Introduction

Much of the current debate on the Nile and the distribution of its waters has centred on the recent shortfalls in Blue Nile flows owing to poor rainfall in the Ethiopian catchment and the possibility of this being a long-term or even permanent climatic feature. This and growing demand occasioned by population increase in Egypt and the Sudan naturally focuses attention on the potential of catchments other than that of the Blue Nile system and with which there is not necessarily any climatic correlation. High levels in Lake Victoria and increased discharges in the White Nile from the East African catchment during the last three decades and the possibility of increased rainfall in that area (see Chapter 6) therefore tend to reinforce interest in as yet very tentative schemes to reduce losses from evaporation and transpiration in the Sudd and neighbouring wetlands. These include the current Jonglei Canal Stage I now halted by the present civil war, and the projected Jonglei Canal Stage II, which will double the canal capacity.

There are also major canalisation schemes planned for two other swamplands where huge losses by evapo-transpiration occur, but neither of which draws its water from the White Nile catchment in East Africa. The first we refer to as the South-Western area, which includes the Bahr el Ghazal basin. This receives water from the Nile-Congo divide, virtually none of which ever reaches the Nile, and from rainfall which has no correlation with that from which the Bahr el Jebel and the Sudd derives.