meals taken at school or work contributing to higher consumption of nutrient-dense foods and those taken in restaurants and other similar settings implying higher consumption of energy-dense foods.

Armando Palacio Valdés characterised the Asturian village of Sama de Langreo in his novel La aldea perdida (1903), as an unusual example of an industrialised population entity through four variables: the sale of fresh meat, the existence of street lighting, cafés, and public greenspaces. The aim of this article is to verify the author’s approach by comparing the state of the rest of the Asturian parishes at the time of the novel (1879). To do this, a methodology combining the use of literary sources and the analysis of historical documentary sources will be applied. The results obtained confirm the Asturian author’s assessment of the industrialisation process in Sama as an exceptional milestone for the province, as well as evidencing the slow pace of industrialisation in the rest of the Asturian parishes.

Located east of the Antarctic Peninsula, Cockburn Island is a small island in the James Ross Archipelago. Studies of mosses on the island are scarce. The oldest studies date from the first half of the nineteenth century to the most recent in 1993. The number of records of mosses is very small due to the difficulty of accessing the area. Here, we report an updated composition of the moss flora of the plateau, in which four new records have been found: Bryoerythrophyllum antarcticum, Ceratodon purpureus, Pohlia wilsonii and Schistidium lewis-smithii. The occurrence of these species on the plateau shows that the ranges of these species have expanded from the Antarctic Peninsula to the east. This collection highlights the need for further research into the dynamics of moss flora in the context of climate change.

The use of silvopastoral systems with tree legumes is a viable alternative to recover and develop pastures, as they add N to the system influencing pasture growth. This study hypothesized that the herbage and litter of signalgrass (Urochloa decumbens Stapf) is affected by legume trees in the pasture. Treatments were composed of (1) signalgrass + Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.; (2) signalgrass + Gliricidia sepium Jacq.; and (3) signalgrass monoculture. The 3-year experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three replications. Tree legumes were planted in double rows (15 × 1 × 0.5 m), in 1 ha paddocks. Litter samples were taken in five distance points (0, 1.8, 3.7, 5.6 and 7.5 m) perpendicular to tree legume rows. Signalgrass was taller at longer distances from the trees (P < 0.05). Signalgrass height differed between treatments, with taller signalgrass found in pastures mixed with G. sepium (15.6 cm) compared to M. caesalpiniifolia (9 cm) (P < 0.05). Herbage N content decreased with increasing distance from tree rows (P < 0.05). Litter N content followed a similar pattern, ranging from 23 g/kg under the trees to 12 g/kg at 7.5 m away from tree rows. Signalgrass did not grow under the tree crown (0–1.8 m), especially when intercropped with M. caesalpiniifolia. The findings of this study suggest that the type of legume trees used in the silvopastoral system has the potential to modify the pattern of grass growth and content of N in pasture litter.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This project presents the Post-doctoral Master of Science in Clinical and Translational Research (MSc) program’s outcomes in 20 years of its implementation. This program is a joint offering between the Schools of Health Professions and School of Medicine of the University of Puerto Rico. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study consists of secondary data analysis of academic and administrative documents. It also includes data from the Annual Evaluation retreats reports and an Alumni Follow-up Survey using an electronic questionnaire. All 121 Scholars admitted to the program from academic years 2003 to 2023 were included in the sample. Data analysis included descriptive statistical analysis of quantitative data and qualitative content analysis regarding recruitment/admissions, faculty composition, curriculum design, Scholars’ outcomes, and program’s financial support sources. Quantitative data were analyzed using the statistical software SPSS. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Scholars of the program had been recruited from the UPR-MSC and several partner institutions with diverse backgrounds, disciplines, and research areas. Faculty and committee members have representation from the six MSC-Schools and partner institutions. The academic Program structure has changed over the years, and currently, more than 65% of the courses are offered online. Several financial sources have been identified to support the scholars. The Scholars’ portfolios of grant submission and publication productivity evidence the program’s success. Graduates have also been successful in advancing to positions that foster research impacting Hispanics. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The Post-doctoral Master’s in Clinical and Translational Research program (MSc) has contributed to the formation of committed Hispanic clinical and translational researchers impacting minorities and contributing to diversity in the research workforce.

Women with twin pregnancies experience greater sleep disturbance compared to women with singleton pregnancies. The aims of this study were to explore the sleep quality in women with twin pregnancies and to compare their sleep dimensions with coetaneous single pregnancies. This was an observational study in which women were enrolled at the end of pregnancy in the Obstetric Service of Hospital La Paz (Spain). The women were classified as single (n = 143) or twin pregnancy (n = 62). Pregnant women responded to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to evaluate sleep quality, latency, duration, efficiency, perturbance, use of medication, and daytime dysfunction. The higher the index, the greater the alteration of sleep quality. Without statistical differences, a poor sleep quality was higher in women with single (66.7%) than women with twin pregnancies (22.8%). The good sleeper slept 6.8 h/day in single pregnancy and 7.3 h/day in twin pregnancy. The sleep perturbation and dysfunctionality were higher in women with twin than single pregnancies. The use of medication to sleep was significantly lower in women with twin than single pregnancies. In women with twin pregnancy, the body weight gain during first trimester had a positive correlation with worse sleep quality and sleep perturbations. Twin pregnancy needed more than 7 h/day to have a high sleep quality, showing greater sleep perturbations and daytime dysfunction than single pregnancies. The control of gestational body weight can improve the sleep quality, disturbances, and duration in twin gestations. Sleep screening during pregnancy would be necessary to handle sleep issues and increase benefits in twin gestational outcomes.

This article studies the impact caused by the success and dissemination of Broussais’ theories on the use of leeches as a medical supply on Spanish–French trade relations, as well as its consequences for the Spanish market between 1821 and the 1860s. Analysing the documents produced by the different public administrations, together with newspaper and archival sources in both Spain and France and the literature and legislation of that period, allows us to understand the evolution of this trade and the heavy impact it had on the autochthonous population of this animal resource. The article reveals how, at the beginning of the 1820s, leeches became an important medical supply and how the demand for them increased significantly. This gave rise to a trade relation between Spain and France that led to the overexploitation of the resource, the issuing of regulations on the matter, and the search for technological solutions to increase the production of leeches.

The decomposition of kaolinite by treatment with trimethyl phosphate (TMP) and the composition of the new crystalline phase formed were studied. On hot treatment with TMP, kaolinite forms a crystalline white compound that is soluble in hot water. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the kaolinite treated shows both the typical reflections of kaolinite and, furthermore, a very strong reflection at 8.84 Å. After 30 days of treatment with TMP, the silicate structure of kaolinite is completely destroyed and a crystalline phase identical with that resulting from treatment of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) with TMP is formed. The results show that the compound in question is formed by hydrolysis of TMP, catalyzed by the hydration water of exchange cations of kaolinite, followed by removal of Al from the silicate structure by incompletely hydrolyzed TMP. The new crystalline phase thus formed is an aluminium alkyl phosphate of formula Al(CH3)6(PO4)3.

Adsorption and the mechanism of adsorption of the herbicide glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] by hydrotalcite (HT) and by hydrotalcite calcined at 500°C (HT500) was studied. The values of the Freundlich K constant of the adsorption isotherms and the distribution coefficients, Kd, depend on the pH of the adsorption system and vary between 55.54–9603 (K) and 36.82–6252 (Kd) for HT and between 10,106–23,242 (K) and 17,801–26,558 (Kd) for HT500. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy studies showed that glyphosate is not adsorbed into the interlayer of HT. The adsorption mechanisms are (1) electrostatic attraction between the surface of HT, charged positively below pH 12 according to its point of zero charge and the glyphosate anion, and (2) ligand exchange between the P-OH and/or C=O groups of the herbicide and the Al and Mg atoms of the HT surface. The occurrence of one or both mechanisms depends on the pH of the adsorption system. These adsorption mechanisms and the amphoteric nature of glyphosate account for the variation in K and Kd values with respect to pH. Previous studies on adsorption of different organic anions by HT have only considered the mechanism of anion exchange as important.

Climate change and its potentially violent consequences for international peace and security have transformed the United Nations (UN) approach to Sustaining Peace. One of the emblematic initiatives of this new approach is the UN Joint Programme for Women, Natural Resources, Climate, and Peace. We use feminist peace scholarship to consider what the recent debates about who builds peace and where peace is built in Peace Studies and Environmental Peacebuilding miss when they treat concepts of ‘scale’ and local natural resource management as gender-neutral and what this might tell us about the wider UN Peacebuilding agenda in which it is situated. We make three claims. First, we claim that gendered relations of power that leverage women for win–win opportunities of peace and gender equality (re)produce an idea of a feminised, self-contained local. Second, we demonstrate that this makes it possible to reproduce the dominant political order that privileges intervention, and the dominant economic order that is occupied with forcing ‘local’ economies to adapt their natural resource management strategies. Third, we argue that assuming that ‘the who’ and ‘the where’ of building peace is local makes it much harder to ask about how the conditions of possibility for violence transcend scales.