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13 results

  • OP57 The Identification Of Technological Innovations To Address The Challenge Of Antimicrobial Resistance Using Horizon Scanning Approaches
  • Lucy Barrass, Abigail Roberts, Oluwatomi Arisa, Emily Robertson, Aoife Oliver, Oshin Sharma, Janet Kinnersley, Dawn Craig, Anne Oyewole
  • Journal: International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 38 / Issue S1 / December 2022
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 December 2022, p. S22
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    Introduction

    Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics is a significant driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which is a global health challenge. Technological innovations present an opportunity to reduce demand for antimicrobials through infection prevention, detection, and management. The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory (IO) has developed horizon scanning methods to identify promising innovations (devices/diagnostics/digital) and anticipate technological trends. Together these insights build a comprehensive landscape and presents a significant opportunity for decision-makers and HTAs to consider the clinical, financial, infrastructural, and logistical provisions to improve preparedness for the potential adoption of these future innovations.

    Methods

    The IO developed a detailed dataset of technologies by formulating search strategies for AMR, based on a comprehensive list of terms and input from expert panels. Primary and secondary sources were systematically scanned using a combination of traditional scanning methods, automated and novel artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning techniques. Sources included clinical trial registries, MedTech news, academic sources, funding agencies, commercial sites, and regulatory authorities.

    Results

    Our global dataset identified over 3000 innovative preventative, detection, and monitoring technologies mapped across AMR clinical pathways (including sepsis, respiratory tract infections). Development activity largely concentrated in the United States of America and United Kingdom. Emerging trends included the application of novel materials to prevent infections (e.g., catheter coatings) and novel analytical techniques (e.g., biosensors, microfluidics, breath analysis) to support optimal patient treatment. Data analysis revealed a high proportion of technologies were diagnostic innovations addressing unmet needs such as rapid and accurate detection (including drug-resistant infections).

    Conclusions

    The rapid development and application of technological interventions presents an opportunity to strengthen national AMR strategies worldwide, through the adoption of new innovations. Improvements in exiting technologies, along with technological advancements have the potential to support appropriate prescribing of antimicrobials and thus address the rise in AMR.

  • 12 - Tuning in to Germany: The BBC German Service and the British Occupation
  • Edited by James Hodkinson, University of Warwick UK, Benedict Schofield
  • Book: German in the World
  • Published by: Boydell & Brewer
  • Published online: 06 October 2020
  • Print publication: 25 June 2020, pp 236-253
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    Summary

    “HIER IST ENGLAND! Hier ist England! Hier ist England!” This was the announcement Germans would hear if they happened to tune their radios to the BBC German Service during the Second World War. While technology enabled Britain to cross into enemy territory via the airwaves, actually speaking to Germans in a language they understood— in a tone to which they would respond favorably, about topics that interested them—required a complex combination of linguistic and cultural competence, knowledge, and creativity. It also required those working for the BBC German Service to consider carefully to whom and for whom they were speaking. Originally conceived as part of Britain's psychological warfare effort, the German Service continued to broadcast from Bush House in London well beyond the end of the Second World War, until its closure in 1999. What bodies of knowledge and intellectual insights did its employees draw on to maintain this transnational broadcasting effort? How did German listeners react to programs from the United Kingdom? What adjustments were necessary to transition from wartime to peacetime broadcasting? This chapter explores transnational exchange between Britain and Germany by focusing on the ways in which the BBC chose to address its German target audience in the 1940s.

    Scholarship on the BBC German Service has focused primarily on the war years and neglected its role in subsequent periods of German history. Drawing on hitherto unexamined archival sources, this chapter presents the first analysis of the German Service's role during the Allied occupation of Germany (1945–49)—a crucial period for the development of the German media landscape. The transition from war to peace in the mid-1940s saw a renewed negotiation between external, internal, and bilateral British and German voices on the BBC German Service, at a time when Britain was very directly involved in efforts to rebuild, control, and reshape the German media. Accessing and broadcasting authentic German voices became crucial to attracting and retaining listeners during this period, as did the question of how to position the German listener in relation to an extraterritorial speaker. In these ways, the BBC German Service's development during the immediate postwar years serves as a case study for two nations’ attempts to redefine their position in the world after a period of embittered conflict.

  • Long-chain n-3 fatty acids as an essential link between musculoskeletal and cardio-metabolic health in older adults
  • Oliver C. Witard, Emilie Combet, Stuart R. Gray
  • Journal: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue 1 / February 2020
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 July 2019, pp. 47-55
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    This narrative review aims to critically evaluate scientific evidence exploring the therapeutic role(s) of long-chain n-3 PUFA in the context of ageing, and specifically, sarcopenia. We highlight that beyond impairments in physical function and a lack of independence, the age-related decline in muscle mass has ramifications for cardio-metabolic health. Specifically, skeletal muscle is crucial in regulating blood glucose homeostasis (and by extension reducing type 2 diabetes mellitus risk) and providing gluconeogenic precursors that are critical for survival during muscle wasting conditions (i.e. AIDS). Recent interest in the potential anabolic action of n-3 PUFA is based on findings from experimental studies that measured acute changes in the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and/or chronic changes in muscle mass and strength in response to fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA supplementation. Key findings include a potentiated response of MPS to amino acid provision or resistance-based exercise with n-3 PUFA in healthy older adults that extrapolated to longer-term changes in muscle mass and strength. The key mechanism(s) underpinning this enhanced response of MPS remains to be fully elucidated, but is likely driven by the incorporation of exogenous n-3 PUFA into the muscle phospholipid membrane and subsequent up-regulation of cell signalling proteins known to control MPS. In conclusion, multiple lines of evidence suggest that dietary n-3 PUFA provide an essential link between musculoskeletal and cardio-metabolic health in older adults. Given that western diets are typically meagre in n-3 PUFA content, nutritional recommendations for maintaining muscle health with advancing age should place greater emphasis on dietary n-3 PUFA intake.

  • Seven-year itch: the UK Government’s difficult relationship with the food and drink industry since Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A Call to Action on Obesity in England (2011)
  • Stuart W Flint, Emily J Oliver
  • Journal: Public Health Nutrition / Volume 22 / Issue 7 / May 2019
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 March 2019, pp. 1326-1329
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    Objective

    Unhealthy food and drink consumption is associated with a range of physical and mental health concerns. In response, public health policies have been developed targeting a reduction in obesity in particular. In the present commentary we argue that government–industry partnerships have reduced the effectiveness of resultant policies and explore why.

    Design

    Perspectives of authors.

    Setting

    UK.

    Participants

    Populations in the UK; UK Government.

    Results

    Industry involvement has presented three interrelated challenges for the UK Government: (i) balancing collaboration while maintaining appropriate distance from industry stakeholders; (ii) resultant production of ‘watertight’ and effective legislation or intervention; and (iii) actual or perceived limited sanctioning or bargaining power.

    Conclusions

    Industry involvement in public health policy making has led to weak action. Support with policy implementation (rather than development) and genuine ‘buy-in’ from industry could accelerate the pace of public health improvement.

  • Overcoming undesirable resilience in the global food system
  • Tom H. Oliver, Emily Boyd, Kelvin Balcombe, Tim G. Benton, James M. Bullock, Deanna Donovan, Giuseppe Feola, Matthew Heard, Georgina M. Mace, Simon R. Mortimer, Richard J. Nunes, Richard F. Pywell, Dominik Zaum
  • Journal: Global Sustainability / Volume 1 / 2018
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 August 2018, e9
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    Our current global food system – from food production to consumption, including manufacture, packaging, transport, retail and associated businesses – is responsible for extensive negative social and environmental impacts which threaten the long-term well-being of society. This has led to increasing calls from science–policy organizations for major reform and transformation of the global food system. However, our knowledge regarding food system transformations is fragmented and this is hindering the development of co-ordinated solutions. Here, we collate recent research across several academic disciplines and sectors in order to better understand the mechanisms that ‘lock-in’ food systems in unsustainable states.

  • Team-based clinical simulation in radiation medicine: value to attitudes and perceptions of interprofessional collaboration
  • Caitlin Gillan, Meredith Giuliani, Olive Wong, Nicole Harnett, Emily Milne, Douglas Moseley, Robert Thompson, Pamela Catton, Jean-Pierre Bissonnette
  • Journal: Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice / Volume 14 / Issue 2 / June 2015
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 March 2015, pp. 117-125
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    Introduction

    Simulation has been effective for changing attitudes towards team-based competencies in many areas, but its role in teaching interprofessional collaboration (IPC) in radiation medicine (RM) is unknown. This study reports on feasibility and IPC outcomes of a team-based simulation event; ‘Radiation Medicine Simulation in Learning Interprofessional Collaborative Experience’ (RM SLICE).

    Methods

    Radiation therapy (RTT), medical physics (MP) and radiation oncology (RO) trainees in a single academic department were eligible. Scheduled closure of a modern RM clinic allowed rotation of five high-fidelity cases in three 105-minute timeslots. A pre/post-survey design evaluated learner satisfaction and interprofessional perceptions. Scales included the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS), UWE Entry Level Interprofessional Questionnaire (UWEIQ), Trainee Test of Team Dynamics and Collaborative Behaviours Scale (CBS).

    Results

    Twenty-one trainees participated; six ROs (28·57%), six MPs (28·57%) and nine RTTs (42·86%). All cases were conducted, resolved and debriefed within the allotted time. Twenty-one complete sets (100%) of evaluations were returned. Participants reported limited interaction with other professional groups before RM SLICE. Perceptions of team functioning and value of team interaction in ‘establishing or improving the care plan’ were high for all cases, averaging 8·1/10 and 8·9/10. Average CBS scores were 70·4, 71·9 and 69·5, for the three cases, scores increasing between the first and second case for 13/21 (61·9%) participants. RIPLS and UWEIQ scores reflected positive perceptions both pre- and post-event, averaging 83·5 and 85·2 (RIPLS) and 60·6 and 55·7 (UWEIQ), respectively. For all professions for both scales, the average change in score reflected improved IP perceptions, with agreement between scales for 15/20 (75·0%) participants. Overall, perception of IPC averaged 9·14/10, as did the importance of holding such an event annually.

    Conclusions

    Team-based simulation is feasible in RM and appears to facilitate interprofessional competency-building in high-acuity clinical situations, reflecting positive perceptions of IPC.