Ecologists have spent significant amounts of time attempting to determine the “relative importance” of density dependent and independent factors to the population dynamics of coral reef fishes. They have sought to understand whether low levels of larval supply and settlement limit populations, or whether post-settlement processes like competition and predation determine abundance. Recent advances have integrated density dependent and independent factors into more complete population models, uncovered mechanisms of density dependence and demonstrated the temporal density dependence required for population regulation. Competition for shelter from predators is an important mechanism for density-dependent mortality, while agonistic interactions affect growth, fecundity, and larval quality. We currently understand that both types of factors are important, but that density dependence must occur at some place and time if a population is to be regulated and persist for many generations, neither going extinct nor increasing to infinity.

Many marine species including almost all coral reef fishes have a bipartite life cycle in which demersal adults produce pelagic larvae [2226]. Replenishment of local populations occurs through the settlement of these pelagic individuals to the reef environment and is dependent upon the supply of larvae to reefs [401]. In coral reef fishes, some larvae settle to their natal reefs [e.g. 460,1287,2447], but the vagaries of larval survival and transport effectively decouple the intensity of replenishment from local populations size [401]. Therefore, ecologists have long sought to uncover whether pre-settlement, densityindependent processes like larval supply and settlement (i.e. “recruitment limitation” [687]) limit population size or whether post-settlement, density-dependent dynamics (i.e. competition and predation; reviews by [1120,1287]) determine the abundance of fishes on coral reefs [1123].

The question of the relative importance of density dependence and independence is vital to understanding how populations persist through time and has implications for ecological theory in general, conservation and management, especially of fisheries [1124,1760,2527,2604].