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7 results

  • 4 - Evolutionary Institutional Change and Performance in Polycentric Governance
  • from Part I - Foundations for Understanding and Researching Polycentric Governance
  • Edited by Andreas Thiel, Universität Kassel, Germany, William A. Blomquist, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, Dustin E. Garrick, University of Oxford
  • Book: Governing Complexity
  • Published online: 13 September 2019
  • Print publication: 03 October 2019, pp 91-110
  • View extract

    Summary

    Polycentric governance has emergent properties that we argue can be explained through an analysis of the dynamics of institutional change. In this chapter, we use institutional change theories and evolutionary and complex adaptive systems (CAS) thinking to trace mechanisms observed in the change and emergence of polycentric governance. We offer an explanatory model of how polycentric governance changes. Particularly, we consider institutional change of polycentric governance to be negotiated in interdependent (networks of) action situations. Change (or emergence) of governance is the result of endogenous changes (e.g. in power resources actors hold) and/ or of exogenous drivers such as technological change. Polycentric governance shares characteristics with Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) whose change is evolutionary. We highlight the particular difficulties this perspective entails for assessing institutional performance. We illustrate the evolution of polycentric governance arrangements through two vignettes summarizing case study material from Kenya and Mexico.

  • Appraisal of short and long versions of the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey (NEMS-S and NEMS-R) in Australia
  • Julia Elizabeth Carins, Sharyn Rundle-Thiele, Ryan James Storr
  • Journal: Public Health Nutrition / Volume 22 / Issue 3 / March 2019
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 October 2018, pp. 564-570
    • Article
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  • View abstract
    Objective

    Research has begun to take a more ecological view of eating behaviour, examining multiple levels of influence: personal, social and environmental. The food environment is a major influence on eating behaviour, attracting the attention of researchers who have measured it in a number of ways. The present paper examines the short-form version, in comparison to the long-form version, of the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey (NEMS) – an observational food outlet audit tool.

    Design

    Both the short-form and long-form were examined to qualitatively appraise the dimensions of the food environment assessed by each measure. Data from 135 food outlets in Australia were then used to compare results obtained using the short-form with the results from the long-form method, to consider the utility of the short-form measure.

    Setting

    The retail food environment in Australia.

    Participants

    One hundred and thirty-five food outlets in Australia.

    Results

    Results indicate that the short-form predominantly assessed availability of healthful foods (one aspect of the food environment). Several critical dimensions of the food environment known to influence eating behaviour were not assessed. For this data set, the short-form produced scores inconsistent with the longer version of the measure, delivering inflated estimates for stores and deflated estimates for restaurants.

    Conclusions

    Scores between the long-form and short-form versions were not comparable in this Australian study. Further development of food environment measures is recommended and must balance instrument brevity with the need to accurately capture important aspects of the food environment known to influence eating behaviour.

  • Chapter 24 - Tuberous sclerosis complex
  • from Section 3 - Symptomatic epilepsy
  • Edited by Simon D. Shorvon, Frederick Andermann, Renzo Guerrini
  • Book: The Causes of Epilepsy
  • Published online: 05 March 2012
  • Print publication: 14 April 2011, pp 177-182
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter considers the etiologies of the benign partial epilepsies recognized in the Classification and Terminology of ILAE published in 2001 that include benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BCECTS), early-onset benign childhood occipital epilepsy Panayiotopoulos type (PS) and late-onset childhood occipital epilepsy Gastaut type. The authors present clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) evidence of cases showing the association of other benign focal epilepsies with absence epilepsy, namely, patients with PS and late-onset occipital epilepsy of the Gastaut type, evolving into typical childhood absence epilepsies. Childhood occipital epilepsy (COE) of Gastaut is a rare condition with a probable prevalence of 0.2-0.9% of all epilepsies, and 2-7% of benign childhood focal seizures. Patients with PS, COE of Gastaut, and BCECTS show EEG features in common with idiopathic generalized epilepsies. For example, generalized spike and wave on EEG has been reported in PS, COE of Gastaut, and BCECTS.
  • 582. Immersion cleaning of milking equipment
  • C. C. Thiel, P. A. Clough, L. F. L. Clegg, D. N. Akam, Marie Gruber, Elizabeth Hirons
  • Journal: Journal of Dairy Research / Volume 22 / Issue 2 / June 1955
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 June 2009, pp. 156-165
  • Print publication: June 1955
  • View extract

    A method of cleaning milking equipment is described which involves the immersion of all items coming into contact with milk in a caustic soda solution for the whole period between milkings. It is expected that this method of maintaining the equipment in satisfactory bacteriological condition would need less attention to detail than existing techniques. The procedure outlined may only be applied to apparatus which can be packed into a basket no larger than can be readily handled. It therefore applies only to direct-to-can milking equipment, and suitable milking and immersion cleaning apparatus are described.

    The process has been tried for a year on 8 commercial farms. The results are promising in that milk of good quality has been consistently produced, but the bacteriological state of the milking clusters was often below present standards. Deposition of calcium soap and inorganic calcium salts was marked on farms where the total hardness of the water was of the order of 200 p.p.m. Work is continuing.