INTRODUCTION

As a result of globalisation, corporations that operate across national borders have gained unprecedented power and influence across the world. As noted in the case of Nigeria: Social and Economic Rights Action Centre (SERAC) and Another v. Nigeria, companies operating across borders are often involved in severe abuses, such as forced labour or forcibly relocating communities from their lands. Addo has aptly noted that ‘[a]mid rapid economic growth and new investments in land and natural resources, there is an increasing awareness of why human rights must be brought into business strategies and operations’. Amnesty International has exposed countless instances where corporations exploit weak and poorly enforced domestic regulation with devastating effects on people and communities. Abuses are particularly stark in the extractive industry, with companies competing against each other to mine precious resources. Traditional livelihoods are destroyed as land is contaminated and water supplies polluted.

In its publication, Injustice Incorporated, Amnesty International has revealed four cases of the effects of corporate action on human rights, namely: Trafigura (2006) concerning the dumping of toxic waste in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (in violation of Dutch and European Union law); Bhopal (1984) involving a gas leak and continuing environmental contamination; Omai (1995) relating to the failure of the waste containment system at the Omai gold mine in Guyana; and Ok Tedi (1984) exposing the failure of the waste containment system at the Ok Tedi gold and copper mine in Papua New Guinea and continuing environmental contamination. Using their financial muscle, companies have used legal fictions and political power to evade meaningful accountability and deny victims their right to remedy. In this regard, Professor John Ruggie has aptly summarised that: