INTRODUCTION

In order to understand the meaning of the recognition of positive obligations under the Convention, it is first important to take into account the particularities of the Convention system. This is because a positive obligation may bear different meanings for each court or body and legal system in which it is applied. The ECtHR, in particular, has derived positive obligations from a catalogue of mainly civil and political rights under the Convention. These rather negatively formulated rights are understood by the ECtHR, principally, as obligations for states to refrain from taking action. How has this system thus allowed for the recognition of positive obligations, which demand an active interference by states?

This chapter provides a further background to the Convention system, which, as such, will be helpful for those looking for some general context of the Convention. It is also of interest for the analysis of the development of positive obligations within this system in the following chapters. Specific topics that are dealt with in this chapter are the background and purpose of the Convention (section 2.2.); its enforcement mechanisms (section 2.3.); the subsidiarity principle (section 2.4.); the role of the ECtHR (section 2.5.); the tools of interpretation of the ECtHR (section 6.); the effects of the Convention in the national legal order (section 2.7.); and the horizontal effect of Convention provisions (section 2.8.). The discussion of these topics is followed by a brief conclusion (section 2.9.).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS

The Convention was adopted in 1950. It was draft ed within the Council of Europe, an international organisation that was established to achieve peace and unity in Europe aft er the Second World War. At around the same time the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Energy Community, and later the European Economic Community, were established. These predecessors of the current EU essentially had the same ideal as the Council of Europe; however, they have mainly sought an economic form of cooperation between states. The Convention was, instead, oriented towards the protection of human rights.