This chapter assesses the Colombian peace process, as regulated by Law 975 of 2005 (Ley de Justicia y Paz), against Colombia's obligations under Article 17 of the Rome Statute. After some preliminary remarks (Section 1), it gives an overview of the process under Law 975, taking into account not only the relevant norms, but, especially, the practice (Section 2). In the third section, the complementarity test of Article 17 of the Rome Statute is systematically analysed and applied to the Colombian situation (Section 3). First, the object of reference of this test, in particular the distinction between situation and case, will be examined. Then, the actual complementarity test will be analysed – distinguishing between complementarity stricto sensu on the one hand and an additional gravity threshold on the other.

Preliminary remarks

The so-called ‘Justice and Peace Law’ (Ley de Justicia y Paz) of 25 July 2005 (‘Law 975’) continues a Colombian policy of restorative justice which goes back to the 1980s and pursues the objective of disarming, demobilizing and reintegrating irregular armed groups (‘Grupos Armados Organizados al Margen de la Ley’, i.e. ‘groups operating outside the law’, ‘GAOML’). While the earlier peace processes only referred to ‘left-wing’ insurgents, Law 975 also, or even predominantly, covers ‘right-wing’ paramilitary groups. The Law provides, as the central concession to the irregular groups, for a conversion of the ‘normal’ punishment into a so-called ‘alternative sentence’ (‘pena alternativa’) of a minimum of five and a maximum of eight years for the crimes committed during membership of the irregular group (Articles 3, 29). Thus, while Law 975 does not offer a full exemption from punishment, its mitigation is considerable compared with the normal punishment for these kind of crimes under the ordinary Colombian criminal law. Clearly, this considerable mitigation requires something in return from the potential beneficiary and that is his contribution to ‘truth, justice and reparation’ (Article 1), in particular by providing full information about the crimes committed by him and/or his group (Article 3). The Constitutional Court has reinforced this obligation. Against this background Law 975 can be qualified as a law of a conditionally reduced penalty.