Since independence in 1991, the Macedonian language has essentially been the sole official language of the Republic of Macedonia, overthrowing, at least constitutionally, the predominance of the Serbian language. A large part of Macedonia's inhabitants, according to some estimates 20% to 40% with a tendency for growth, is composed of Albanians who have so far had the status of a nationality. The majority of them are Muslims, and the minority are Catholics, however, these religious groups are characterized by a very fast growing birthrate with ever increasing political aspirations. Since the very beginning of Macedonian independence, unsatisfied by their status, the Macedonian Albanians have demanded changes, especially regarding matters concerning the Albanian language and its equality with the Macedonian language.

In the fall of 1998, parliamentary elections were held in Macedonia and the coalition of VMRO-DPMNE56 and the Democratic alternative won the elections. The coalition was then broadened by the Democratic Party of the Albanians (DPA). When the Albanian party entered the government as part of the coalition, it's politics were moderate and it wanted to solve all Macedonian – Albanian conflicts by means of negotiations and agreements. Such politics were not appealing to all Albanians. Some considered that the Party's leader, Arbën Xhaferi, did not care about the Albanian minority but realized his own private interests. The Albanian group, increasing in numbers, in Macedonia radicalized their demands.

At the beginning of 2001, units of the UÇK57 with approximately 5 thousand fighters, started armed actions against police stations of the Macedonian police, and against military units and communication networks for destruction of hydro-energetic system and the complete disorganization of life in the Republic of Macedonia, while the Macedonian population in those territories with majority of Albanians, was forced to leave their homes.

There were casualties on both sides, and foreign intervention was needed to put an end to the armed conflict – via pressure and mediation from the European Union and NATO.

From the 15 to the 25 June 2001, negotiations were opened for granting Albanians a more extensive autonomy, however, they ended without any results.