One can easily imagine that Edgar Allan Poe experienced a jolt of recognition as he sat down to read Robert Montgomery Bird's Sheppard Lee; Written by Himself (1836). Published anonymously by Harper and Brothers, Sheppard Lee is a novel of metempsychosis in which Lee's spirit inhabits and reanimates a succession of corpses, including a gouty brewer, a dandy on the make for a rich wife, and a Virginia slave hanged for insurrection. Not only playing on Poe's favorite terrain of unmoored souls, Bird turns this potentially gothic conceit into comedy. As it turns out (and much to Poe's displeasure), the metempsychosis in Sheppard Lee is all a dream. Poe's review of the novel for the Southern Literary Messenger judges Bird's handling of the transmigration of souls to be both a literary and medical problem. “The chief source of interest in such narrative,” chides Poe, “is, or should be, the contrasting of these varied events […] upon a character unchanging – except as changed by the events.” Rather, Lee “partially loses, and partially does not lose, his identity, at each transmigration,” robbing the narrative as a whole of consistency.