A discussion of what coinage can add to our understanding of the relationship between Mark Antony and Cleopatra. An introduction to the monetary system of Ptolemaic Egypt is provided, followed by an overview of how the relationship between Antony and Cleopatra was publicly presented on their coin issues. The role of Antony's supporters (Atratinus and Sosius) is explored, as are the effects of the Donations of Alexandria. Provincial coinage is used to demonstrate the support that Antony, Cleopatra, and their circle received in the eastern Mediterranean. These coins also shed light on the honours given by Antony to inhabitants in the region, and those the provincial elite gave to Antony. Finally, Antony's legionary denarii are discussed - these issues were struck in the lead up to the Battle of Actium, and were used by Octavian after his final victory. The continued circulation of Antony's coins well into the third century is demonstrated, highlighting Antony's continued presence on Roman money even after his defeat.

Explores how coinage was used to communicate competing ideologies after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. Both Roman and provincial coins demonstrate a dialogue of power.The competition between Mark Antony and Octavian to be Caesar's heir is discussed, as are the coins of the assassins, Brutus and Cassius. The increasing use of divine imagery and divine ideology is explored: Julius Caesar is deified, and Pompey the Great becomes aligned with Neptune. Coinage can also reveal the competition that continued between key political players even during their alliances, and the increased visibility of woman (with a focus on Octavia and Fulvia).

This chapter summarises what archaeological context can add to our understanding of coinage and its use in 49 BC-AD 14. Coin finds from military camps along the northern frontier are discussed, as are the coins found at Kalkriese, the site where Varus lost the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in AD 9. The mutilation of coins in political and ritual contexts is explored, as is the role of coins in temple economies more generally. In addition to official issues, there were also others types of coinage in use in the Roman world, and this chapter highlights the existence of 'pseudo-mints' at Pompeii and Minturnae, and the continued use of older currency in Corinth, North Africa and Egypt. The social uses of money is also introduced, including the role of coins in New Year's festivities in the Roman world.

A discussion of the coinage struck by Julius Caesar after he crossed the Rubicon and before his assassination. The Gallic Wars, Venus and the accumulation of Caesar's titles form the focus of this discussion. The issues of Caesar's opponents (Scipio Metellus in Africa, and the sons of Pompey in Spain) are also explored in detail. An exploration of the reception of Caesar's ideology in the provinces is also provided, demonstrating the visual and ideological dialogue that took place on coins in this period.