THE USES OF ERROR

I

It may be best to begin with an instructive error. In “The First Filipino,” an essay in the London Review of Books occasioned by a new translation of Noli Me Tangere, the preeminent scholar Benedict Anderson references Jose Rizal's encounter with the demon of doubleconsciousness (Anderson 1998: 229), “which made it impossible ever after to experience Berlin without at once thinking of Manila, or Manila without thinking of Berlin. Here indeed is the origin of nationalism, which lives by making comparisons.”

In fact, the Noli, as it is familiarly, even affectionately known in the Philippines, was published two years before the first number of La Solidaridad (the Soli in current speak, but just plain Sol to Rizal in his time) came off the press. It was primarily because of the Noli, and the fame or notoriety that quickly surrounded its author, that Rizal became the lead attraction of the main fortnightly newspaper of the Propaganda — the campaign in Spain to publicize the need for urgent reform of the Philippine colony. There were others who dared publish their names in full, like the Austrian scholar Ferdinand Blumentritt, or wrote just as well or even better, like the gifted polemicist Marcelo del Pilar — but it was Rizal the daring novelist who attracted the most attention, at least in the two years he wrote for the newspaper.

What explains the error? Anderson may have conflated Rizal's first sojourn in Europe, from 1882 to 1887, with his second, which ran from 1888 to 1891.