Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T23:18:19.177Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - The psychology of atypical ageing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
Bob Woods
Edited by
Ian Stuart-Hamilton
Bob Woods
Affiliation:
Bangor University
Ian Stuart-Hamilton
Affiliation:
University of Glamorgan
Get access

Summary

OVERVIEW

This chapter examines types of atypical conditions probabilistically associated with ageing, including mood disorders (depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder), the dementias, mild cognitive impairment and psychological interventions in later life.

Introduction

What is ‘atypical ageing’? The increased variation among older adults results, in a sense, in no one person's experience of ageing being typical. All are individuals, all unique, all different. Ageing challenges our concepts of normality and abnormality. For example, osteoarthritis is very common in older people, affecting half of women over 65, and so the ‘normal’ or typical older adult may expect to have this often painful and disabling condition. This does not stop us from seeking understanding of and treatment for this condition, and aspiring to an experience of ageing where it is less prevalent. Similarly, when we consider some of the psychological problems experienced by older people, some are very common, but we can elect to view them as outside the range of a ‘typical’ ageing, where the older person experiences a good adjustment to the challenges and opportunities of later life.

This chapter covers the major psychological problems of ageing, focusing on mood disorders and the dementias, which may be said to be the most frequently encountered forms of abnormal or atypical ageing in this domain. Working with older people (or ‘the aged’ or ‘the elderly’ as they were then known) has been a recognized specialism within clinical psychology practice for over 30 years.

Type
Chapter
Information
An Introduction to Gerontology , pp. 194 - 225
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexopoulos, G.S. (2005) Depression in the elderly, Lancet, 365, 1961–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
,Alzheimer's Disease International (2009) World Alzheimer report. London: Alzheimer's Disease International.Google Scholar
,American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Andersen-Ranberg, K., Vasegaard, L. and Jeune, B. (2001) Dementia is not inevitable: a population-based study of Danish centenarians, Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56, 152–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonucci, T.C. (2001) Introduction to special section on centenarians and dementia, Journals of Gerontology. Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56, 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballard, C.G., Bannister, C. and Oyebode, F. (1996) Depression in dementia sufferers, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(6), 507–15.3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, S. (1993) Prevalence and recognition rates of psychiatric disorder in the elderly clients of a community care service, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8, 125–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrowclough, C., King, P., Colville, J.et al. (2001) A randomized trial of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling for anxiety symptoms in older adults, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 756–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhalla, R.K., Butters, M.A., Mulsant, B.H.et al. (2006) Persistence of neuropsychologic deficits in the remitted state of late-life depression, American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 419–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blazer, D.G. (2003) Depression in late life: review and commentary, Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 58, M249–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blessed, G., Tomlinson, B.E. and Roth, M. (1968) The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects, British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 797–811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bohlmeijer, E., Smit, F. and Cuijpers, P. (2003) Effects of reminiscence and life review on late-life depression: a meta-analysis, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 1088–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brayne, C. (2007) The elephant in the room – healthy brains in later life, epidemiology and public health, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8, 233–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brayne, C., Gill, C., Huppert, F.et al. (1998) Vascular risks and incident dementia: results from a cohort study of the very old, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 9, 175–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodaty, H., Green, A. and Koschera, A. (2003) Meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for caregivers of people with dementia, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 657–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, A., Jacoby, R. and Levy, R. (1990a) Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. I. Disorders of thought content, British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 72–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, A., Jacoby, R. and Levy, R. (1990b) Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. II. Disorders of perception, British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 76–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, A., Jacoby, R. and Levy, R. (1990c) Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. IV. Disorders of behaviour, British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 86–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burvill, P.W., Johnson, G.A., Jamrozik, K.D.et al. (1995) Prevalence of depression after stroke: the Perth Community Stroke Study, British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 320–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, A.J., MacHale, S., Allen, K.et al. (2000) Depression after stroke and lesion location: a systematic review, Lancet, 356(9224), 122–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cattell, H. (2000) Suicide in the elderly, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 6, 102–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cervilla, J.A. and Prince, M.J. (1997) Cognitive impairment and social distress as different pathways to depression in the elderly: a cross-sectional study, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 995–1000.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chenoweth, L., King, M., Jeon, Y.et al. (2009) Caring for Aged Dementia Care Resident Study (CADRES) of person-centred care, dementia-care mapping, and usual care in dementia: a cluster-randomised trial, Lancet (Neurology), 8, 317–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clare, L. (2003) Managing threats to self: awareness in early stage Alzheimer's disease, Social Science and Medicine, 57, 1017–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clare, L., Goater, T. and Woods, B. (2006) Illness representations in early-stage dementia: a preliminary investigation, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 761–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, G. (1996) Memory and learning in normal ageing, in Woods, R.T. (ed.), Handbook of the clinical psychology of ageing. Chichester: Wiley, 43–58.Google Scholar
Cohen-Mansfield, J., Libin, A. and Marx, M. (2007) Nonpharmacological treatment of agitation: a controlled trial of systematic individualized intervention. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 62A(8), 908–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, M.G. and Dendukuri, N. (2003) Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis, American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1147–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conwell, Y., Duberstein, P.R. and Caine, E.D. (2002) Risk factors for suicide in later life, Biological Psychiatry, 52, 193–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crocker, L., Clare, L. and Evans, K. (2006) Giving up or finding a solution? The experience of attempted suicide in later life, Aging and Mental Health, 10, 638–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cullum, S., Huppert, F., McGee, M.et al. (2000) Decline across different domains of cognitive function in normal ageing: results of a longitudinal population-based study using CAMCOG, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 853–62.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, S. (2008) Psychological trauma in late life: conceptualization, assessment and treatment, in Woods, R.T. and Clare, L. (eds), Handbook of the clinical psychology of ageing, 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley, 121–31.Google Scholar
Dawe, B., Procter, A. and Philpot, M. (1992) Concepts of mild memory impairment in the elderly and their relationship to dementia – a review, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7, 473–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deary, I.J. (1995) Age-associated memory impairment: a suitable case for treatment?, Ageing and Society, 15, 393–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denihan, A., Kirby, M., Bruce, I.et al. (2000) Three-year prognosis of depression in the community-dwelling elderly, British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 453–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, M., Wakefield, P., Molloy, C.et al. (2005) Self-harm in older people with depression: comparison of social factors, life events and symptoms, British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 538–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dent, O.F., Waite, L.M., Bennett, H.P.et al. (1999) A longitudinal study of chronic disease and depressive symptoms in a community sample of older people, Aging and Mental Health, 3(4), 351–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, C., Tarrier, N. and Burns, A. (1998) Determinants of carer stress in Alzheimer's disease, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(4), 248–56.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downton, J.H. and Andrews, K. (1990) Postural disturbance and psychological symptoms amongst elderly people living at home, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 93–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elwood, P.C., Pickering, J., Bayer, A.et al. (2002) Vascular disease and cognitive function in older men in the Caerphilly cohort, Age and Ageing, 31, 43–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erikson, E. (1963) Childhood and society, 2nd edn. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Erikson, E.H., Erikson, J.M. and Kivnick, H.Q. (1986) Vital involvement in old age. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Finnema, E., Droes, R.-M., Ribbe, M.et al. (2000) The effects of emotion-oriented approaches in the care for persons suffering from dementia: a review of the literature, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 141–61.3.0.CO;2-5>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, D., Davies, S. and Steele, H. (2003) The evacuation of British children during World War II: a preliminary investigation into the long-term psychological effects, Aging and Mental Health, 7(5), 398–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fry, P.S. (1990) A factor analytic investigation of home-bound elderly individuals' concerns about death and dying, and their coping responses. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 737–48.3.0.CO;2-L>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganguli, M., Yangchun, D., Dodge, H.H.et al. (2006) Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in late life: a prospective epidemiological study, Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 153–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatz, J.L., Tyas, S.L., St. John, P.et al. (2005) Do depressive symptoms predict Alzheimer's disease and dementia?, Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60, 744–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilleard, C.J. (1997) Education and Alzheimer's disease: a review of recent international epidemiological studies, Aging and Mental Health, 1(1), 33–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillies, B.A. (2000) A memory like clockwork: accounts of living through dementia, Aging and Mental Health, 4, 366–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haight, B. (1992) The structured life-review process: a community approach to the ageing client, in Jones, G.M.M. and Miesen, B.M.L. (eds), Care-giving in dementia. London: Routledge, 272–92.Google Scholar
Haight, B.K., Gibson, F. and Michel, Y. (2006) The Northern Ireland life review/life storybook project for people with dementia, Alzheimer's and Dementia, 2(1), 56–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harwood, D., Hawton, K., Hope, T.et al. (2000) Suicide in older people: mode of death, demographic factors, and medical contact before death in one hundred and ninety-five cases, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 736–43.3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harwood, D., Hawton, K., Hope, T.et al. (2001) Psychiatric disorder and personality factors associated with suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 155–65.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofman, A., Rocca, W.A., Brayne, C.et al. (1991) The prevalence of dementia in Europe: a collaborative study of the 1980–1990 findings, International Journal of Epidemiology, 20, 736–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holland, C.A. and Rabbitt, P. (1991) The course and causes of cognitive change with advancing age, Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 1, 81–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howieson, D.B., Camicioli, R., Quinn, J.et al. (2003) Natural history of cognitive decline in the old old, Neurology, 60, 1489–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howland, J., Peterson, E.W., Levin, W.C.et al. (1993) Fear of falling among the community dwelling elderly, Journal of Aging and Health, 5, 229–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, N. and Robbins, I. (2001) The long-term consequences of war: the experience of World War II, Aging and Mental Health, 5(2), 183–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huppert, F.A. (1994) Memory function in dementia and normal ageing – dimension or dichotomy?, in Huppert, F.A., Brayne, C. and O'Connor, D. (eds), Dementia and normal ageing. Cambridge University Press, 291–330.Google Scholar
Hynninen, K., Breitve, M., Wiborg, A.et al. (2005) Psychological characteristics of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 59, 429–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ince, P.G. (2003) Concepts of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Disease International: Global Perspectives, 13, 6.Google Scholar
Jacoby, R. and Levy, R. (1980) Computed tomography in the elderly. 3. Affective disorder, British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 270–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jorm, A. (2000) Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span, Psychological Medicine, 30, 11–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitwood, T. (1993) Towards a theory of dementia care: the interpersonal process, Ageing and Society, 13, 51–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraaij, V. and de-Wilde, E.J. (2001) Negative life events and depressive symptoms in the elderly: a life span perspective, Aging and Mental Health, 5(1), 84–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraus, C., Seignourel, P., Balasubramanyam, V.et al. (2008) Cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety in patients with dementia: two case studies, Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 14(3), 186–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laidlaw, K., Thompson, L.W., Dick-Siskin, L.et al. (2003) Cognitive behaviour therapy with older people. Chichester: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Launer, L. J., Andersen, K., Dewey, M.E.et al. (1999) Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer's disease: results from EURODEM pooled analyses, Neurology, 52, 78–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laurin, D., Verreault, R., Lindsay, J.et al. (2001) Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons, Archives of Neurology, 58, 498–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebret, S., Perret-Vaille, E., Mulliez, A.et al. (2006) Elderly suicide attempters: characteristics and outcome, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 1052–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Letenneur, L., Launer, L.J., Andersen, K.et al. (2000) Education and the risk for Alzheimer's disease: sex makes a difference: EURODEM pooled analyses, American Journal of Epidemiology, 151, 1064–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Licht-Strunk, E., Bremmer, M.A., van-Marwijk, H.W.et al. (2004) Depression in older persons with versus without vascular disease in the open population: similar depressive symptom patterns, more disability, Journal of Affective Disorders, 83, 155–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindesay, J. (1997) Phobic disorders and fear of crime in the elderly, Aging and Mental Health, 1(1), 81–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindesay, J., Briggs, K. and Murphy, E. (1989) The Guys/Age Concern survey: prevalence rates of cognitive impairment, depression and anxiety in an urban elderly community, British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 317–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lingler, J.H., Nightingale, M.C., Erlen, J.A.et al. (2006) Making sense of mild cognitive impairment: a qualitative exploration of the patient's experience, The Gerontologist, 46, 791–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livingston, G. and Hinchliffe, A.C. (1993) The epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in the elderly, International Review of Psychiatry, 5, 317–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingston, H.M., Livingston, M.G. and Fell, S. (1994) The Lockerbie disaster: a three year follow-up of elderly victims, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 989–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockwood, K.A., Alexopoulos, G.S. and van-Gorp, W.G. (2002) Executive dysfunction in geriatric depression, American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1119–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, A.H., Schneider, J., Mozley, C.G.et al. (2000) Depression and the response of residential homes to physical health needs, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 1105–12.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mast, B.T., Azar, A.R. and Murrell, S.A. (2005) The vascular depression hypothesis: the influence of age on the relationship between cerebrovascular risk factors and depressive symptoms in community dwelling elders, Aging and Mental Health, 9(2), 146–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKiernan, F.M. (1996) Bereavement and attitudes to death, in Woods, R.T. (ed.), Handbook of the clinical psychology of ageing. Chichester: Wiley, 159–82.Google Scholar
Mittelman, M.S., Haley, W.E., Clay, O.J.et al. (2006) Improving caregiver well-being delays nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease, Neurology, 67, 1592–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moniz-Cook, E., Stokes, G. and Agar, S. (2003) Difficult behaviour and dementia in nursing homes: five cases of psychosocial intervention, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 10(3), 197–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortimer, J.A., Snowdon, D.A. and Markesbery, W.R. (2003) Head circumference, education and risk of dementia: findings from the Nun Study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 671–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mozley, C., Sutcliffe, C., Bagley, H.et al. (2004) Towards quality care: outcomes for older people in care homes. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
,MRC-CFAS (Esiri, M., Matthews, F.E., Brayne, C.et al.) (2001) Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales. Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Lancet, 357(9251), 169–75.Google Scholar
Neal, L.A., Hill, N., Hughes, J.et al. (1995) Convergent validity of measures of PTSD in an elderly population of former prisoners of war. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 617–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordhus, I.H. (2008) Manifestations of depression and anxiety in older adults, in Woods, R.T. and Clare, L. (eds), Handbook of the clinical psychology of ageing, 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley, 97–110.Google Scholar
O'Connell, H., Chin, A.-V., Cunningham, C.et al. (2004) Recent developments: suicide in older people, British Medical Journal, 329, 895–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orrell, M., Howard, R., Payne, A.et al. (1992) Differentiation between organic and functional psychiatric illness in the elderly: an evaluation of four cognitive tests, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7, 263–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orrell, M.W. and Sahakian, B.J. (1995) Use it or lose it: does education protect against dementia?, British Medical Journal, 310, 951–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborn, D.P.J., Fletcher, A.E., Smeeth, L.et al. (2003) Factors associated with depression in a representative sample of 14,217 people aged 75 and over in the United Kingdom: results from the MRC trial of assessment and management of older people in the community, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 623–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oyebode, J.R. (2008) Death, dying and bereavement, in Woods, R.T. and Clare, L. (eds), Handbook of the clinical psychology of ageing, 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley, 75–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, J.L. and Brown, G.K. (2000) Suicide prevention in late life: directions for science and practice, Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 685–705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poon, L.W. (1992) Towards an understanding of cognitive functioning in geriatric depression, International Psychogeriatrics, 4(Suppl 2), 241–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reijnders, J.S., Ehrt, U., Weber, W.E.et al. (2008) A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson's disease, Movement Disorders, 23, 183–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, C.F., Frank, E., Perel, J.M.et al. (1999) Nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy as maintenance therapies for recurrent major depression: a randomized controlled trial in patients older than 59 years, Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 39–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riley, K.P., Snowdon, D.A., Saunders, A.M.et al. (2000) Cognitive function and apolipoprotein E in very old adults, Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55, S69-75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, J.L., Clare, L. and Woods, R.T. (2009) Subjective memory complaints and awareness of memory functioning in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 28, 95–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schrijnemaekers, V., van-Rossum, E., Candel, M.et al. (2002) Effects of emotion-oriented care on elderly people with cognitive impairment and behavioral problems, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 926–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scogin, F. and McElreath, L. (1994) Efficacy of psychosocial treatments for geriatric depression: a quantitative review, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 69–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seiffer, A., Clare, L. and Harvey, R. (2005) The role of personality and coping style in relation to awareness of current functioning in early-stage dementia, Aging and Mental Health, 9, 535–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silver, M.H., Jilinskaia, E. and Perls, T.T. (2001) Cognitive functional status of age-confirmed centenarians in a population-based study, Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56, P134–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silver, M.H., Newell, K., Brady, C.et al. (2002) Distinguishing between neurodegenerative disease and disease-free ageing: correlating neuropsychological evaluations and neuropathological studies in centenarians, Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 493–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snowdon, D.A. (2003) Healthy aging and dementia: findings from the Nun Study, Annals of Internal Medicine, 139, 450–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snowdon, D.A., Greiner, L.H. and Markesbery, W.R. (2000) Linguistic ability in early life and the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease: findings from the Nun Study, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 903, 34–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solomon, Z. and Prager, E. (1992) Elderly Israeli Holocaust survivors during the Persian Gulf War: a study of psychological distress, American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1707–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Sörensen, S., Pinquart, M. and Duberstein, P.R. (2002) How effective are interventions with caregivers? An updated meta analysis, The Gerontologist, 42, 356–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spano, A. and Forstl, H. (1992) Falling and the fear of it, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7, 149–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spector, A., Thorgrimsen, L., Woods, B.et al. (2003) Efficacy of an evidence-based cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia: randomised controlled trial, British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 248–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, Y., Zarahn, E., Hilton, H.J.et al. (2003) Exploring the neural basis of cognitive reserve, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 691–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teri, L., Logsdon, R.G., Uomoto, J.et al. (1997) Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: a controlled clinical trial, Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52, P159–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teri, L., McCurry, S.M., Logsdon, R.et al. (2005) Training community consultants to help family members improve dementia care: a randomized controlled trial, The Gerontologist, 45(6), 802–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, L.W., Gallagher, D. and Breckenridge, J.S. (1987) Comparative effectiveness of psychotherapies for depressed elders, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 385–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorgrimsen, L., Selwood, A., Spector, A.et al. (2003) Whose quality of life is it anyway? The validity and reliability of the Quality of Life – Alzheimer's Disease (QoL–AD) Scale, Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 17(4), 201–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tinetti, M.E., Mendes de Leon, C.F., Doucette, J.T.et al. (1994) Fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community living elders, Journal of Gerontology, 49, M140–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tinetti, M.E., Richman, D. and Powell, L. (1990) Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling, Journal of Gerontology, 45, P239–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuokko, H., Garrett, D.D., McDowell, I.et al. (2003) Cognitive decline in high-functioning older adults: reserve or ascertainment bias?, Aging and Mental Health, 7(4), 259–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuokko, H. and McDowell, I. (2006) An overview of mild cognitive impairment, in Tuokko, H. and Hultsch, D. F. (eds), Mild cognitive impairment: international perspectives. New York: Taylor & Francis, 3–28.Google Scholar
Tuokko, H. and Zarit, S.H. (2003) Mild cognitive impairment, Aging & Mental Health, 7(4), 235–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valenzuela, M.J. and Sachdev, P. (2006) Brain reserve and dementia: a systematic review, Psychological Medicine, 36, 441–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weert, J.C.M., Dulmen, A.M., Spreeuwenberg, P.M.M.et al. (2005) Behavioral and mood effects of Snoezelen integrated into 24-hour dementia care, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 24–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verghese, J., Lipton, R.B., Katz, M.J.et al. (2003) Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly, New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 2508–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vinkers, D.J., Gussekloo, J., Stek, M.L.et al. (2004) Temporal relation between depression and cognitive impairment in old age: prospective population based study, British Medical Journal, 329, 881–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Visser, P.J. and Brodaty, H. (2006) MCI is not a clinically useful concept, International Psychogeriatrics, 18, 402–9.Google Scholar
Waern, M., Rubenowitz, E., Runeson, B. (2002) Burden of illness and suicide in elderly people: case-control study, British Medical Journal, 324, 1355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, J.-J. (2007) Group reminiscence therapy for cognitive and affective function of demented elderly in Taiwan, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 1235–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waugh, M.J., Robbins, I., Davies, S.et al. (2007) The long-term impact of war experiences and evacuation on people who were children during World War Two, Aging and Mental Health, 11, 168–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, R.S., Bennett, D.A., Bienias, J.L.et al. (2002) Cognitive activity and incident AD in a population-based sample of older persons, Neurology, 59, 1910–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, R.S., Mendes de Leon, C.F., Barnes, L.L.et al. (2002) Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease, Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 742–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, R.S., Mendes de Leon, C.F., Bennett, D.A.et al. (2004) Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in a community population of older persons, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 75, 126–9.Google Scholar
Windle, G. and Woods, R.T. (2004) Variations in subjective well-being: the mediating role of a psychological resource, Ageing and Society, 24, 583–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windle, G., Woods, R.T. and Markland, D.A. (in press) Living with ill health in older age: the role of a resilient personality, Journal of Happiness Studies.
Woods, B. (1999) The person in dementia care, Generations, 23(3), 35–9.Google Scholar
Woods, B. and Charlesworth, G. (2001) Psychological assessment and treatment, in Jacoby, R. and Oppenheimer, C. (eds), Psychiatry in the elderly, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, 245–63.Google Scholar
Woods, B. and Clare, L. (2008) Psychological interventions with people with dementia, in Woods, R. T. and Clare, L. (eds), Handbook of the clinical psychology of ageing, 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley, 523–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, B., Clare, L. and Windle, G. (in press) Dementia and related cognitive disorders, in Sturmey, P. and Hersen, M. (eds), Handbook of evidence-based practice in clinical psychology. Vol. II. Adult disorders. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Woods, R. and Roth, A. (2005) Effectiveness of psychological interventions with older people, in Roth, A. and Fonagy, P. (eds), What works for whom? A critical review of psychotherapy research, 2nd edn. New York: Guilford Press, 425–46.Google Scholar
Woods, R.T. (2001) Discovering the person with Alzheimer's disease: cognitive, emotional and behavioural aspects, Aging and Mental Health, 5(Suppl 1), S7–S16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, R.T. (2008) Suicide and attempted suicide in later life, in Woods, R.T. and Clare, L. (eds), Handbook of the clinical psychology of ageing, 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley, 111–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,World Health Organization (1993) The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Xuereb, J.H., Brayne, C., Dufouil, C.et al. (2000) Neuropathological findings in the very old: results from the first 101 brains of a population-based longitudinal study of dementing disorders, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 903, 490–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yochim, B.P., MacNeill, S.E. and Lichtenberg, P.A. (2006) ‘Vascular depression’ predicts verbal fluency in older adults, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 495–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×