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1533 results in The University of Adelaide Press

Page 18 of 77

  • 3 - Reform achievements so far, and GATT/WTO contributions

  • Kym Anderson, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Finishing Global Farm Trade Reform
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    25 July 2017
    Print publication:
    01 January 2017, pp 32-42

  • Summary

    Notwithstanding the virtues of trade openness summarized in the previous chapter, throughout history most countries have intervened at their border with measures that distort the country's trade and drive a wedge between domestic and international market prices. An exceptional period was the mid-nineteenth century, which saw repeal of Britain's Corn Laws and the 1860 trade agreement between Britain and France. Those milestone events triggered a gradual opening up of world trade, and contributed to rapid growth in advanced economies. That first globalization wave was brought to an abrupt halt by the First World War and then the protectionism of the 1930s. When followed by the Second World War, leaders of key trading economies felt driven to establish a set of rules to govern international trade. The resulting General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) came into force in 1948.

    The GATT also provided for Contracting Parties to conduct multilateral rounds of negotiations to gradually lower simultaneously their barriers to trade. Those rounds resulted in major reductions between the late 1940s and early 1980s in manufacturing protectionism in developed countries. However, they were unable to stop – let alone reverse –growth in agricultural protectionism in those countries over that period. Those policies inevitably depressed international prices of farm products, and ultimately led to surpluses in Western Europe. When export subsidies were provided to help dispose of them, an export subsidy war erupted across the north Atlantic. That drove international prices of farm products to a record low in the mid-1980s, just as the next (seventh) GATT Round of negotiations were to be launched in Uruguay. It also triggered the formation of the so-called Cairns Group of agricultural-exporting countries, whose sole aim was to keep agriculture on the top of the Uruguay Round's agenda. As a result, an agreement on agriculture was among those that came into force along with the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 1 January 1995. Those commitments were implemented over the following decade.

  • 6 - Ongoing and emerging issues in agricultural trade negotiations

  • Kym Anderson, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Finishing Global Farm Trade Reform
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    25 July 2017
    Print publication:
    01 January 2017, pp 84-96

  • Summary

    Given the scope that still remains for economic welfare gains to developing countries from further agricultural and trade policy reforms, as laid out in the previous chapter, what can be done by WTO members? One of the key impediments to members reaching agreement on the DDA package in August 2008 was widespread scepticism about what the DDA would deliver in terms of improved market access. Yet detailed analyses have suggested that even with the proposed flexibilities with respect to sensitive and special products, the gains from the framework agreement of 2008 would have been substantial, and developing countries would have gained disproportionately. Those gains have been estimated to depend heavily on the extent of further trade reforms by developing countries themselves, however, especially as South-South trade continues to grow in importance.

    The inability to bring the DDA to a successful conclusion has led numerous WTO members to focus in negotiating bilateral, regional and plurilateral trade agreements. Some already have reached agreement and begun to be implemented, while some very large ones are still being negotiated. The latter plurilateral ones include the Trade in Services Agreement (TISA) and the Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) along with a planned initiative on fisheries subsidies, and regional ones include the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) among 12 Pacific rim countries, the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the US and EU, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) among Asian economies plus Australia and New Zealand. Since both TPP and TTIP involve the US, both may be abandoned when the new US President takes office in January 2017, given the candidates’ pronouncements during the 2016 election campaign. The TPP also faces headwinds in getting through Japan's Diet because of farm trade liberalization sensitivities, as does the TTIP in EU member countries.

    Preferential trade agreements may have been easier to conclude than the DDA in recent years because they involve a much smaller number of countries than the full 164 in the WTO.

  • Executive Summary

  • Kym Anderson, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Finishing Global Farm Trade Reform
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    25 July 2017
    Print publication:
    01 January 2017, pp xiii-xvi

  • Summary

    This study reviews policy developments in recent years and, in the light of that, explores ways in which further consensus might be reached among WTO members to reduce farm trade distortions – and thereby also progress the multilateral trade reform agenda. Particular attention is given to ways that would boost well-being in developing countries, especially for those food-insecure households still suffering from poverty and hunger.

    Why open agricultural trade matters

    There is overwhelming conceptual and empirical support for the claim that opening to trade can raise the level and growth of national income. That can in turn provide the wherewithal to reduce poverty, hunger and under-nutrition, and also boost diet diversity, food quality and food safety, and thereby ultimately boost national and global food security, health and well-being. The economic benefits of openness are proportionately greater, the smaller is the national economy. Such gains are even greater if accompanied by a freeing up of domestic product, factor and other input markets.

    Policy reforms since the 1980s: much achieved, much still needed

    For several decades prior to the 1980s, agricultural protection and subsidies in highincome countries had been depressing international prices of farm products. As well, governments of newly independent developing countries often directly taxed farm exports, as well as harming farmers indirectly with an industrialization strategy that involved restrictions on imports of manufactures and an overvalued currency. Since an important aspect of those price-distorting policies was their anti-trade bias, they reduced the quantity of farm products traded internationally. This meant that food prices were more volatile in international markets than they otherwise would have been.

    Since the mid-1980s, many countries have been reforming their agricultural, trade and exchange rate policies. In addition to farm policy reforms in high-income countries, reforms in developing countries since the 1980s have reduced greatly their anti-agricultural distortions. These two parallel sets of reforms are as dramatic as the policy changes in those countries in the preceding three decades.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Kym Anderson, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Finishing Global Farm Trade Reform
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    25 July 2017
    Print publication:
    01 January 2017, pp 1-5

  • Summary

    Half-way through the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations (1986-1994), the world's most prominent agricultural trade economist published a revised version of his seminal 1973 study entitled World Agriculture in Disarray (Johnson 1991). That book described a world in which the northern hemisphere's high-income countries had been increasingly protecting their farmers for the previous three decades with import restrictions and subsidies, while developing countries assisted industrialists at the expense of their farmers. Global agricultural resources were thus being squandered, with too much farm production and investment in rich countries and too few income-earning opportunities for farmers in developing countries – who constitute two-fifths of the world's workforce and two-thirds of the world's extreme poor (Castañeda et al. 2016) – to expand and possibly export their way out of poverty.

    The hope of many was that the Agreement on Agriculture that eventually emerged from those Uruguay Round negotiations, and which came into force with the new World Trade Organization (WTO) on 1 January 1995, would bring agriculture under the trade rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and reverse that wasteful and globally inequitable situation described by Johnson. The Cairns Group of agricultural-exporting countries, in its first submission to the GATT following the launch of the Uruguay Round, made clear that it expected to “achieve fully liberalised trade in agriculture, to eliminate distortive agricultural policies, and to bind the necessary undertakings under strengthened GATT rules and disciplines” (GATT 1987).

    As it turned out, the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) fell far short of requiring full trade liberalization and subsidy elimination. However, it did contain new disciplines on domestic support and export subsidies and commitments to replace nontariff barriers with bound tariffs and reduce those tariff bindings over the decade to 2004. This was a significant first step towards fairer competition and less distortions to trade in farm products. Importantly, Article 20 of that Agreement also envisaged a continuation of the farm policy reform process.

  • 5 - Trade and welfare effects of further partial reforms under WTO

  • Kym Anderson, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Finishing Global Farm Trade Reform
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    25 July 2017
    Print publication:
    01 January 2017, pp 59-83

  • Summary

    With the decade-long implementation of the Uruguay Round agreements to be completed at the end of 2004, including the historic URAA, and the WTO's membership expanded to cover all but a small fraction of world trade, it was expected that a new round of multilateral trade negotiations would be launched as early as the WTO's 1999 Trade Ministerial Meeting in Seattle. However, that meeting had to be abandoned because of anti-globalization protesters. It was only after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 on the United States that the membership of the WTO convened in the capital of Qatar to launch a new comprehensive round, the so-called Doha Development Agenda.

    In the first few years of the DDA there was a great deal of ex ante analysis of the prospective effects of a DDA agreement. The quality of that analysis was far higher and far more comprehensive than prior to any of the GATT's seven negotiation rounds that preceded it, including the Uruguay Round. Given the focus on development, many analyses gave special attention to the likely effects on developing countries in particular. And because market distortions were still greatest in agriculture, that sector got more attention than any other.

    It now seems unlikely that all the policy reform proposals tabled in the first few years of the DDA will ever become part of a single-undertaking agreement at the WTO. Nonetheless, analyses of them are worth examining because they give insights into what might have been, and why the package was insufficiently appealing to enough of the key members of the WTO. They also offer cautions as to what to avoid in future. So after providing some background, this chapter summarizes the main questions that were addressed in the economic analyses that focused on the agricultural parts of the DDA, and explains what was learnt from a sample of those analyses.

    Background to the DDA

    Agriculture has a habit of causing contention in international trade negotiations. It caused long delays to the Uruguay Round in the late 1980s and 1990s, and again it proved to be the major stumbling block in the DDA.

  • 1 - Making publics, making places

  • Edited by Mary Griffiths, University of Adelaide, Kim Barbour, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Making Publics, Making Places
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    28 July 2017
    Print publication:
    31 December 2016, pp 1-8

  • Summary

    Key concepts

    The media landscape is in a profound moment of transition. Perhaps this statement has been true since the development of moveable type, but the impact of the transformation in media environments as a result of digital technologies, particularly those which are utilised through internet services, is significant in all realms of everyday life, and in the organisation of forms of modernity.

    What constitutes ‘publics’ is contextual and contested, as Warner's work on the concept convincingly illustrates (2002). His analysis begins by examining the many confusing overlapping uses of the terms ‘the public’, ‘publics’ and ‘a public’. He notes that individuals may belong simultaneously to many publics, and that this fact contributes to the ambiguity and circularity of many publics constituting ‘the public’, making research ‘difficult’. In dealing with defining elements of a public, he states, ‘space and physical presence do not make much difference; a public is understood to be different from a crowd, an audience, or any other group that requires co-presence’ (p. 53). His argument is that a public is best understood as formed around textual practices and self-organised relationships with strangers.

    In the last decade of burgeoning many-to-many communications, as the chapters in this collection show, publics are forming and fragmenting around access to particular technology — platform, website, application, game, profile, group, hashtag — although accessibility to information, space and discourse has always been a determinant to one's membership within a public. Such publics have an increasingly nebulous quality, forming and dispersing, being created and fractured through adoption, insertion or rejection. The fragmentation of mass audiences since the turn of the century has accelerated in the last decade. What replaces the mass audience includes the ubiquitous mobilisations of social media; the segmentation of readerships during the adaptation of print and broadcast media to internet delivery; and the increasing power of media technology companies like Google and Facebook as content providers and corporate stewards of the ‘walled gardens’, where publics form around news, entertainment and politics. The process of making and unmaking publics continues to be dynamic, initiating this book's explorations of the ways they can be conceptualised, how makers of publics function, and the practices of inclusion and exclusion, which shape disparate, sometimes ephemeral, and geographically distant publics.

  • 10 - Women's Role in Reconstituting the Post-Conflict State

  • from Gender and Feminist Concepts
  • Edited by Dale Stephens, University of Adelaide, Paul Babie, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Imagining Law
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    05 August 2017
    Print publication:
    31 December 2016, pp 219-242

  • Summary

    INTRODUCTION

    The end of the Cold War in 1989 heralded in the drafting of a new wave of constitutions, particularly in post-conflict states, as many Cold-War-related conflicts came to a gradual end. Since this time, more than 110 constitutions have been written or revised — and one discernible global trend in this process of constitutional reform has been to entrench the right to equality between men and women as a constitutional principle. This widespread acceptance of gender equality as an international norm of constitutionalism is in large part due to pressure from the international community as well as the influence of international and regional human rights treaties generally. At the same time, constitution making has become increasingly participatory and inclusive and less understood as a process for elite groups. In this period, the United Nations (UN), mostly through the work of peacekeeping missions authorised by the UN Security Council, has assisted many post-conflict states such as Timor-Leste, Afghanistan and Nepal with the process of drafting their constitutions. This assistance has included support with public participation programmes and, in some more recent cases, encouraging women's inclusion in the constitution-making process.

    The year 1989 also marks the beginning of Judith Gardam's pioneering work into feminist approaches to international humanitarian law, which has led to the UN Security Council's unfolding Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda. Along with peers such as Hilary Charlesworth and Christine Chinkin, with whom she ventured in 1989, Gardam is at the vanguard of feminist legal scholarship in international law: together, in the passing of a quarter of a century, they have led the way in highlighting, challenging and even shifting important paradigms facing women in conflict and post-conflict settings, many of which had previously seemed largely invisible and intractable.

    There are a number of paradigms operating in the post-conflict context which have a significant effect on the lives of women. First and foremost is the cultural and social pressure to perform the ‘patriotic duty’ of reconstituting the state through childbearing. For example, five years after independence, in 2007, Timor-Leste had the highest fertility rate in the world.

  • Executive Summary

  • Edited by Loc G. Do, University of Adelaide, A. John Spencer, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Oral Health of Australian Children
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    05 September 2017
    Print publication:
    31 December 2016, pp xi-xviii

  • Summary

    The key challenges in child oral health in Australia are the ongoing population burden of childhood oral diseases for society and the affected individuals and the substantial proportion of children with an unfavourable pattern of use of dental services. There is a need to respond by improving population and individual-level prevention of oral diseases, the organisation and delivery of dental services that put children with better oral health and a favourable pattern of dental care.

    The ultimate purpose of this collaborative work is to describe and interpret the findings on oral health and dental behaviours and practices of Australian children so as to stimulate discussion about how to meet the abovementioned challenges. This work is the first national project in Australia since the late 1980s investigating child oral health as well as its associated factors.

    The 2012–14 National Child Oral Health Study (NCOHS) was a cross-sectional study of the child population aged 5–14 years in Australia. A total of 24,664 children aged 5 to 14 years from 841 participating schools completed the study. The study sample was selected in a complex multistage, stratified sampling design. Sophisticated weighting procedure was employed to take into account potential variations in probabilities of selection and response rates. Therefore, this report presents estimates as representative of child oral health in Australia.

    This collaborative work provides a detailed ‘snapshot’ of child oral health in Australia. In doing so, it describes the levels of dental caries and its components, dental fluorosis and other oral health conditions. It also describes the other protective factors such as toothbrushing and the use of fluoridated toothpastes. The use of dental services by children so as to manage existing oral disease and to contribute to the prevention of dental caries are detailed. Important information of the patterns of dietary intake that might impact on child oral health are presented. The report describes patterns of oral health status and behaviours of a nationally representative sample of Indigenous children. Further, socioeconomic inequalities in child oral health and behaviours are examined. Finally, the report presents information on child oral health using frameworks that emphasise variation by the socioeconomic characteristics of children's households and their reported pattern of dental service use across Australian states and territories.

  • 8 - Social media and news media: Building new publics or fragmenting audiences?

  • Edited by Mary Griffiths, University of Adelaide, Kim Barbour, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Making Publics, Making Places
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    28 July 2017
    Print publication:
    31 December 2016, pp 129-144

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Social media present both opportunities and threats for news media, affecting their relationships with their publics and the geographical places and spaces that they have traditionally served. Social media provide opportunities to create and expand audiences, increase geographical reach, respond more quickly than ever before to news events and issues, and interact with news consumers in more immediate and direct ways. Consequently, they may enable news media to develop new publics and shift understandings of their relationships with place. However, news outlets’ capacity to respond to these opportunities may be limited by competition for audience from non-traditional news providers, dispersal of demand, and as-yet limited opportunities to profit from social media engagement. Further adding to the complexity of the picture is that these opportunities and challenges are occurring at a time when the news media are in a state of flux more broadly, with the destruction of established business models, the fracturing of audiences and the widely heralded demise of print newspapers threatening the ongoing profitability — and in many cases viability — of news organisations. The threat to newspapers is particularly profound: McCombs et al. describe them as having been in perilous decline for many decades (2011), but the decline has been hastened more recently by technological and societal developments that have both severely impacted their capacity to sustain themselves through advertising and dispersed audience demand for news and information.

    At the same time as capacities for information distribution have expanded and audience expectations of instant, ubiquitous access to news have continued to grow, declining profitability has resulted in large-scale and ongoing redundancies (see, for example, New beats, n.d.; Paper cuts, n.d.). This declining resourcing puts newsrooms and journalists under severe and constant pressure — pressure that may be felt even more intensely in newsrooms outside major cities, as non-metropolitan newsrooms have traditionally operated with relatively few resources. A small number of journalists have to cover not only a wide range of news topics, but also, in countries such as Australia, a geographical territory that may span thousands of square kilometres. Further adding to the complexity of the news environment in regional areas are the historically strong relationships between audiences and traditional news products, which may limit both incentive and opportunity to comprehensively utilise online platforms.

  • 6 - Recent history of Flinders School of Psychology

    • By Tracey Wade, professional status of clinical psychology in Australia
  • Edited by Tony Winefield, University of Adelaide, Ted Nettelbeck, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    A History of the Psychology Schools at Adelaide's Universities
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    25 July 2017
    Print publication:
    31 December 2016, pp 155-182

  • Summary

    Brief history

    Flinders University was established in 1966, and in 1967 teaching of psychology to first-year students commenced, along with the appointment of the foundational chair, Professor Norm Feather. The School (and former Discipline) of Psychology has always been located in the Faculty (formerly School) of Social Sciences. The faculty, renamed the Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences from 1 January 2010, includes three other schools (Business, International Studies, and Social and Policy Studies). A snapshot of the historical timeline for the school is presented in Figure 6.1.

    Over the last fifteen years, research interests in the school have been united by a cohesive theme: the rigorous application of theory and methodological approaches from basic psychology through to a range of applied issues of relevance to human behaviour across the lifespan: clinical and health, developmental, social, neuroscience and psychophysiology, memory and cognition. Psychological science is a designated area of research strength within Flinders University. Current staff in the school and their respective research interests are shown in Table 6.1.

    Research strengths over the last fifteen years

    This chapter presents information about the recent research history of the school since 2000. In particular, we highlight the main themes of our externally funded research and its impact.

    The Eyewitness Memory Laboratory Neil Brewer and Nathan Weber

    The Eyewitness Memory Laboratory was established in the late 1990s by Neil Brewer, and he and former PhD student and current colleague, Nathan Weber, now manage the lab. It has received continuous ARC funding from the late 1990s through to 2019. This funding has included six ARC Discovery Projects led by Neil Brewer and one led by Nathan Weber; one ARC Linkage International Social Science International; and one ARC-LIEF grant, with total funding of around $2.5 million. Neil Brewer and Nathan Weber have also been involved as chief investigators on eyewitness memory projects funded by the ARC, ESRC (UK), NSF (US) and the British Academy, with funding well in excess of $1 million.

    Although there has been a diverse array of projects conducted in the lab, the major focus has been in the area of eyewitness identification. The study of eyewitness identification is important because eyewitnesses frequently make mistakes when presented with a line-up.

  • 8 - An Alien's Review of Women and Armed Conflict

  • from Gender and Armed Conflict
  • Edited by Dale Stephens, University of Adelaide, Paul Babie, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Imagining Law
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    05 August 2017
    Print publication:
    31 December 2016, pp 171-194

  • Summary

    INTRODUCTION

    Almost twenty years ago, our friend and colleague Judith Gardam offered an original and illuminating perspective on the law of armed conflict. She deployed the persona of an alien — filling in time during an intergalactic storm — for the purposes of reading the laws of armed conflict. Back in the person of a scholar of international humanitarian law (IHL), Judith then engaged in a conversation with the alien, comparing its observations on the texts alone with her understanding of how the law operates in practice. Judith's alien-scholar dialogue allowed her to illustrate the malleability of the legal concept of objectivity and the way that the law constructs particular realities while obscuring others. This striking approach was both playful and disconcerting. It revealed, among other things, the gendered nature of the law of armed conflict and its incorporation of Western images of femininity and masculinity.

    Inspired by Judith's imaginative method, we reflect in this chapter on international developments over the last two decades which address the lives of women in the area of armed conflict. In 1997, when Judith was in dialogue with the alien, the primary relevant legal framework was that of IHL — notably the Hague and Geneva Conventions and Protocols. In the intervening years, the number of international legal lenses has multiplied. Human rights law, international security law and international criminal law now also regulate the situation of women in armed conflict. Moreover, the plight of women in conflict and its aftermath has achieved much greater political prominence. After sketching a range of issues that shape the situation of women in conflict, we focus on two international documents on this topic, adopted in 2013 by different United Nations institutions, and speculate on what Judith's alien might make of them.

    WOMEN AND CONFLICT

    Discussion of women and conflict invokes categories such as ‘conflict’, ‘armed conflict’ and ‘post-conflict’. The difference between these terms is, however, difficult to establish in any particular situation — violence typically seeps from periods of formal conflict into the ‘post-conflict’ phase. The term ‘post-conflict’, in particular, can mislead in the context of women's lives. It suggests a neat transition from a state of conflict to peace and implies that ‘post-conflict’ societies are distinct from other conflict scenarios.

  • 3 - The later years

  • Edited by Tony Winefield, University of Adelaide, Ted Nettelbeck, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    A History of the Psychology Schools at Adelaide's Universities
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    25 July 2017
    Print publication:
    31 December 2016, pp 43-76

  • Summary

    2000 and beyond

    John Eaton Taplin was the first external appointment to the position of chair of psychology at the University of Adelaide and head of the department since Alan Welford's appointment in 1969 as successor to Malcolm Jeeves. He was a graduate of the University of Adelaide (he had completed the BSc Honours degree in 1967, supervised by Ken Provins, and he had a PhD conferred in 1972, supervised first by Malcolm Jeeves, but followed by Don McNicol and Ian John when Jeeves moved to St Andrews). Moreover, he had earlier held temporary appointments in the department as technical and professional officer and as a tutor while enrolled in the PhD degree, supervised by Professor Jeeves. Beyond the award of his PhD, he had gone on to complete postdoctoral studies at the University of Colorado in the US and taken up an assistant professorship at Claremont Graduate University in California, before returning in 1974 to the University of New South Wales, where he joined the academic staff in the school led by Professor Syd Lovibond, who had moved from the Adelaide department in 1969. Lovibond was committed to building a strong research-active school that would advance the evidence-based professional practice of psychology, and John Taplin's early career profile provided a good fit with these aims.

    Taplin's move back to Adelaide from the beginning of 2000 marked a new phase for the department, which for some twenty years had functioned under a policy of governance by departmental committee convened by an elected chairperson, introduced by the university in 1974. His appointment was welcomed by current staff because he was seen as well qualified to lead the department at a time when the university was increasing expectations that all academic staff should be research-active. He had been a member of the editorial board of the prestigious Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory and during his twenty-five years at the University of New South Wales had built an international reputation as a scholar and researcher.

  • 12 - Given the Freedom to Ask Anything, What Questions Ought the International Legal Scholar Explore? Using Gardam's ‘Alien’ to Examine this Question

  • from Theoretical Issues
  • Edited by Dale Stephens, University of Adelaide, Paul Babie, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Imagining Law
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    05 August 2017
    Print publication:
    31 December 2016, pp 263-278

  • Summary

    INTRODUCTION

    Although Judith Gardam's work dealt with some of the most serious and poignant areas of international law, that of international humanitarian law and aspects of proportionality and gender, her writing was also creative and exploratory. An example of this creativity was her chapter in Sexing the Subject of Law, in which she used the device of an alien to investigate what international humanitarian law looks like from the outside. Gardam's chapter was entitled ‘An Alien's Encounter with the Law of Armed Conflict’. Her device of using a fantasy character of an alien to investigate what law looks like is adopted in this chapter. I have chosen this as the organising idea of my chapter in honour of Gardam for two reasons: first, in conversation, Gardam said that she enjoyed writing her chapter; and second, she created an intriguing idea that I strongly believe merits exploration and, indeed, reapplying in the twenty-first century. The idea that Gardam created is to understand the players in international law — the subjects of international law — by examining the ‘distinguishing features of these players’ and thereby elucidating their ‘distinguishing features’.

    So, if you like, I am attempting to place myself in the role of an alien with nothing to do during an intergalactic storm but to browse through the law of armed conflict. This alien of mine desires to know something of the beings or the subject(s) described by these documents. What do they look like? What do they value? Are they all the same or are there various types? And, if so, what are their distinguishing features?

    My chapter will use this device of the ‘alien’ as a form of personified objectivity, but rather than examining international humanitarian law, I will take Gardam's alien and consider the question: What is the role of the scholar of international law? The alien will travel through space, first viewing the world from afar, and then coming into law's orbit, landing and speaking to an individual. At each point, the alien will reflect on the various levels of analysis which scholars could employ in their scholarship. So, for example, the scholar could ask questions that consider the relationship of international law with the whole world, or its relationship with the state or particular individuals.

  • 10 - An opinion leader and the making of a city on China's Sina Weibo

  • Edited by Mary Griffiths, University of Adelaide, Kim Barbour, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Making Publics, Making Places
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    28 July 2017
    Print publication:
    31 December 2016, pp 163-178

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Diaoyu Islands are China's, but Guangzhou is ours!

    (Diaoyu Dao shi Zhongguo de, er Guangzhou shi WoMen de!)

    The territorial dispute between China and Japan over the Diaoyu Islands (the Senkaku Islands in Japanese) in September 2012 triggered nationwide protests. Since Guangzhou was one of the main protest sites, thousands of people from other parts of China travelled there to launch their campaign against Japan. However, the protest turned violent as protesters damaged private and business properties in Guangzhou. In responding to these disruptions, some local commentators launched a Weibo [microblog] campaign to boycott the anti-Japan protest to protect Guangzhou from chaos and disruptions. The phrase ‘Diaoyu Islands are China's, but Guangzhou is ours!’ was the campaign slogan. Many Guangzhou's Weibo users were quick to follow by re-posting the message to their own networks.

    This chapter examines the role of an opinion leader on Sina Weibo who conducted the online campaign that countered the nationwide anti-Japan protests in Guangzhou. Specifically, I focus on those online practices by the opinion leader and his followers which have reproduced the sense of locality of Guangzhou, the southern Chinese city near Hong Kong and Macau.

    Current literature has established that the communication process in public communication is indirectly mediated through a few individuals — opinion leaders — who present their knowledge, expertise and authorities over the issue at hand in order to facilitate public engagement and participation (Katz 1957; Katz & Lazarsfeld 1955; Gokce et al. 2014). However, Sassen (2011, p. 574) argues that contemporary political practices are increasingly related to ‘the production of “presence”’. In other words, the formation of the publics and the reproduction of place are intricately connected, and this spatial-public dialectic redefines the role of opinion leader in the digital era. After determining one local media commentator as the opinion leader during the event, I ask two specific things. First, how did the opinion leader exploit Weibo's platform and Guangzhou's inhabitants’ experience of place in order to construct himself as a spatial subject rather than merely as a ‘political leader’? Second, how did he mobilise his Weibo followers to ‘re-make’ Guangzhou during a period of hypernationalism in China?

  • 1 - Introduction: Seeing Further over the Horizon – A World of Limitless Possibilities

  • Edited by Dale Stephens, University of Adelaide, Paul Babie, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Imagining Law
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    05 August 2017
    Print publication:
    31 December 2016, pp 1-10

  • Summary

    Judith Gardam was born in Perth, Western Australia, growing up there with her parents and sister and brother. Then, as now, Perth was a relatively isolated city and perhaps because of this, one of Judith's enduring memories as a young woman was the first space flight and orbit of the Earth by Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961. Asked later about the flight and his view of the Earth, Gagarin recalled:

    What beauty. I saw clouds and their light shadows on the distant dear earth … The water looked like darkish, slightly gleaming spots … When I watched the horizon, I saw the abrupt, contrasting transition from the earth's light-colored surface to the absolutely black sky. I enjoyed the rich color spectrum of the earth. It is surrounded by a light blue aureole that gradually darkens, becoming turquoise, dark blue, violet, and finally coal black.

    Gagarin had the rare privilege of being able to see further over the horizon than any other person ever had.

    Gagarin's tiny Vostok spacecraft passed over Perth during the night of 12 April and this left an indelible impression on Judith. Though she relentlessly asked her father, an engineer, a flood of questions about the spaceflight, her focus was not just on the technical aspects of the event, but rather something more. The event captivated her, and she recalls that it ignited within her a deep sense of curiosity about the broader world and inspired her imagination about unlimited possibilities. For Gagarin, his view further over the horizon only came through riding that Vostok rocket into a low Earth orbit for an hour and 48 minutes on 12 April 1961. Judith, however, spent a lifetime endeavouring to see further over the horizon than anyone else through her chosen field of international law. And beyond the horizon that limits so many of us in what we can imagine for our global community, Judith saw unlimited possibilities. This volume not only tells her story, but it also tells us what she saw over the horizon.

  • 2 - Measuring child oral health and its influences

  • Edited by Loc G. Do, University of Adelaide, A. John Spencer, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Oral Health of Australian Children
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    05 September 2017
    Print publication:
    31 December 2016, pp 15-34

  • Summary

    Study population and sampling

    The target population for the Survey was Australian children aged 5–14 years. To draw a representative sample of children from this target population a stratified two-stage sample design was implemented within each state/territory. In the first stage, schools were selected from a sampling frame of schools located within each jurisdiction. In the second stage, children were sampled from each selected school.

    The sampling strategy was designed to derive accurate population estimates of the oral health of Australian children, and to make valid comparisons between the oral health of children across regions within each state. For New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland, the geographical regions were based on Area Health Services/Health Districts, while in the remaining jurisdictions they were based on Capital City/Rest of State. As a consequence, the sampling methodology differed slightly for each jurisdiction.

    To sample children across the age range of 5–14 years both primary and secondary schools were in scope of the Survey. A sampling frame of schools was created from a list provided by each jurisdiction which included all public, catholic and independent primary and secondary schools. Information provided on the sampling frame for each school included school code, school name and address, school type, school enrolment and health district.

    Schools were excluded from the sampling frame if they were:

  • • located in very remote locations that would be difficult to access by the mobile dental clinic van

  • • special schools

  • • small school enrolment (usually <50 students).

    • New South Wales

    In New South Wales (NSW), there were 2,995 schools that were considered in scope with 2,087 primary only, 567 secondary only and 341 combined primary/secondary schools. Schools on the sampling frame were stratified into 15 regions based on NSW Local Health Districts (LHD). The number of primary and secondary schools selected from each LHD was determined by the region's percentage share of total school enrolment. For primary schools, enrolment was defined as children enrolled in year levels Kindergarten to Year 6. For secondary schools, enrolment was defined as children enrolled in year levels 7–9.

  • 4 - Measuring representativeness of the study participants

  • Edited by Loc G. Do, University of Adelaide, A. John Spencer, University of Adelaide
  • Book:
    Oral Health of Australian Children
    Published by:
    The University of Adelaide Press
    Published online:
    05 September 2017
    Print publication:
    31 December 2016, pp 48-85

  • Summary

    This Survey gathered information from a representative sample of the Australian child population aged 5–14 years to describe the oral health status of the population and factors related to use of dental services and dental behaviours, as well as associated individual, family, and community factors such as the sociodemographic characteristics of the child's household.

    Surveys provide a means of measuring a population's characteristics, self-reported and observed behaviour, and needs. Unlike a census, where all members of a population are studied, sample surveys gather information from only a portion of a population of interest. In a statistically valid survey, the sample is objectively chosen so that each member of the population will have a known non-zero chance of selection. Only then can the results be reliably projected from the sample to the population.

    Surveys, however, are not exempt of errors (or bias), which can occur when some segments of the population do not participate in the survey. As not all Australian children were included in this Survey, there is potential that the sample does not accurately represent the population of interest.

    Errors due to sampling depend on the sample selection strategy and can be measured statistically. Variability inherent to the sampling process is expressed using the 95% confidence interval. On the other hand, non-sampling error or bias is more problematic because it is more difficult to measure and control. Bias due to non-participation occurs when the participants differ from the non-participants or the targeted population in one or more characteristics. The potential for bias due to non-participation or non-response can be explored by examining key sociodemographic characteristics of the Survey sample, and comparing them with known characteristics of the target population.

    As outlined in Chapter 3, this Survey employed rigorous sampling procedures to achieve a representative sample of the Australian child population aged 5–14 years. The procedures used to derive survey weights for this Survey reflect the standards of best practice for weighting complex survey data, and are procedures used by leading statistical agencies. Procedures used to derive survey weights ensure valid estimates and inferences of the target child population can be made. The methodologies employed in the Survey will minimise any potential bias, which will be assessed in this chapter.

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