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73807 results in Boydell & Brewer

Page 1040 of 3691

  • ‘Cactus’ (Poem)

  • Edited by Ernest N. Emenyonu
  • Book:
    ALT 37
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    02 April 2020
    Print publication:
    15 November 2019, pp 197-197

  • Summary

    Unflinching cactus;

    Though in thy springless abode

    Amidst thy penury glee

    Unflinching,

    Dotting on life's crossroads.

    Erudite cactus;

    Thy umbilical cords

    Embosomed

    in mother earth

    Fill thee with fresh vine

    From her bosom.

    Circuitous cactus;

    Thy doggedness adorn

    the shadows of death

    You make her ululate at dawn

    Spiny smooth cactus;

    Prudence is thy parlance

    And thy grace is thy beauty.

  • 7 - Obituary Essay (1970) by Arno Borst [annotations by Dr Letha Böhringer]

  • Edited by Jennifer Kolpacoff Deane
  • Book:
    Herbert Grundmann (1902–1970)
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    19 March 2020
    Print publication:
    15 November 2019, pp 221-249

  • Summary

    In 1928, the young Dr Grundmann invoked Joseph Bernhart's warning against any man ‘who steps out into the deep night with a weak flame, barely illuminating his own face’. In 1950, the mature Professor criticised the German attitude ‘Everyone walks through the darkness of history with his own light, and he feels enlightened in his blindness’. And in his old age the President of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica elaborated on Goethe’s phrase ‘Where it is going, who knows? He can hardly recall where he came from’, saying in 1967: ‘We historians attempt to recall this and to grasp how it came about; we do this by projecting into the future, always with the wish that it will lead to the good life.’ Where his own thought and action originated, and where it was headed, Herbert Grundmann was reluctant to say; when he did so it was tailored to a certain audience. But now that this life that clarified so much has been fulfilled, one may try to illuminate the face of the man who lived it. The motivation should be neither private curiosity nor professional reverence; a life so frankly consistent across forty years as these three citations indicate could teach us how we might live with history today – and that we must know.

    Grundmann never hid where he came from but, rather, mocked himself with the remark that he shared his speech patterns with Otto the Great, ore iucundo saxonizans (‘with a mouth fit for Saxon’). Among his ancestors who worked as small-scale peasants and artisans in eastern Saxony, he particularly loved a teacher who – a bit of a black sheep in his family – emigrated to America. As determined as he was to move beyond his predecessors’ horizons, however, he retained their values: thrifty and industrious management, respect for solid craftsmanship, and quiet self-confidence based on accomplishment. His father rose from trading in yarn to become the joint owner of a stocking factory, and wished that his only son would eventually take over and expand the firm. But the young Grundmann resisted commercial gain in the absence of artisanal merit; even in his childhood he subscribed to Jesus’ motto of voluntary poverty (Matthew 19. 21) which Valdes and Francis had encountered in a similar setting.

  • An Initial Investigation into Contemporary Theatre Audiences in Malawi

  • Edited by Chukwuma Okoye
  • Book:
    African Theatre 18
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    02 April 2020
    Print publication:
    15 November 2019, pp 63-82

  • Summary

    We were so late! We had been driving around rural Lilongwe for hours and now, embarrassingly, I was over an hour late for my own production! The panic, the embarrassment and the stress of trying to find the way, to keep up a professional persona and & we arrived. I was met with a wall of human backs, rippling and undulating in physical response to a something, a happening going on in front of them, but concealed from my view. I walked around to the side of the group and one of its members generously gave up some of their space for me. I went from outside to inside, from being late to being right there in the moment: I became part of it myself, part of the audience, the audience at Chingalire Village, Lilongwe, Malawi in April 2016, watching Romio ndi Julieti.

    Context

    Malawi has a long history of live performance, with public and collective rituals to mark occasions from the deeply personal to the nationally political. As Patience Gibbs writes, such performances mark ‘life cycle and seasonal changes or & historical and legendary events’ through traditional ceremonies and festivals (1980: 5; Kerr 1987: 115). Lisa Gilman explores the more contemporary significance of dance and songs in her 2004 book, The Dance of Politics: Gender, Performance, and Democratization in Malawi (2011). It is important to stress that contemporary Malawian culture is a fusion of traditional ethnic groups including, but not limited to the Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka and the Yao, which intersperse the retained cultural legacy, left over from British colonialism, and the more recent Chinese and American cultural influences. Furthermore, the history as to how the Malawi as we know it now came to be an independent republic is complex and has at times been violent and bloody, though it is currently a stable democracy (McCracken 2012). There is so much more to Malawi's cultural and political history but it is beyond the scope of this article to go into further detail here. However, Christopher Kamlongera, Patience Gibbs, James Gibbs, Mufunanji Magalasi, David Kerr and Zindaba Chisiza are scholars who have all written extensively about various aspects of Malawi's diverse performance heritage.

  • 7 - The Highest Art of Smithery: Research on a Tyrolean Sword

  • Edited by Lisa Deutscher, Mirjam Kaiser, Sixt Wetzler
  • Book:
    The Sword
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    17 June 2021
    Print publication:
    15 November 2019, pp 102-116

  • Summary

    IN CONTRAST TO THE ARMOUR of the Middle Ages and early modern era, which has been comprehensively and accurately researched in terms of art history, little attention has been paid to the study of edged weapons in Tyrol. Due to this research gap, it is possible to conduct fundamental research on a subject which, owing to the current enthusiasm for the Middle Ages, fascinates almost everyone: swords.

    During the medieval period, the historical County of Tyrol was especially renowned for its plate armourers, gunsmiths, and their casting abilities. By contrast, few swordsmiths are known, an exception being Hanns Summersperger from Hall in Tyrol.

    This article highlights one particular find: a hand-and-a-half sword (Oakeshott XVIIIb) that was discovered by archaeologists in 2013 in a grave of the parish church of Landeck (Tyrol). The well-preserved sword probably once belonged to Oswald von Schrofenstein (died 1497), a local aristocrat and founder of the late gothic section of the parish church.

    During the late medieval period, the historical county of Tyrol was famous for its plate armourers, the best-known of whom is Konrad Seusenhofer, who made some very fine armour for Emperor Maximilian I and also for King Henry VIII of England. Additionally, some of the most capable bronze founders of the time, like the Loffler family, also resided in Innsbruck, the capital of the county. They did not just cast bells and statues, but also the formidable and effective artillery of Emperor Maximilian I. With these terrifying siege weapons, the Emperor conquered the fortresses of his enemies, such as at the siege of Kufstein in 1504.

    These areas and their master craftsmen were researched comprehensively in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries from an art historical standpoint. By contrast, until now, historians knew of only one blade smith. His name was Hanns Summersperger and he lived in Hall, Tyrol. He forged swords, knives and other weapons for Emperor Maximilian I, and his best-known masterpiece is a ceremonial sword which is kept among the Imperial Regalia in Vienna today.

    The field of edged weapons has paid little attention to Tyrol. The PhD project of Florian Messner aims to close this research gap by conducting fundamental research on the swords of this region. This article highlights a particular Tyrolean sword, which was discovered by archaeologists in a grave in the church of Landeck (Tyrol) (fig. 1).

  • Fragments for a Dialectic of Resistance: Fatzer, Keuner, and the Revolution

  • Edited by Markus Wessendorf
  • Book:
    The Brecht Yearbook / Das Brecht-Jahrbuch 44
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    09 February 2021
    Print publication:
    15 November 2019, pp 14-37

  • Summary

    In Brecht's Fatzer fragment, which works through the relation between the individual and the collective, the revolution fails to gain traction on a very basic level. It collapses before it has even begun because the individuals cannot identify themselves with the greater cause, the transformation of the state. Only one of Brecht's characters, Koch, who is renamed Keuner in later drafts, recognizes that, in order to transform the state, they need a new kind of discipline and authority. Fatzer's anarchism, his alleged egoism, becomes an obstacle for the group and makes him the adversary of Keuner, whose authoritarian leadership, by contrast, turns Fatzer into a model of individual resistance. Brecht's Fatzer fragment not only stresses the notion of the individual as a political category but also as a structure of dramatic speech. Throughout the Fatzer text, this structure—” the Fatzer verse”—prevents the assignment of speech to different characters and takes on the role of the individual as that which is not to be divided. Beyond the ideological dynamics of the fragment, resistance is developed on the rhetorical level in the so-called “Fatzer verse” and its subversive function in the text. As this type of dramatic speech ultimately shows, Brecht's first dramatic response to Lenin's revolution remains much more ambivalent than the subsequent Lehrstücke and offers instead a perspective on individual resistance to the moral consequentialism of the revolution.

    As I will show, resistance in the Fatzer fragment is performed not as a collective but against collectives. To make this more concrete, I will juxtapose this model of individual resistance to forms of authoritarian leadership that Brecht would have been familiar with in the late 1920s. As these ideological currents, generally known as the Conservative Revolution, also resonate with reactionary movements today, the Fatzer fragment presents us with a model case of individual resistance against false collectives.

    Fatzer's Individual Resistance

    In Fatzer, Brecht stages anew the conflict between the individual and the collective, which he already investigated in such earlier plays as Baal or Mann ist Mann (Man Equals Man).

  • 15 - Egenolff’s Fight Book: Form and Thought, Then and Now

  • Edited by Lisa Deutscher, Mirjam Kaiser, Sixt Wetzler
  • Book:
    The Sword
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    17 June 2021
    Print publication:
    15 November 2019, pp 208-215

  • Summary

    “AS THOU RETRIEVEST THE Book from its cradle, you must recite these words: Clatu Verata Nectu”.

    In the cult film Army of Darkness (1992, directed by Sam Raimi) the protagonist Ash is tasked with finding an unholy Book of Death, the Necronomicon, in the fourteenth century to be returned home to the twentieth century with its help. He finds the Necronomicon in an old cemetery but mispronounces the magic formula and thus awakens the undead Army of Darkness.

    What does this have to do with medieval fight books? When suddenly “beads” (“Knöpfe”) roll instead of “heads” (“Köpfe”) it can be established that malapropism and misunderstandings are, on a linguistic level, the most common feature of German fencing terminology and literature of the fourteenth to the sixteenth century. I would like to illustrate this with the help of one of the objects of the Deutsches Klingenmuseum: “The Book of Malapropisms”…

    In the sixteenth century, four editions of an anonymous fight book were released by the printing office of the Frankfurt printer and publisher Christian Egenolff (1502–55). Solely in the last edition, of which a copy was shown in the exhibition “The Sword – Form and Thought” at the Klingenmuseum, the colophon states that it was published in 1558 by Christian Egenolffs Erben (Christian Egenolff 's Heirs). The other editions are undated. The first edition, however, can be dated to approximately 1530/31.

    The diagram in figure 1 exemplifies the chronology of the four editions.

    Of the four known editions of the Egenolff Fight Book, twenty-three copies could be identified (table 1), although one has been lost to the ravages of war. Eight copies of the edition entitled Der Allten Fechter gründtliche Kunst… (1st edition, [1530/31]; VD 16-ZV9515) still exist today, including one originally produced in colour. Out of the remaining editions, four preserved copies of Der Altenn Fechter anfengliche Kunst… (2nd edition, undated; VD 16-L876) and three copies of Fechtbuoch. Dje Ritterliche Mannliche Kunst vnd Handarbeyt Fechtens vnd Kempfens… (3rd edition, undated; VD16-L877) could be researched, as well as eight preserved copies of Fechtbuoch. Dje Ritterliche, Mannliche Kunst und Handarbeyt Fechtens, und Kempfens… (4th edition, dated 1558; VD16-L878).

  • 3 - E 405/1/1, Mich. term 1292 to Hilary term 1293

  • Edited by Tim Ayers, Maureen Jurkowski
  • Book:
    The Fabric Accounts of St Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, 1292–1396
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    02 May 2020
    Print publication:
    15 November 2019, pp 421-424

  • Summary

    Jornalia roll of William of Pershore, chamberlain of the Exchequer, covering the period 29 Sept. 1292 to 14 Feb. 1293.

    Physical description: A roll of three membranes, sewn end-to-end, the third blank; in good condition and wholly legible.

    Scope of transcription: Entries relating to St Stephen's chapel; dates have been extracted from the left-hand column and details of payment from the right-hand column.

    [m. 1]

    Willelmus de Persor’

    Jornale de termino sancti Michaelis anno regni Regis E[dwardi] vicesimo incipienti vicesimo primo […]

    October […]

    Die sabbati [proximo post festum sancti Michaelis] […]

    Stephano clerico super operacionibus capelle sancti Stephani apud Westm’ lv li. […]

    Die sabbati […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle sancti Stephani liiij li. xij s. […]

    Die lune […] xx die Octobris

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle sancti Stephani xx li. […]

    Die sabbati […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle sancti Stephani xxx li. […]

    Die mercurij […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle xlvj li. per manus Johannis le Convers […]

    Die sabbati […]

    Stephano clerico super operacionibus capelle xxv li. x d. ob. […]

    Die sabbati […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle sancti Stephani viij li. […]

    Die sabbati […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle sancti Stephani per duas particulas xxviij li. […]

    Die martis […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle sancti Stephani xij li. […]

    Die sabbati […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle sancti Stephani xl li. […]

    [m. 2] […]

    Exitus in medio tempore post festum sancte Lucie […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico per manus Johannis de Ledes fabri c s.

    Magistro Michaeli cementario super vadiis suis lx s.

    Stephano clerico super eodem xx s. […]

    Exitus post festum sancti Hillarij […]

    Die sabbati [post festum sancti Hillarij] […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle sancti Stephani xxiiij li. […]

    Die sabbati […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle sancti Stephani x li. […]

    Die sabbati […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle sancti Stephani x li. […]

    Die sabbati [post festum Purificacionis beate Marie] […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle xx li. […]

    Die sabbati […]

    Stephano de Knolle clerico super operacionibus capelle xx li. […]

  • 4 - The Political Economy of Sir Robert Peel

  • Edited by Julian Hoppit, Duncan Needham, Adrian Leonard
  • Book:
    Money and Markets
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    13 April 2021
    Print publication:
    15 November 2019, pp 71-90

  • Summary

    On 24 June 2016 the Electoral Commission announced that the United Kingdom had voted to leave the European Union. Forty minutes later, David Cameron, the Conservative prime minister who had called the referendum to unite his party, resigned. He had campaigned to remain in the bloc. The same week 170 years earlier, on 29 June 1846, the Conservatives’ first ever prime minister, Sir Robert Peel, also resigned after splitting his party. While it was the question of Britain's continued membership of the EU which had divided Mr Cameron's Conservative party, Peel's split over his repeal of the Corn Laws, a set of import duties on cereals. Peel had forced the measure through with opposition votes. In revenge, protectionist backbenchers brought their own government down by vetoing its important Irish Coercion Bill. The split became permanent. Peel's parliamentary supporters within the old Conservative party became known as the ‘liberal’ Conservatives or Peelites, evolving into the modern Liberal party in 1859. The rebels formed a new Conservative party, the direct institutional ancestor of today's organisation of that name.

    Historians have long argued over why Peel u-turned over the issue of the Corn Laws and split his party apart over it, in retrospect permanently. In contrast, his role in establishing a new economic-policy paradigm, one that lasted until 1931, has been downplayed. Although Norman Gash praised Peel as ‘chief architect’ of the mid-Victorian ‘age of stability’, historians generally see William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli as pivotal in establishing a political consensus around ‘sound’ finance. But as Martin Daunton has pointed out, the historiographical veneration of Gladstone has downplayed Peel's role in establishing the policies Gladstone continued as his protégé. Peel, as chairman of the Currency Commission in 1819, a cabinet minister in the 1820s, and prime minister in the 1840s, drove the adoption in Britain of the classic ‘gold standard’ policies, of which free trade was just one:

    • 1. The value of British currency should be firmly fixed to a gold standard, with the pound freely convertible by the Bank of England.

    • 2. Banknote supply should be limited based on a multiple of gold reserves.

    • 3. Free movement of bullion from 1819, and free trade, or more accurately lower tariffs on food and raw materials, from 1842.

  • 5 - Departure from India and Residence in Persia (Letters 293–327)

  • from THE LETTERS
  • Edited by Scott D. Ayler
  • Book:
    The Letters of Henry Martyn, East India Company Chaplain
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    29 March 2020
    Print publication:
    15 November 2019, pp 497-572

  • Summary

    To David Brown

    Cawnpore. Sept. 17, 1810

    Dearest Sir,

    Herewith you will receive the first seven chapters in Persian and Hindoostanee, though I suppose you have ceased to wish for them. The Persian will only prove that Sabat is not the man for it. I have protested against many things in it; but instead of sending you my objections, I inclose a critique by Mirza, who must remain unknown. I am somewhat inclined to think the Arabic not quite so hopeless. Sabat is confident, and eager to meet his opponents. His version of the Romans was certainly not from the old one, because he translated it all before my face, from the English; but then, as I hinted long ago, he is inaccurate, and must not be depended upon. He entirely approves of my going to Bassorah with his translations, and the old one, confident that the decision there will be in his favour. In hopes of getting away in November from Calcutta, I shall make every exertion to leave this the 1st of next month, though no budgerows are to be had. So now, dear Sir, take measures for transmitting me with the least possible delay, detain me not, for the King's business requires haste. My health in general is good, but the lungs not strong. One loud dispute brings on pain.

    Yours ever affectionately,

    H. Martyn

    Addressed to: The Rev'd David Brown. Calcutta

  • No extant original. Text found in Wilberforce (II), p. 317.

  • Nathaniel Sabat, a Muslim convert to Christianity and Martyn's primary language assistant for the Persian and Arabic translations.

  • Mirza Mohammed Ali Fitrut, Martyn's chief assistant for the Hindoostanee translation.

  • The quality of Sabat's Arabic had apparently been attacked as well as his Persian work (see note for Letter 292).

  • Modern Basra, Iraq.

    • To Daniel Corrie

    Allahabad. October 3, 1810

    Thus far are we come in safety, but my spirits tell me that I have parted with friends. Your pale face as it appeared on Monday morning is still before my eyes, and will not let me be easy till you tell me you are strong and prudent.

  • Introduction

  • Edited by Ingo Zechner, Georg Spitaler, Rob McFarland
  • Book:
    The Red Vienna Sourcebook
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    23 October 2020
    Print publication:
    15 November 2019, pp 1-12

  • Summary

    ON THE FRONT PAGE of the April 20, 1927, morning edition of the Social Democratic Arbeiter-Zeitung (Worker's newspaper), underneath a reminder to vote in the upcoming election, was a proclamation titled “A Rallying Cry of Vienna's Intellectuals: A Testimony to the Great Social and Cultural Achievements of the Municipality of Vienna.” Even though the authors agree that intellectually engaged people cannot bow to a particular political dogma, the declaration states: “It would be true neglect if, in the battle against tax burdens, we were to overlook the great social and cultural achievements of Vienna's leaders. It is this great and prolific achievement that cares for the needy, educates and develops young people on the basis of the best possible principles. […] [W] e want to be assured that this achievement transcending political considerations will be maintained and promoted.” The declaration is followed by a long alphabetical list of supporters, including great Viennese names from the fields of psychology (Sigmund Freud, Karl Bühler, Alfred Adler), law (Hans Kelsen), literature (Robert Musil, Franz Werfel, Alfred Polgar), music (Alma Mahler, Anton Webern), art (Franz Čižek, Anton Hanak), and architecture (Ernst Lichtblau, Oskar Strnad), as well as economists, theater directors, professors, leaders of the women's movement, and other luminaries in the Viennese intellectual and artistic firmament.

    When this declaration of Vienna's intellectuals appeared in 1927 congratulating the Vienna city administration (Stadtverwaltung) and calling for people of many different political persuasions to overlook their differences and to support such “great achievements,” the city's Social Democratic leadership was nearly a decade into a one-of-a-kind experiment in democratic socialism. While other German-speaking cities and states managed to elect social democratic leaders for short periods during the 1920s and 1930s, the Social Democratic Workers’ Party (SDAP) held constant control of the city that came to be known—derisively at first, and then with pride—as “Red Vienna.”

    After Germany's and Austria's defeat at the end of World War I, the Entente's Allied powers oversaw the creation of a democratic German nation. Many Austrians of all political stripes hoped that the German-speaking “rump state” left over from the dismembered Habsburg empire would be allowed to join the new German Republic as a southeastern state, “German Austria” (Deutsch-Österreich). The Allies forbade the so-called Anschluss, however, fearing the power of such a unified pan-German state. Instead, they only accepted a tiny country made up of small cities, rural districts, and the huge, polyglot imperial capital Vienna, now severed from its Hungarian, Czech, Galician, and Italian provinces. The Republic of German Austria even had to drop the German in its name.

  • 23 - E 101/469/11, 23 Jan. 1331 to 29 Sept. 1332

  • Edited by Tim Ayers, Maureen Jurkowski
  • Book:
    The Fabric Accounts of St Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, 1292–1396
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    02 May 2020
    Print publication:
    15 November 2019, pp 737-812

  • Summary

    Account roll (compotus) of Walter of Weston, king's clerk of works at the palace of Westminster and the Tower of London, for his expenses concerning the building works on St Stephen's chapel, with a store account on m. 1d.

    Physical description: A roll of nine membranes sewn end-to-end; in good condition and wholly legible; marked as enrolled.

    Scope of transcription: Transcribed in full.

    Collated rolls:

    (1) E 101/469/12, mm. 1–14 (see no. 24), the counter-roll of Robert of Hillam, controller, for the same works, but lacking the store account. The later period covered by this roll is transcribed separately, below.

    Physical description: A roll of 25 membranes, the first fourteen of which are a duplicate of E 101/469/11, sewn end-toend; in good condition and wholly legible.

    Scope of transcription: Collated in full.

    (2) E 372/185, rot. 39d m. 2d (see no. 33), the enrolled store account of Walter of Weston, from 23 Jan. 1331 to 29 Sept. 1340. It is very similar to that here.

    Physical description: One membrane, part of a large roll of accounts, sewn together at the top; in good condition and wholly legible.

    Scope of transcription: Collated in full with E 101/469/11, m. 1d and E 372/189, rot. 49d m. 2d.

    (3) E 372/189, rot. 49d m. 2d (see no. 39), the enrolled store account of Walter of Weston, from 1 Oct. 1340 to 29 Sept. 1344. It is very similar to that here.

    Physical description: One membrane, part of a large roll of accounts, sewn together at the top; in good condition and wholly legible.

    Scope of transcription: Collated in full with E 101/469/11, m. 1d and E 372/185, rot. 39d m. 2d.

    [m. 1]

    Nova capella

    Compotus Walteri de Weston clerici operacionum domini Regis in palacio Westm’ et Turri London’ cui idem dominus Rex per litteras suas patentes officium illud commisit de denariis per ipsum Walterum ad scaccariam dicti domini Regis super officio suo predicto inter dictum xxiij diem Januarij anno dicti domini Regis quarto et festum sancti Michaelis anno eiusdem Regis quinto et a dicto festo sancti Michaelis usque festum sancti Michaelis sequens anno eiusdem domini Regis vj receptis viz.

Page 1040 of 3691