Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-fnpn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-31T04:35:32.601Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

Peter Thomas
Affiliation:
Keele University
John Packham
Affiliation:
University of Wolverhampton
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Ecology of Woodlands and Forests
Description, Dynamics and Diversity
, pp. 483 - 513
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aber, A., McDowell, W., Nadelhoffer, K.et al. (1998) Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems. BioScience, 48, 921–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aerts, R. (1996) Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves of perennials: are there general patterns? Journal of Ecology, 84, 597–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ågren, G. I., Bosatta, E. and Magill, A. H. (2001) Combining theory and experiment to understand effects of inorganic nitrogen on litter decomposition. Oecologia, 128, 94–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainsworth, A. M. (2004) Developing Tools for Assessing Fungal Interest in Habitats. 1. Beech Woodland Saprotrophs. English Nature Research Report 597. Peterborough: English NatureGoogle Scholar
Ainsworth, A. M. (2005) Identifying important sites for beech deadwood fungi. Field Mycology, 6, 41–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. M. (1971) Observations on the vertical distribution of Oribatei (Acarina) in two woodland soils. In IV. Colloquium Pedobiologiae. Paris: INRA, pp. 257–272.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. M. (1975) Succession, diversity and trophic relationships of some soil animals in decomposing leaf litter. Journal of Animal Ecology, 44, 475–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. M. and Swift, M. J. (1983) Decomposition in tropical forests. In Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management, Ed. Sutton, S. L., Whitmore, T. C. and Chadwick, A. C.Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 287–309.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. L., Foster, D. R. and Motzkin, G. (2003) Integrating lateral expansion into models of peatland development in temperate New England. Journal of Ecology, 91, 68–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, W. B. and Eickmeier, W. G. (1998) Physiological and morphological responses to shade and nutrient additions of Claytonia virginica (Portulacaceae): implications for the “vernal dam” hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Botany, 76, 1340–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, W. B. and Eickmeier, W. G. (2000) Nutrient resorption in Claytonia virginica L.: implications for deciduous forest nutrient cycling. Canadian Journal of Botany, 78, 832–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, L. I. and Hytteborn, H. (1991) Bryophytes and decaying wood – a comparison between managed and natural forest. Holarctic Ecology, 14, 121–30.Google Scholar
,Anon. (2002) Clonal forestry – who are you kidding? Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 17, 485.Google Scholar
,Anon. (2003) UK Public Opinion of Forestry 2003. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.Google Scholar
Anon. (2004) Report of the 2002–03 Great Britain Day Vists Survey. A survey undertaken by the Countryside Agency, Countryside Council for Wales, British Waterways, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Environment Agency, Forestry Commission, Scottish Natural Heritage, VisitBritian, VisitScotland and Wales Tourist Board (see: www.countryside.gov.uk).
Archibold, O. W. (1995) Ecology of World Vegetation. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arno, S. F. and Hammerley, R. P. (1984) Timberline: Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers. Seattle: The Mountaineers.Google Scholar
Arnolds, E. and de Vries, B. (1993) Conservation of fungi in Europe. In Fungi of Europe: Investigation, Recording and Conservation, Ed. Pegler, D. N., Boddy, L., Ing, B. and Kirk, P. M.Richmond, UK: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 211–30.Google Scholar
Ashman, M. R. and Puri, G. (2002) Essential Soil Science. Oxford: Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Ashton, P. S. (1964) Ecological studies in the mixed dipterocarp forests of Brunei State. Oxford Forestry Memoirs, 25, 1–75.Google Scholar
Ashton, P. S., Givnish, T. J. and Appanah, S. (1988) Staggered flowering in the Dipterocarpaceae: new insights into floral induction and the evolution of mast fruiting in the aseasonal tropics. American Naturalist, 132, 44–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attenborough, D. (1980) Life on Earth. London: Reader's Digest/Collins/BBC.Google Scholar
Attenborough, D. (1985) The Living Planet. London: Reader's Digest/Collins/BBC.Google Scholar
Attenborough, D. (2002) The Life of Mammals. London: BBC Books.Google Scholar
Attiwill, P. M. and Adams, M. A. (1993) Nutrient cycling in forests. New Phytologist, 124, 561–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attiwill, P. M. and Weston, C. J. (2001) Forest soils. In The Forests Handbook. Vol 1. An Overview of Forest Science, Ed. Evans, J.Oxford: Blackwell Science, pp. 157–87.Google Scholar
Avissar, R. and Werth, D. (2005) Global hydroclimatological teleconnections resulting from tropical deforestation. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 6, 134–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baillie, I. C. (1996) Soils of the humid tropics. In The Tropical Rain Forest, Ed. Richards, P. W.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 256–86.Google Scholar
Baines, D., Sage, R. B. and Baines, M. M. (1994) The implications of red deer grazing to ground vegetation and invertebrate community structure of Scottish native pinewoods. Journal of Applied Ecology, 31, 776–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barberis, I. M. and Tanner, E. V. J. (2005) Gaps and root trenching increase tree seedling growth in Panamanian semi-evergreen forest. Ecology, 86, 667–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bardgett, R. D. (2005) Biology of Soil: a Community and Ecosystem Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bardgett, R. D., Usher, M. B. and Hopkins, D. W. (2005) Biological Diversity and Function in Soil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barthlott, W., Schmit-Neuerburg, V., Nieder, J. and Engwald, S. (2001) Diversity and abundance of vascular epiphytes: a comparison of secondary vegetation and primary montane rain forest in the Venezuelan Andes. Plant Ecology, 152, 145–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, C. G. and Roeser, J. Jr (1928) Light intensities required for growth of coniferous seedlings. American Journal of Botany, 15, 185–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckett, K. P., Freer-Smith, P. H. and Taylor, G. (1998) Urban woodlands: their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution. Environmental Pollution, 99, 347–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beedlow, P. A., Tingey, D. T., Phillips, D. L., Hogsett, W. E. and Olszyk, D. M. (2004) Rising atmospheric CO2 and carbon sequestration in forests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2, 315–22.Google Scholar
Bell, P. R. and Hemsley, A. R. (2000) Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity. (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bending, G. D. (2003) Litter decomposition, ectomycorrhizal roots and the ‘Gadgil’ effect. New Phytologist, 158, 228–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, J. N. and Prescott, C. E. (2004) Organic and inorganic nitrogen nutrition of western red cedar, western hemlock and salal in mineral N-limited cedar-hemlock forests. Oecologia, 141, 468–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benton, M. J. (1991) The Rise of the Mammals. London: Quantum Publishing.Google Scholar
Berg, A., Ehnstrom, B., Gustafsson, L.et al. (1994) Threatened plant, animal, and fungus species in Swedish forests: distribution and habitat associations. Conservation Biology, 8, 718–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, H. and Redbo-Torstensson, P. (1998) Cleistogamy as a bet-hedging strategy in Oxalis acetosella, a perennial herb. Journal of Ecology, 86, 491–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berryman, A. A. (1996) What causes population cycles of forest Lepidoptera? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 28–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bills, G. F. and Polishook, J. D. (1994) Abundance and diversity of microfungi in leaf litter of a lowland rain forest in Costa Rica. Mycologia, 86, 187–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binkley, D. and Högberg, P. (1997) Does atmospheric deposition of nitrogen threaten Swedish forests? Forest Ecology and Management, 92, 119–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackman, G. E. and Rutter, A. J. (1954) Endymion non-scriptus (L.) Garcke. Biological flora of the British Isles. Journal of Ecology, 42, 629–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloor, J. M. G. and Grubb, P. J. (2003) Growth and mortality in high and low light: trends among 15 shade-tolerant tropical rain forest tree species. Journal of Ecology, 91, 77–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blundell, A. G. and Peart, D. R. (2001) Growth strategies of a shade-intolerant tropical tree: the interactive effects of canopy gaps and simulated herbivory. Journal of Ecology, 89, 608–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boardman, N. K. (1977) Comparative photosynthesis of sun and shade plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 28, 355–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobbink, R., Hornung, M. and Roelofs, J. G. M. (1998) The effects of air-borne nitrogen pollutants on species diversity in natural and semi-natural European vegetation. Journal of Ecology, 86, 717–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobiec, A. (2002) Living stands and dead wood in the Białowieża forest: suggestions for restoration management. Forest Ecology and Management, 165, 125–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobiec, A., Burgt, H., Meijer, K.et al. (2000) Rich deciduous forests in Białowieża as a dynamic mosaic of developmental phases: premises for nature conservation and restoration management. Forest Ecology and Management, 130, 159–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohlen, P. J., Scheu, S., Hale, C. M.et al. (2004) Non-native invasive earthworms as agents of change in northern temperate forests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2, 427–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, W. J. (1989) The tortoise and the hare: ecology of angiosperm dominance and gymnosperm persistence. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 36, 227–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, R. E. and Grime, J. P. (2003) Effects of genetic impoverishment on plant community diversity. Journal of Ecology, 91, 721–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bopp, W. (2005) Australia; a world of astonishing plants. The Garden, 130, 14–17.Google Scholar
Boring, L. R. and Swank, W. T. (1984) The role of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in forest succession. Journal of Ecology, 72, 749–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bormann, F. H. and Likens, G. E. (1979) Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosch, J. M. and Hewlett, J. D. (1982) A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology, 55, 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bossuyt, B., Heyn, M. and Hermy, M. (2002) Seed bank and vegetation composition of forest stands of varying age in central Belgium: consequences for regeneration of ancient forest vegetation. Plant Ecology, 162, 33–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouget, C. and Duelli, P. (2004) The effects of windthrow on forest insect communities: a literature review. Biological Conservation, 118, 281–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2000) Australian Rainforests: Islands of Green in a Land of Fire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boxman, A. W., Ven, P. J. M. and Roelofs, J. G. M. (1998) Ecosystem recovery after a decrease in nitrogen input to a Scots pine stand at Ysselsteyn, the Netherlands. Forest Ecology and Management, 101, 155–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brazier, J. D. (1979) Never mind the trees, what about the wood? Information Paper 12/79. Princes Risborough, UK: Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory.Google Scholar
Breuil, C., Fleet, C. and Loppnau, P. (2005) Sap stain in trees, logs and lumber: fungi, pigment and pigment biosynthetic pathways. In Forest Pathology: From Genes to Landscapes, Ed. Lundquist, J. E. and Hamelin, R. C.St. Paul, MN: APS Press, pp. 69–77.Google Scholar
Briggs, D., Smithson, P., Addison, K. and Atkinson, K. (1997) Fundamentals of the Physical Environment. (Second Edition). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Briggs, P. and Morris, P. (2002) Putting dormice back on the map. British Wildlife, 14, 91–100.Google Scholar
Broadmeadow, S. and Nisbet, T. R. (2004) The effects of riparian forest management on the freshwater environment: a literature review of best management practice. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 8, 286–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brook, B. W. and Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2005) One equation fits overkill: why allometry underpins both prehistoric and modern body size-biased extinctions. Population Ecology, 47, 137–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, R. T. (2004) Early regeneration following the presalvage cutting of hemlock from hemlock-dominated stands. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 21, 12–18.Google Scholar
Brown, A. E., Zhang, L., McMahon, T. A., Western, A. W. and Vertessy, R. A. (2005) A review of paired catchment studies for determining changes in water yield resulting from alterations in vegetation. Journal of Hydrology, 310, 28–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruijnzeel, L. A. (1992) Managing tropical watersheds for production: where contradictory theory and practice co-exist. In Wise Management of Tropical Forests, Ed. Miller, F. R. and Adam, K. I.Oxford: Oxford Forestry Institute, pp. 37–75.Google Scholar
Brunet, J. and Oheimb, G. (1998) Migration of vascular plants to secondary woodlands in southern Sweden. Journal of Ecology, 86, 429–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryant, D., Nielsen, D. and Tangley, L. (1997) The Last Frontier Forests: Ecosystems and Economies on the Edge. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.Google Scholar
Bryant, M. J. (2003) The influence of soil fertility and light intensity on field layer development in urban secondary woodlands. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wolverhampton, UK.
Brys, R., Jacquemyn, H., Endels, P.et al. (2004) Reduced reproductive success in small populations of the self-incompatible Primula vulgaris. Journal of Ecology, 92, 5–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryson, B. (2004) A Short History of Nearly Everything. London: Black Swan.Google Scholar
Buckley, G. P. (1989) Biological Habitat Reconstruction. London: Belhaven Press.Google Scholar
Burke, D. M. and Nol, E. (2000) Landscape and fragment size effects on reproductive success of forest-breeding birds in Ontario. Ecological Applications, 10, 1749–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnham, C. P. (1970) The regional pattern of soil formation in Great Britain. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 89, 25–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnham, C. P. and Mackney, D. F. (1964) Soils of Shropshire. Field Studies, 2, 83–113.Google Scholar
Burrows, C. J. (1990) Processes of Vegetation Change. London: Unwin Hyman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, T. M. and Likens, G. E. (1975) Salamander populations and biomass in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Copeia, 1975, 541–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bury, R. B. (2004) Wildfire, fuel reduction, and the herpetofaunas across diverse landscape mosaics in northwestern forests. Conservation Biology, 18, 968–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cahoon, D. R., Hensel, P., Rybczk, J.et al. (2003) Mass tree mortality leads to mangrove peat collapse at Bay Islands, Honduras after Hurricane Mitch. Journal of Ecology, 91, 1093–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, M. L., Damman, H. and Muir, A. (1998) Seed dispersal and the Holocene migration of woodland herbs. Ecological Monographs, 68, 325–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calow, P. (1998) The Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management. Oxford: Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Cameron-Smith, B. (1991) Australian Rainforests. Sydney: Royal Botanic Gardens.Google Scholar
Campbell, F. T. (2002) Invasive species: a growing concern. In Symposium on the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in Eastern North America, February 5–7, 2002, Ed. Onken, B., Reardon, R. and Lashomb, J.New Jersey: Rutgers University, pp. 1–8.Google Scholar
Carline, K. A., Jones, H. E. and Bardgett, R. D. (2005) Large herbivores affect the stoichiometry of nutrients in a regenerating woodland ecosystem. Oikos, 110, 453–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, A. (1986) A comparison of birds inhabiting pine plantation and indigenous forest patches in a tropical mountain area. Biological Conservation, 35, 195–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, P. C. S. (1989) Risk assessment and pest detection surveys for exotic pests and diseases which threaten commercial forests in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 19, 353–74.Google Scholar
Cederlund, G. and Bergström, R. (1996) Trends in the moose–forest system in Fennoscandia, with special reference to Sweden. In Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes, Ed. DeGraaf, R. M. and Miller, R. I.London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 265–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chadwick, O. A., Derry, L. A., Vitousek, P. M., Huebert, B. J. and Hedin, L. O. (1999) Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem development. Nature, 397, 491–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalfoun, A. D., Ratnaswamy, M. J. and Thompson, F. R. III (2002) Songbird nest predators in forest–pasture edge and forest interior in a fragmented landscape. Ecological Applications, 12, 858–67.Google Scholar
Chazdon, R. L. and Whitmore, T. C. (2002) Foundations of Tropical Forest Biology. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Cherubini, P., Fontana, G., Rigling, D.et al. (2002) Tree-life history prior to death: two fungal root pathogens affect tree-ring growth differently. Journal of Ecology, 90, 839–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christenson, L. M., Lovett, G. M., Mitchell, M. J. and Groffman, P. M. (2002) The fate of nitrogen in gypsy moth frass deposited to an oak forest floor. Oecologia, 131, 444–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, F. E. (1967) Bacteria in soil. In Soil Biology, Ed. Burges, A. and Raw, F.London: Academic Press, pp. 15–49.Google Scholar
Clarke, P. J., Kerrigan, R. A., and Westphal, C. J. (2001) Dispersal potential and early growth in 14 tropical mangroves: do early life history traits correlate with patterns of adult distribution? Journal of Ecology, 89, 648–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clements, F. C. and Shelford, V. E. (1939) Bioecology. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cline, S. P., Berg, A. B. and Wight, H. M. (1980) Snag characteristics and dynamics in Douglas-fir forests, western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management, 44, 773–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, E. V. J. and Packham, J. R. (1993) The introduction and manipulation of woodland field layers: seeds, plants, timing and economics. Arboricultural Journal, 17, 69–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, E. V. J., Trueman, I. C. and Packham, J. R. (2000) More than just trees. Aspects of Applied Biology, 58, 93–100.Google Scholar
Colquhoun, M. K. and Morley, A. (1943) Vertical zonation in woodland bird communities. Journal of Animal Ecology, 12, 75–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, J. H. (1971) On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. In Dynamics of Populations, Ed. Boer, P. J. and Gradwell, G. R.Wageningen, The Netherlands: PUDOC, pp. 298–312.Google Scholar
Coomes, D. A., Allen, R. B., Bentley, W. A.et al. (2005) The hare, the tortoise and the crocodile: the ecology of angiosperm dominance, conifer persistence and fern filtering. Journal of Ecology, 93, 918–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, W. S. (1913) The climax forest of the Isle Royale, Lake Superior, and its development. I. Botanical Gazette, 55, 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corner, E. J. H. (1964) The Life of Plants. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Cosgrove, P., Amphlett, A., Elliott, A.et al. (2005) Aspen: Britain's missing link with the boreal forest. British Wildlife, 17, 107–15.Google Scholar
Costa Neves, H., Valente, A. V., Favila, B.et al. (1996). Laurissilva da Madeira. Caracterização Quantitativa e Qualitativa. Funchal: Secretaria Regional de Agricultura, Florestas e Pescas, Parque Natural da Madeira.Google Scholar
Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., Groot, R.et al. (2003) The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Côté, S. D., Rooney, T. P., Tremblay, J.-P., Dussault, C. and Waller, D. M. (2004) Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 35, 113–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covington, W. W. (1981) Changes in the forest floor organic matter and nutrient content following clear cutting in northern hardwoods. Ecology, 62, 41–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, R. M. M. (1990) Studies in plant survival. In Studies in Ecology, 11, Ed. Anderson, D. J.Greig-Smith, P. and Pitelka, F. A.Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, p. 113.Google Scholar
Crawley, M. J. and Akhteruzzaman, M. (1988). Individual variation in the phenology of oak trees and its consequences for herbivorous insects. Functional Ecology, 2, 409–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronin, L. (1987) Key Guide to Australian Wild Flowers. Chatsworth, New South Wales: Reed Books.Google Scholar
Cronin, L. (1989) Key Guide to Australian Palms, Ferns and Allies. Chatsworth, New South Wales: Reed Books.Google Scholar
Crosby, A. W. (1972) The Columbian Exchange; Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Cunnington, J. H. and Pascoe, I. G. (2003) Post entry quarantine interception of chestnut blight in Victoria. Australasian Plant Pathology, 32, 569–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dale, V. H., Joyce, L. A., McNulty, S.et al. (2001) Climate change and forest disturbance. BioScience, 51, 723–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danielsen, F. (1997) Stable environments and fragile communities: does history determine the resilience of avian rain-forest communities in habitat degradation? Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 423–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C. (1859) Origin of Species. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (2003) The Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle. Folio edition. First published as single volume in 1839.
Davidson, E. A., Chorover, J. and Dail, D. B. (2003) A mechanism of abiotic immobilization of nitrate in forest ecosystems: the ferrous wheel hypothesis. Global Change Biology, 9, 228–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davie, T. and Fahey, B. (2005) Forestry and water yield – current knowledge and further work. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 49, 3–8.Google Scholar
Deacon, J. (2006) Fungal Biology. (Fourth Edition). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Deckmyn, G., Muys, B., Quijano, J. C. and Ceulemans, R. (2004) Carbon sequestration following afforestation of agricultural soils: comparing oak/beech forest to short-rotation coppice combining a process and a carbon accounting model. Global Change Biology, 10, 1482–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deevey, E. S. (1947) Life tables for natural populations of animals. Quarterly Review of Biology, 22, 283–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickie, I. A. and Reich, P. B. (2005) Ectomycorrhizal communities at forest edges. Journal of Ecology, 93, 244–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickinson, C. H. and Preece, T. F. (1976) Microbiology of Aerial Plant Surfaces. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Dodd, M. E., Silvertown, J., McConway, K., Potts, J. and Crawley, M. (1994) Stability in the plant communities of the Park Grass Experiment: the relationships between species richness, soil pH, and biomass variability. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, 346, 185–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domec, J.-C., Warren, J. M., Meinzer, F. C., Brooks, J. R. and Coulombe, R. (2004) Native root xylem embolism and stomatal closure in stands of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine: mitigation by hydraulic redistribution. Oecologia, 141, 7–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duvigneaud, P. (1971) Concepts sur la productivité primaire des écosystèmes forestiers. In Symposium on the Productivity of Forest Ecosystems, Ed. Duvigneaud, P.Paris: UNESCO, pp. 111–140.Google Scholar
Duvigneaud, P. and Denaeyer-De Smet, S. (1970) Biological cycling of minerals in temperate deciduous forests. In Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems, Ed. Reichle, D. E.Berlin: Springer, pp. 199–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dzwonko, Z. (2001) Effect of proximity to ancient deciduous woodland on restoration of the field layer vegetation in a pine plantation. Ecography, 24, 198–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, P. J. (1982) Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea. Journal of Ecology, 70, 807–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, P. N. (1983) Timber Measurement: a Field Guide. Forestry Commission Booklet No. 49. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Ehrlen, J. and Eriksson, O. (2003) Large-scale spatial dynamics of plants: a response to Freckleton & Watkinson. Journal of Ecology, 91, 316–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellenberg, H. (1988) Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe. (Fourth Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Elton, C. S. (1958) The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. London: Methuen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerman, S. H. and Dawson, T. E. (1996) Hydraulic lift and its influence on the water content of the rhizosphere: An example from sugar maple, Acer saccharum. Oecologia, 108, 273–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erickson, C. (2003) Historical ecology and future explorations. In Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin, Properties, Management, Ed. Lehmann, J., Kern, D. C., Glaser, B. and Woods, W. I.Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 455–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erickson, H. E. and Ayala, G. (2004) Hurricane-induced nitrous oxide fluxes from a wet tropical forest. Global Change Biology, 10, 1155–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ernst, W. H. O. (1979) Population biology of Allium ursinum in northern Germany. Journal of Ecology, 67, 347–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, G. C. (1956) An area survey method of investigating the distribution of light intensity in woodlands, with particular reference to sunflecks, including an analysis of data from rain forest in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Ecology, 44, 391–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, J. (1984) Silviculture of Broadleaved Woodland. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 64. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Evans, J. (1999) Sustainability of Forestry Plantations – the Evidence. Report Commissioned by the Department of International Development, London.
Fahey, T. J. and Hughes, J. W. (1994) Fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH. Journal of Ecology, 82, 533–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falik, O., Reides, P., Gersani, M. and Novoplansky, A. (2003) Self/non-self discrimination in roots. Journal of Ecology, 91, 525–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faliński, J. B. (1986) Vegetation Dynamics in Temperate Lowland Primeval Forests: Ecological Studies in Białowieża Forest. Lancaster: Junk.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAO (2005) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Fay, N. (2002) Environmental arboriculture, tree ecology and veteran tree management. Arboricultural Journal, 26, 213–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Federer, C. A. (1984) Organic matter and nitrogen content of the forest floor in even-aged northern hardwoods. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 14, 763–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferris, R., Peace, A. J., Humphrey, J. W. and Broome, A. C. (2000) Relationships between vegetation, site type and stand structure in coniferous plantations in Britain. Forest Ecology and Management, 136, 35–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filella, I. and Penuelas, J. (2003–4) Indications of hydraulic lift by Pinus halepensis and its effects on the water relations of neighbour shrubs. Biologia Plantarum, 47, 209–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finzi, C. A. and Canham, C. D. (2000) Sapling growth in response to light and nitrogen availability in a southern New England forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 131, 153–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitter, A. H. (2005) Darkness visible: reflections on underground ecology. Journal of Ecology, 93, 231–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitter, A. H. and Fitter, R. S. R. (2002) Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants. Science, 296 (5573), 1689–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fjeldså, J., Erlich, D., Lambin, E. and Prins, E. (1997) Are biodiversity ‘hotspots’ related with ecoclimate stability? A pilot study using the NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 401–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fjeldså, J. and Lovett, J. C. (1997) Geographical patterns of old and young species in African forest biota: the significance of specific montane areas as evolutionary centres. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 325–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flowerdew, J. R. and Ellwood, S. A. (2001) Impacts of woodland deer on small mammal ecology. Forestry, 74, 277–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floyd, D. W., Vonhof, S. L. and Seyfang, H. E. (2001) Forest sustainability: a discussion guide for professional resource managers. Journal of Forestry, 99, 8–28.Google Scholar
Fogg, K. (1988) The effect of added nitrogen on the rate of decomposition of organic matter. Biological Review, 63, 433–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, J. A., Costa, M. H., Delire, C., Ramankutty, N. and Snyder, P. (2003) Green surprise? How terrestrial ecosystems could affect earth's climate. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 38–44.Google Scholar
Forest Products Laboratory (1999) Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. General Technical Report, FPL-GTR-113. Madison, WI: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
Forman, R. T. T. (2000) Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States. Conservation Biology, 14, 31–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forman, R. T. T. and Alexander, L. E. (1998) Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 29, 207–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, D. R. (1999) Thoreau's Country Journey through a Transformed Landscape. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Foster, D. R. and Aber, J. D. (2004) Forests in Time: the Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Foster, P. (2001) The potential negative impact of global climate change on tropical montane cloud forests. Earth-Science Reviews, 55, 73–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, D., Cape, J. N., Coyle, M.et al. (1999) The global exposure of forests to air pollutants. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 116, 5–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franklin, J. F., Cromack, K. Jr, McKee, A.et al. (1981) Ecological Characteristics of Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forests. General Technical Report PNW-118. Portland, OR: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freckleton, R. P. and Watkinson, A. R. (2002) Large-scale spatial dynamics of plants, metapopulations, regional ensembles and patchy populations. Journal of Ecology, 90, 419–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freckleton, R. P. and Watkinson, A. R. (2003) Are all plant populations metapopulations? Journal of Ecology, 91, 321–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frederickson, M. E., Greene, M. J. and Gordon, D. M. (2005) ‘Devil's gardens’ bedevilled by ants. Nature, 437, 495–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frey, S. D., Knorr, M., Parrent, J. L. and Simpson, R. T. (2004) Chronic nitrogen enrichment affects the structure and function of the soil microbial community in temperate hardwood and pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 196, 159–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, S. K., Reich, P. B. and Frelich, L. E. (2001) Multiple scale composition and spatial distribution patterns of the north-eastern Minnesota presettlement forest. Journal of Ecology, 89, 538–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujita, T., Itaya, A., Miura, M., Manabe, T. and Yamamoto, S.-I. (2003) Long-term canopy dynamics analysed by aerial photographs in a temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest. Journal of Ecology, 91, 686–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, R. J. (1995) Bird Life in Woodland and Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gadgil, R. L. and Gadgil, P. D. (1975) Suppression of litter decomposition by mycorrhizal roots of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forest Science, 5, 33–41.Google Scholar
Galloway, J. N., Aber, J. D., Erisman, J. W.et al. (2003) The nitrogen cascade. BioScience, 53, 341–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganjegunte, G. K., Condron, L. M., Clinton, P. W., Davis, M. R. and Mahieu, N. (2004) Decomposition and nutrient release from radiata pine (Pinus radiata) coarse woody debris. Forest Ecology and Management, 187, 197–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garbaye, J. (1994) Helper bacteria: a new dimension to the mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytologist, 128, 197–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, G. (1977) The reproductive capacity of Fraxinus excelsior on the Derbyshire limestone. Journal of Ecology, 65, 107–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gartner, T. B. and Cordon, Z. G. (2004) Decomposition dynamics in mixed-species leaf litter. Oikos, 104, 230–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gascon, C. and Lovejoy, T. E. (1998) Ecological impacts of forest fragmentation in central Amazonia. Zoology – Analysis of Complex Systems, 101, 273–80.Google Scholar
Gerhardt, F. (1993) Physiographic and historical influences of forest composition in central New England, USA. M.F.S. thesis, Harvard University, MA, USA.
Gersani, M., Brown, J. S., O'Brien, E. E., Maina, G. M. and Abramsky, Z. (2001) Tragedy of the commons as a result of root competition. Journal of Ecology, 89, 660–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, J. N. and Wainhouse, D. (1986) Spread of forest pests and pathogens in the northern hemisphere. Forestry, 59, 141–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, J. N., Brasier, C. M. and Webber, J. F. (1994) Dutch elm disease in Britain. Research Note 252. Forestry Commission. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Gil, L., Fuentes-Utrilla, P., Soto, Á., Cervera, M. T. and Collada, C. (2004) English elm is a 2,000-year-old Roman clone. Nature, 431, 1053.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, O. L. (1989) The Ecology of Urban Habitats. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillson, L. and Willis, K. J. (2004) ‘As Earth's testimonies tell’: wilderness conservation in a changing world. Ecology Letters, 7, 990–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gimingham, C. H. and Birse, E. M. (1957) Ecological studies on growth-form in bryophytes. I. Correlations between growth-form and habitat. Journal of Ecology, 45, 533–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giri, C. C., Shyamkumar, B. and Anjaneyulu, C. (2004) Progress in tissue culture, genetic transformation and applications of biotechnology to trees: an overview. Trees, 18, 115–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girling, M. A. and Greig, J. (1985) A first fossil record for Scolytus scolytus (F.) (elm bark beetle): its occurrence in elm decline deposits from London and the implications for Neolithic elm disease. Journal of Archaeological Science, 12, 347–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goheen, J. R., Swihart, R. K., Gehring, T. M. and Miller, M. S. (2003) Forces structuring tree squirrel communities in landscapes fragmented by agriculture: species differences in perceptions of forest connectivity and carrying capacity. Oikos, 102, 95–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goheen, J. R., Keesing, F., Allan, B. F., Ogada, D. and Ostfeld, R. S. (2004) Net effects of large mammals on Acacia seedling survival in an African savanna. Ecology, 85, 1555–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golding, D. L. (1970) The effects of forests on precipitation. Forestry Chronicle, 46, 397–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldsmith, F. B. (1998) Tropical Rain Forest: a Wider Perspective. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonthier, P., Warner, R., Nicolotti, G., Mazzaglia, A. and Garbelotto, M. M. (2004) Pathogen introduction as a collateral effect of military activity. Mycological Research, 108, 468–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gosz, J. R., Holmes, R. T., Likens, G. E. and Bormann, F. H. (1978) The flow of energy in a forest ecosystem. Scientific American, 238, 92–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabham, P. N. and Packham, J. R. (1983) A comparative study of the bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard, in two woodland situations in the West Midlands, England. Biological Conservation, 26, 105–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, T. (2001) Should ancient trees be designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest? British Wildlife, 12, 164–6.Google Scholar
Greenup, M. (1998) Managing Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-Cedar) to control the root disease caused by Phytophthora lateralis in the Pacific Northwest, USA. In Coastally Restricted Forests, Ed. Laderman, A. D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 93–100.Google Scholar
Gregg, J. W., Jones, C. G. and Dawson, T. E. (2003) Urbanization effects on tree growth in the vicinity of New York City. Nature, 424, 183–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grier, C. C., Vogt, K. A., Keyes, M. R. and Edmonds, R. L. (1981) Biomass distribution and above- and below-ground production in young and mature Abies amabilis zone ecosystems of the Washington Cascades. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 11, 155–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, G. J., Robbins, N., Hogan, E. P. and Farias-Santopietro, G. (2004) Nucleotide sequence identification of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 infecting Cryphonectria parasitica on grafted American chestnut trees 12–18 years after inoculation with a hypovirulent strain mixture. Forest Pathology, 34, 33–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimaldi, D. and Engel, M. S. (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. (1974) Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. Nature, 250, 26–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grime, J. P. (1979) Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. (2001, reprinted 2002) Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes and Ecosystem Properties. (Second Edition). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P., Hodgson, J. G. and Hunt, R. (1988) Comparative Plant Ecology. London: Unwin Hyman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosse, W., Buchel, H. B. and Lattermann, S. (1998) Root aeration in wetland trees and its eco-physiological significance. In Coastally Restricted Forests, Ed. Laderman, A. D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 293–305.Google Scholar
Grubb, P. J. (1992) A positive distrust of simplicity – lessons from plant defences and from competition among plants and among animals. Journal of Ecology, 80, 585–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grundy, J. H. (1981) Arthropods of Medical Importance. Chilbolton, UK: Noble Books.Google Scholar
Gurnell, J., Wauters, L. A., Lurz, P. P. W. and Tosi, G. (2004) Alien species and interspecific competition: effects of introduced eastern grey squirrels on red squirrel population dynamics. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73, 26–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamann, H. (2004) Flowering and fruiting phenology of a Philippine submontane rain forest: climatic factors as proximate and ultimate causes. Journal of Ecology, 92, 24–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamburg, S. P., Yanai, R. D., Arthur, M. A., Blum, J. D. and Siccama, T. G. (2003) Biotic control of calcium cycling in northern hardwood forests: acid rain and aging forests. Ecosystems, 6, 399–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, G. J. (1985) Forest Mensuration Handbook. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Hamilton, G. J. and Christie, J. M. (1971) Forest Management Tables (Metric). Forestry Commission Booklet, No. 34. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Hamilton, G. J. and Christie, J. M. (1974) Influence of Spacing on Crop Characteristics and Yield. Forestry Commission Booklet, No. 52. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Han, W., Lindsay, S. M., Dlakic, M. and Harrington, R. E. (1997) Socioeconomic factors and tropical deforestation. Nature, 386, 562–3.Google Scholar
Hansen, R. A. (1999) Red oak promotes a microarthropod functional group that accelerates its decomposition. Plant and Soil, 209, 37–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, R. A. and Coleman, D. C. (1998) Litter complexity and composition are determinants of the diversity and species composition of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) in litterbags. Journal of Applied Soil Ecology, 9, 17–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, D. J. L. (1992) Defoliation patterns amongst Chaddesley oaks. In Ecology of Woodland Processes, Ed. Packham, J. R. and Harding, D. J. L.London: Edward Arnold, pp. 69–79.Google Scholar
Harding, D. J. L. (1995) The terrestrial caddis Enoicyla pusilla. In Ecology, Management and History of the Wyre Forest, Ed. Packham, J. R. and Harding, D. J. L.University of Wolverhampton and the British Ecological Society, pp. 108–113.Google Scholar
Harding, D. J. L. (1996) Geometrids foretell the Millennium. Manuscript of paper delivered at British Ecological Society Winter Meeting at Durham, December 1996.
Harding, D. J. L. (2000) Two decades of data on oak defoliation in a Worcestershire woodland NNR. In Long-term Studies in British Woodland, Ed. Kirby, K. J. and Morecroft, M. D. English Nature Science No. 34. Peterborough: English Nature, pp. 87–97.Google Scholar
Harding, D. J. L. (2002) Where have all the caterpillars gone? Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 96, 278–83.Google Scholar
Harding, D. J. L. and Stuttard, R. A. (1974) Microarthropods. In Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition, Vols I and II, Ed. Dickinson, C. H. and Pugh, G. J. F.London: Academic Press, pp. 489–532.Google Scholar
Harmon, M. E., Franklin, J. F., Swanson, F. J.et al. (1986) Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research, 15, 133–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, J. L. (1977) Population Biology of Plants. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hartley, M. J. (2002) Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 155, 81–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hättenschwiler, S. and Vitousek, P. M. (2000) The role of polyphenols in terrestrial ecosystem nutrient cycling. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15, 238–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawksworth, D. L. (1991) The fungal dimension of biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and conservation. Mycological Research, 95, 641–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckenberger, M. J., Kuikuro, A., Kuikuro, U. T.et al. (2003) Amazonia 1492: pristine forest or cultural parkland? Science, 301, 1710–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedin, L. O., Armesto, J. J. and Johnson, A. H. (1995) Patterns of nutrient loss from unpolluted, old-growth temperate forests: evaluation of biogeochemical theory. Ecology, 76, 493–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heilmann-Clausen, J. and Christensen, M. (2000) Svampe pa bogestammer – indikatorer for vaerdifulde lovskovslokaliteter. Svampe, 42, 35–47.Google Scholar
Heilmann-Clausen, J. and Christensen, M. (2003) Fungal diversity on decaying beech logs – implications for sustainable forestry. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12, 953–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heliövarra, K. and Väisänen, R. (1984) Effects of modern forestry on northwestern European forest invertebrates: a synthesis. Acta Forestalia Fennica, 189, 1–32.Google Scholar
Heliövarra, K., Väisänen, R. and Simon, C. (1994) Evolutionary study of periodical insects. Trends in Ecological Evolution, 9, 475–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helliwell, D. R. (1996) Habitat transference. Aspects of Applied Biology, 44, 401–5.Google Scholar
Helliwell, D. R. (2002) Continuous Cover Forestry. (Second Edition). Privately Published Wirksworth, Derbyshire.Google Scholar
Helliwell, D. R., Buckley, G. P., Fordham, S. J. and Paul, T. A. (1996) Vegetation succession on a relocated ancient woodland soil. Forestry, 69, 57–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helms, J. A. (2002) Forest, forestry and forester: what do these terms mean? Journal of Forestry, 100, 15–19.Google Scholar
Hennon, P. E., Shaw, C. G. III and Hansen, E. M. (1998) Reproduction and forest decline of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (yellow-cedar) in southeast Alaska, USA. In Coastally Restricted Forests, Ed. Laderman, A. D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 54–69.Google Scholar
Herrera, C. M., Jorrdano, P., Guitan, J. and Travaset, A. (1998) Annual variability in seed production by woody plants and the masting concept: reassessment of principles and relationship to pollination and seed dispersal. The American Naturalist, 152, 576–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, M. O. (1979a) DECORANA – A FORTRAN Program for Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Reciprocal Averaging. Ithaca, NY: Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Hill, M. O. (1979b) TWINSPAN – A FORTRAN Program for arranging Multivariate Data in an Ordered Two-way Table by Classification of the Individuals and Attributes. Ithaca, NY: Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Hill, M. O., Bunce, R. G. H. and Shaw, M. W. (1975) Indicator species analysis: a divisive polythetic method of classification and its application to a survey of native pinewoods in Scotland. Journal of Ecology, 63, 597–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilton, G. M. and Packham, J. R. (2003) Variation in the masting of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in northern Europe over two centuries (1800–2001). Forestry, 76, 319–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilton, G. M., Packham, J. R. and Willis, A. J. (1987) Effects of experimental defoliation on a population of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). New Phytologist, 107, 603–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobson, P. R. (1995a) Patterns of the past: ancient records and present evidence. In Ecology, Management & History of the Wyre Forest, Ed. Packham, J. R. and Harding, D. J. L.University of Wolverhampton and the British Ecological Society, pp. 6–24.Google Scholar
Hobson, P. R. (1995b) Charcoal burning and other forest industries in Wyre Forest. In Ecology, Management & History of the Wyre Forest, Ed. Packham, J. R. and Harding, D. J. L.University of Wolverhampton and the British Ecological Society, pp. 126–132.Google Scholar
Hobson, P. R. (1997) Ecology, history, management and conservation of the multipurpose Forest of Wyre. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wolverhampton, UK.
Hodder, K. H., Bullock, J. M., Buckland, P. C. and Kirby, K. J. (2005) Large Herbivores in the Wildwood and Modern Naturalistic Grazing Systems. English Nature Research Reports, No. 648. Peterborough: English Nature.Google Scholar
Hodkinson, I. D., Webb, N. R. and Coulson, S. J. (2002) Primary community assembly on land – the missing stages: why are heterotrophic organisms always there first? Journal of Ecology, 90, 569–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hole, F. D. (1981) Effects of animals on soil. Geoderma, 25, 75–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkin, S. (2004) Millipedes. British Wildlife, 16, 77–84.Google Scholar
Hopkins, B. (1965) Forest and Savanna. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Hora, F. B. (1981) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Trees of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hornbeck, J. W., Martin, C. W. and Eagar, C. (1997) Summary of water yield experiments at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27, 2043–52.Google Scholar
Horton, T. R., Bruns, T. D. and Parker, V. T. (1999) Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Arctostaphylos contribute to Pseudotsuga menziesii establishment. Canadian Journal of Botany, 77, 93–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J.et al. (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Houghton, R. A. (2003) Why are estimates of the terrestrial carbon balance so different? Global Change Biology, 9, 500–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houlton, B. Z., Driscoll, C. T., Fahey, T. J.et al. (2003) Nitrogen dynamics in ice storm-damaged forest ecosystems: implications for nitrogen limitation theory. Ecosystems, 6, 431–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houter, N. C. and Pons, T. L. (2005) Gap size effects on photoinhibition in understorey saplings in tropical rainforest. Plant Ecology, 179, 43–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbell, S. P. (2001) Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hughes, A. P. (1959) Effects of the environment on leaf development in Impatiens parviflora D.C. Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany), 56, 161–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hultengren, S. (1999) The project “The epiphytic lichens of southwestern Sweden”– a short presentation. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, 32 (2), 181–93.Google Scholar
Humphrey, J. W. (2005) Benefits to biodiversity from developing old-growth conditions in British upland spruce plantations: a review and recommendations. Forestry, 78, 33–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, J. W., Davey, S., Peace, A. J., Ferris, R. and Harding, K. (2002) Lichens and bryophyte communities of planted and semi-natural forests in Britain: the influence of site type, stand structure and deadwood. Biological Conservation, 107, 165–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchings, M. J. and Slade, A. J. (1988) Foraging for resources and the structure of plants. Plants Today, 1, 28–33.Google Scholar
Hyatt, L. A., Rosenberg, M. S., Howard, T. G.et al. (2003) The distance dependence prediction of the Janzen–Connell hypothesis: a meta-analysis. Oikos, 103, 590–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hytteborn, H. and Packham, J. R. (1985) Left to nature: forest structure and regeneration in Fiby urskog, central Sweden. Arboricultural Journal, 9, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hytteborn, H. and Packham, J. R. (1987) Decay rate of Picea abies logs and the storm gap theory: a re-examination of Sernander Plot III Fiby urskog, central Sweden. Arboricultural Journal, 11, 299–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hytteborn, H., Packham, J. R. and Verwijst, T. (1987) Tree population dynamics, stand structure and species composition in the montane virgin forest of Vallibacken, northern Sweden. Vegetatio, 72, 3–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hytteborn, H., Liu Qinghong and Verwijst, T. (1993) Small-scale disturbance and stand structure dynamics in a primeval Picea abies forest over 54 years, central Sweden. In Small-scale natural disturbance and tree regeneration in boreal forests (Liu Qinghong). Ph.D. thesis, University of Uppsala, Sweden.
Hytteborn, H., Maslov, A. A., Nazimova, D. I. and Rysin, L. P. (2005) Boreal forests of Eurasia. In Coniferous Forests. Ecosystems of the World 6, Ed. Andersson, F. A.Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 23–99.Google Scholar
Ingrouille, M. (1992) Diversity and Evolution of Land Plants. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iverson, L. R., Schwarts, M. W. and Prasad, A. M. (2004) How fast and how far might tree species migrate in the eastern United States due to climate change? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 13, 209–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jabin, M., Mohr, D., Kappes, H. and Topp, W. (2004) Influence of deadwood on density of soil macro-arthropods in a managed oak–beech forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 194, 61–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, R. B., Canadell, J., Ehleringer, J. R.et al. (1996) A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia, 108, 389–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, D. F. and Severeid, L. R. (2004) Dominance of interplanted American chestnut (Castanea dentata) in southwestern Wisconsin, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 191, 111–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jandl, R., Alewell, C. and Prietzel, J. (2004) Calcium loss in Central European forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68, 588–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janzen, D. H. (1970) Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. American Naturalist, 104, 501–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janzen, D. H. (1971) Seed predation by animals. Annual Review of Ecological Systematics, 2, 465–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janzen, D. H. (1978) Seeding patterns of tropical trees. In Tropical Trees as Living Systems, Ed. Tomlinson, P. B. and Zimmerman, M. H.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 83–128.Google Scholar
Jenik, J. (1979) Pictorial Encyclopedia of Forests. London: Hamlyn.Google Scholar
Jobbágy, E. G. and Jackson, R. B. (2004) The uplift of soil nutrients by plants: biogeochemical consequences across scales. Ecology, 85, 2380–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johns, A. D. (1988) Effects of selective timber extraction on rain-forest structure and composition and some consequences for frugivores and folivores. Biotropica, 20, 31–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, K. H., Vogt, K. A., Clark, H. J., Schmitz, O. J. and Vogt, D. J. (1996) Biodiversity and the productivity and stability of ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 372–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, C. G., Ostfeld, R. S., Richard, M. P., Schauber, E. M. and Wolff, J. O. (1998) Chain reactions linking acorns to gypsy moth outbreaks and Lyme disease risk. Science, 279, 1023–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, D. L. and Elliot, W. R. (1986) Pests, Diseases and Ailments of Australian Plants. Melbourne: Lothian.Google Scholar
Jones, E. W. (1959) Quercus L. Biological flora of the British Isles. Journal of Ecology, 47, 169–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, K. B., Neale, A. C., Nash, M. S.et al. (2000) Landscape correlates of breeding bird richness across the United States mid-Atlantic region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 63, 159–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, W., Hill, K. and Allen, J. (1995) Wollemia nobilis, a new living Australian genus and species in the Arucariaceae. Telopea, September 1995, 173–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauppi, P. E., Mielikainen, K. and Kuusela, K. (1992) Biomass and carbon budget of European forests, 1971 to 1990. Science, 256, 70–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, D. and Sork, V. L. (2002) Mast seeding in perennial plants; why, how, where? Annual Review of Evolutionary Systematics, 33, 427–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, P. G., Izzo, A. D. and Bruns, T. D. (2003) There is a high potential for the formation of common mycorrhizal networks between understorey and canopy trees in a mixed evergreen forest. Journal of Ecology, 91, 1071–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keppler, F., Hamilton, J. T. G., Braß, M. and Röckmann, T. (2006) Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions. Nature, 439, 187–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khomentovsky, P. A. (1998) Pinus pumila (Siberian Dwarf Pine) on the Khamchatka Peninsula, Northeast Asia: ecology of seed production. In Coastally Restricted Forests, Ed. Laderman, A. D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 199–220.Google Scholar
Killingbeck, K. T. (1996) Nutrients in senesced leaves: keys to the search for potential resorption and resorption proficiency. Ecology, 77, 1716–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimmins, H. (1992) Balancing Anti-environmental Issues in Forestry. Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Kimmins, J. P. (1997) Forest Ecology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Kira, T. (1975) Primary production of forests. In Photosynthesis and Productivity in Different Environments, Ed. Cooper, J. P.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 5–40.Google Scholar
Kirby, K. J. (2003) What Might a British Forest-Landscape Driven by Large Carnivores Look Like? English Nature Research Reports, No. 530. Peterborough: English Nature.Google Scholar
Kirby, K. J. and Drake, M. (1993) Dead Wood Matters. English Nature Science No 7. Peterborough: English Nature.Google Scholar
Kitajima, K. and Augspurger, C. K. (1989) Seed and seedling ecology of a monocarpic tropical tree, Tachigali versicolor. Ecology, 70, 1102–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitayama, K., Suzuki, S., Hori, M.et al. (2004) On the relationships between leaf-litter lignin and net primary productivity in tropical rain forests. Oecologia, 140, 335–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kizlinski, M. L., Orwig, D. A., Cobb, R. C. and Foster, D. R. (2002) Direct and indirect ecosystem consequences of an invasive pest on forests dominated by eastern hemlock. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1489–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klironomos, J. N. and Hart, M. M. (2001) Animal nitrogen swap for plant carbon. Nature, 410, 651–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knops, J. M. H., Nash, T. H. III and Schlesinger, W. H. (1996) The influence of epiphytic lichens on the nutrient cycling of an oak woodland. Ecological Monographs, 66, 159–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knops, J. M. H., Bradley, K. L. and Wedin, D. A. (2002) Mechanisms of plant species impacts on ecosystem nitrogen cycling. Ecology Letters, 5, 454–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koenig, W. D. and Knops, J. M. H. (1998) Scale of mast-seeding and tree-ring growth. Nature, 396, 225–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koenig, W. D. and Knops, J. M. H. (2000) Patterns of annual seed production by northern hemisphere trees: a global perspective. The American Naturalist, 155, 59–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenig, W. D. and Liebhold, A. M. (2003) Regional impacts of periodical cicadas on oak radial increment. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33, 1084–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Köhl, M., Traub, B. and Päivinen, R. (2000) Harmonisation and standardisation in multi-national environmental statistics – mission impossible? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 63, 361–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohyama, T. (1984) Regeneration and coexistence of two Abies species dominating subalpine forests in central Japan. Oecologia, 62, 156–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Komonen, A. (2003) Hotspots of insect diversity in boreal forests. Conservation Biology, 17, 976–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konrad, H., Kirisits, T., Riegler, M., Halmschlager, E. and Stauffer, C. (2002) Genetic evidence for natural hybridization between the Dutch elm disease pathogens Ophiostoma novo-ulmi ssp. novo-ulmi and O. novo-ulmi ssp. americana. Plant Pathology, 51, 78–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, K. (1995) Phenotypic plasticity of the phenology of 7 European tree species in relation to climatic warming. Plant Cell and Environment, 18, 93–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraus, T. E. C., Dahlgren, R. A. and Zasoski, R. J. (2003) Tannins in nutrient dynamics of forest ecosystems – a review. Plant and Soil, 256, 41–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulakowski, D. and Veblen, T. T. (2002) Influences of fire history and topography on the pattern of a severe wind blowdown in a Colorado subalpine forest. Journal of Ecology, 90, 806–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuuluvainen, T. (1994) Gap disturbance, ground microtopography, and the regeneration dynamics of boreal coniferous forests in Finland: a review. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 31, 35–51.Google Scholar
Kuuluvainen, T. and Juntunen, P. (1998) Seedling establishment in relation to microhabitat variation in a windthrow gap in a boreal Pinus sylvestris forest. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9, 551–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laderman, A. D. (1998) Coastally Restricted Forests. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Laiho, R. and Prescott, C. E. (2004) Decay and nutrient dynamics of coarse woody debris in northern coniferous forests: a synthesis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 34, 763–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanner, R. M. (1996) Made For Each Other: a Symbiosis of Birds and Pines. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Larcher, W. (1975) Physiological Plant Ecology. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurance, W. F., Pérez-Salicrup, D., Delamônica, P.et al. (2001) Rain forest fragmentation and the structure of Amazonian liana communities. Ecology, 82, 105–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurance, W. F., Lovejoy, T. E., Vasconcelos, H. L.et al. (2002) Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: a 22-year investigation. Conservation Biology, 16, 605–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurance, W. F., Albernaz, A. K. M., Fearnside, P. M., Vasconcelos, H. L. and Ferreira, L. V. (2004) Deforestation in Amazonia. Science, 304, 1109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laureysens, I., Blust, R., Temmerman, L., Lemmens, C. and Ceulemans, R. (2004) Clonal variation in heavy metal accumulation and biomass production in a poplar coppice culture: I. Seasonal variation in leaf, wood and bark concentrations. Environmental Pollution, 131, 485–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leake, J. R. (2005) Plants parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the ‘saprophytic’ plant myth. Mycologist, 19, 113–22.Google Scholar
Lee, J. A. (1999) The calcicole-calcifuge problem revisited. Advances in Botanical Research, 29, 1–30.Google Scholar
Houérou, H. N. (1997) Climate, flora and fauna changes in the Sahara over the past 500 million years. Journal of Arid Environments, 37, 619–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, W. H. (2004) Degradation and restoration of forest ecosystems in China. Forest Ecology and Management, 201, 33–41.Google Scholar
Liddle, M. J. (1997) Recreation Ecology. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Likens, G. E. (2004) Some perspectives on long-term biogeochemical research from the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Ecology, 85, 2355–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Likens, G. E., Bormann, F. H., Johnson, N. M., Fisher, D. W. and Pierce, R. S. (1970) Effects of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook watershed-ecosystem. Ecological Monographs, 40, 23–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Likens, G. E., Driscoll, C. T. and Buso, D. C. (1996) Long-term effects of acid rain: response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science, 272, 244–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Likens, G. E., Driscoll, C. T., Buso, D. C.et al. (1998) The biogeochemistry of calcium at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry, 41, 89–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Likens, G. E., Driscoll, C. T., Buso, D. C.et al. (2002) The biogeochemistry of sulfur at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry, 60, 235–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. and Clark, P. (1998) A Dictionary of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lindenmayer, D. B. and Franklin, J. F. (1997) Managing stand structure as part of ecologically sustainable forest management in Australian mountain ash forests. Conservation Biology, 11, 1053–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindow, S. E. and Brandl, M. T. (2003) Microbiology of the phyllosphere. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 1875–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindquist, B. (1931) Den Skandinaviska bogskogens biologi (The ecology of Scandinavian beechwoods). Svenska Skogsvardsforeningens Tidskrift, 29 (English digest), 486–520.Google Scholar
Lindström, J., Ranta, E., Kokko, H., Lundberg, P. and Kaitala, V. (2001) From arctic lemmings to adaptive dynamics: Charles Elton's legacy in population ecology. Biological Review, 76, 129–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipson, D. and Näsholm, T. (2001) The unexpected versatility of plants: organic nitrogen use and availability in terrestrial ecosystems. Oecologia, 128, 305–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Littlemore, J. and Barker, S. (2003) The ecological response of forest ground flora and soils to experimental trampling in British urban woodlands. Urban Ecosystems, 5, 257–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lodge, D. J. (1996) Microorganisms. In The Food Web of a Tropical Forest, Ed. Reagan, D. P. and Waide, R. B.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 54–108.Google Scholar
Lodge, D. J. (1997) Factors related to diversity of decomposer fungi in tropical forests. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 681–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lodge, D. J., McDowell, W. H. and McSwiney, C. P. (1994) The importance of nutrient pulses in tropical forests. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 384–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Logan, J. A., Régnière, J. and Powell, J. A. (2003) Assessing the impacts of global warming on forest pest dynamics. Frontiers in Ecology and the Evironment, 1, 130–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovett, G. M., Christenson, L. M., Groffman, P. M.et al. (2002) Insect defoliation and nitrogen cycling in forests. BioScience, 52, 335–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowry, W. P. (1966) Apparent meteorological requirements for abundant cone crop in Douglas-Fir. Forest Science, 12, 185–92.Google Scholar
Lund, G. L. (2002) When is a forest not a forest? Journal of Forestry, 100, 21–8.Google Scholar
Lundquist, J. E. and Hamelin, R. C. (2005) Forest Pathology: From Genes to Landscapes. St. Paul, MN: APS Press/The American Phytopathological Society.Google Scholar
Luxton, M. (1972) Studies of the oribatid mites of a Danish beech wood soil. I. Nutritional biology. Pedobiologia, 12, 434–63.Google Scholar
Lyford, W. H. and Wilson, B. F. (1964) Development of the root system of Acer rubrum L. Harvard Forest Paper, 10.Google Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. (1955) Fluctuations of animal populations and a measure of community stability. Ecology, 36, 533–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. (1972) Geographical Ecology. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. and Wilson, E. D. (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Macfayden, A. (1961) Metabolism of soil invertebrates in relation to soil fertility. Annals of Applied Biology, 49, 216–19.Google Scholar
Mackensen, J., Bauhus, J. and Webber, E. (2003) Decomposition rates of coarse woody debris – a review with particular emphasis on Australian tree species. Australian Journal of Botany, 51, 27–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maclaren, J. P. (1996) Environmental Effects of Planted Forests in New Zealand. Bulletin No. 198. Rotorua: New Zealand Forest Research Institute.Google Scholar
Magill, A. H., Aber, D. A., Currie, W. S.et al. (2004) Ecosystem response to 15 years of chronic nitrogen additions at the Harvard Forest LTER, Massachusetts, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 196, 7–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malmer, N., Lindgren, K. and Persson, S. (1978) Vegetational succession in a south-Swedish deciduous wood. Vegetatio, 36, 17–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maloof, J. (2005) Take a deep breath. New Scientist, 6 August, 44–45.Google Scholar
Mann, C. C. (2002) The real dirt on rainforest fertility. Science, 297, 920–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannan, R. W., Meslow, E. C. and Wight, H. M. (1980) Use of snags by birds in Douglas-fir forests. Journal of Wildlife Management, 44, 787–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manson, R. H., Ostfeld, R. S. and Canham, C. D. (2001) Long-term effects of rodent herbivores on tree invasion dynamics along forest-field edges. Ecology, 82, 3320–9.Google Scholar
Martin, R. and Handasyde, K. (1999) The Koala: Natural History, Conservation and Management. (Second Edition). Malabar, FL: Krieger.Google Scholar
Marx, D. H. (1969) The influence of ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi on the resistance of pine roots to pathogenic infections. I. Antagonism of mycorrhizal fungi to root pathogenic fungi and soil bacteria. Phytopathology, 59, 153–63.Google Scholar
Mason, W. L., Kerr, G. and Simpson, J. (1999) What is Continuous Cover Forestry? Information Note 29. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.Google Scholar
Matlack, G. R. (1994) Plant species migration in a mixed-history forest landscape in eastern North America. Ecology, 75, 1491–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, E. (1997) Global litter production, pools, and turnover times: estimates from measurement data and regression models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 102, 18,771–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, J. D. (1989) Silvicultural Systems. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Maurer, E. (1964) Buchen- und Eichensamenjahre in Unterfranken wahrend der letzen 100 Jahre. Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift, 31, 469–70.Google Scholar
May, J. (2003) Soundwood. Tree News (spring/summer), 29–35.Google Scholar
May, R. M. (1972) Will a large complex system be stable? Nature, 238, 413–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCann, K. S. (2000) The diversity-stability debate. Nature, 405, 228–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGroddy, M. E., Daufresne, T. and Hedin, L. O. (2004) Scaling of C:N:P stoichiometry in forests worldwide: implications of terrestrial redfield-type ratios. Ecology, 85, 2390–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McHale, P. J., Mitchell, M. J. and Bowles, F. P. (1998) Soil warming in a northern hardwood forest: trace gas fluxes and leaf litter decomposition. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28, 1365–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, P. and Laffan, M. (2005) Soil erodibility and erosion hazard: extending these cornerstone soil conservation concepts to headwater streams in the forestry estate in Tasmania. Forest Ecology and Management, 220, 128–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKane, R. B., Johnson, L. C., Shaver, G. R.et al. (2002) Resource-based niches provide a basis for plant species diversity and dominance in arctic tundra. Nature, 415, 68–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meggers, B. J. (1996) Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Melillo, J. M., Aber, J. D. and Muratore, J. F. (1982) Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics. Ecology, 63, 621–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meng, J., Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, X. and Li, C. (2006) A Mesozoic gliding mammal from northeastern China. Nature, 444, 889–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mesquita, R. C. G., Ickes, K., Ganade, G. and Williamson, G. B. (2001) Alternative successional pathways in the Amazon Basin. Journal of Ecology, 89, 528–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messina, M. G. and Conner, W. H. (1998) Southern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management. New York: Lewis Publishers.Google Scholar
Mielke, H. W. (1989) Patterns of Life. Boston: Unwin Hyman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mieth, A. and Bork, H. R. (2005) History, origin and extent of soil erosion on Easter Island (Rapa Nui). Catena, 63, 244–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. R. and Cummins, R. P. (2003) Soil seed banks of woodland, heathland, grassland, mire and montane communities, Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Plant Ecology, 168, 255–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minocha, R., Long, S., Magill, A. H., Aber, J. and McDowell, W. H. (2000) Foliar free polyamine and inorganic ion content in relation to soil and soil solution chemistry in two fertilized forest stands at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. Plant and Soil, 222, 119–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, A. (1974) A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Mitchell, E. J. G. (2005) How open were European primeval forests? Hypothesis testing using palaeoecological data. Journal of Ecology, 93, 168–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, P. L. and Woodward, F. L. (1988) Responses of three woodland herbs to reduced photosynthetically active radiation and low red to far-red ratio in shade. Journal of Ecology, 76, 807–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moberg, R. and Holmasen, I. (1990) Lavar, en falthandbok. (Third Edition). Stockholm: Interpublishing.Google Scholar
Moffat, A. and McNeill, J. (1994) Reclaiming Disturbed Land for Forestry. Bulletin 110, Forestry Commission. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Molvar, E. M., Bowyer, R. T. and Vanballenberghe, V. (1993) Moose herbivory, browse quality, and nutrient cycling in an Alaskan treeline community. Oecologia, 94, 472–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, J. C., Walter, D. E. and Hunt, H. W. (1988) Arthropod regulation of micro- and mesobiota in below-ground detrital food webs. Annual Review of Entomology, 33, 419–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mori, S. A. and Prance, G. T. (1990) Taxonomy, ecology, and economic botany of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. and Bonpl.: Lecythidaceae). Advances in Economic Botany, 8, 130–50.Google Scholar
Morris, P. (1997) The Edible Dormouse (Glis glis). London: The Mammal Society.Google Scholar
Motzkin, G., Wilson, P., Foster, D. R. and Allen, A. (1999) Vegetation patterns in heterogeneous landscapes: the importance of history and environment. Journal of Vegetation Science, 10, 903–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mountford, E. P., Backmeroff, C. E. and Peterken, G. F. (2001) Long-term patterns of growth, mortality and natural disturbance in Wistman's Wood, a high altitude oakwood on Dartmoor. Reports and Transactions of the Devonian Association for the Advancement of Science, 133, 227–62.Google Scholar
Mueller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, H. (1974) Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. London: Wiley.Google Scholar
Muller, R. N. (2003) Landscape patterns of change in coarse woody debris accumulation in an old-growth deciduous forest on the Cumberland Plateau, southeastern Kentucky. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33, 763–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, R. N. and Bormann, F. H. (1976) Role of Erythronium americanum Ker. in energy flow and nutrient dynamics of a northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Science, 193, 1126–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, R. N. and Liu, Y. (1991) Coarse woody debris in an old-growth deciduous forest on the Cumberland Plateau, southeastern Kentucky. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21, 1567–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz-Reinoso, J. C. (2004) Diversity of maritime juniper woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management, 192, 267–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadelhoffer, K. J., Emmett, B. A., Gundersen, P.et al. (1999) Nitrogen deposition makes a minor contribution to carbon sequestration in temperate forests. Nature, 398, 145–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naeem, S., Thompson, L. J., Lawler, S. P., Lawton, J. H. and Woodfin, R. M. (1994) Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature, 368, 734–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nara, K. and Hogetsu, T. (2004) Ectomycorrhizal fungi on established shrubs facilitate subsequent seedling establishment of successional plant species. Ecology, 85, 1700–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narukawa, Y. and Yamamoto, S.-I. (2001) Gap formation, microsite variation and the conifer seedling occurrence in a subalpine old-growth forest, central Japan. Ecological Research, 16, 617–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nee, S. (2005) The neutral theory of biodiversity: do the numbers add up? Functional Ecology, 19, 173–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neff, J. C., Chapin, F. S. III and Vitousek, P. M. (2003) Breaks in the cycle: dissolved organic nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 205–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, S. E. (2001) Climatic and environmental change in Africa during the last two centuries. Climate Research, 17, 123–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, B. O. (1978) Above ground food resources and herbivory in a beech forest ecosystem. Oikos, 31, 273–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, P. C. and Muckadeli, M. S. (1954) Flower observations and controlled pollinations in Fagus. Silvae Genetica, 3, 6–17.Google Scholar
Northup, R. R., Yu, Z., Dahlgren, R. A. and Vogt, K. A. (1995) Polyphenol control of nitrogen release from pine litter. Nature, 377, 227–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, D. A. and Kelly, D. (1988) Mast seeding over 33 years in Dacrydium cupressinum Lamb. (rimu) (Podocarpaceae) in New Zealand: the importance of economies of scale. Functional Ecology, 2, 399–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, J. M. and Firestone, M. K. (1996) N dynamics in the rhizosphere of Pinus ponderosa seedlings. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 28, 351–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nosengo, N. (2003) Fertilized to death. Nature, 425, 894–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Hanlon-Manners, D. L. and Kotanen, P. M. (2004) Evidence that fungal pathogens inhibit recruitment of a shade-intolerant tree, white birch (Betula papyrifera), in understory habitats. Oecologia, 140, 650–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olmsted, N. W. and Curtis, J. D. (1947) Seeds of the forest floor. Ecology, 28, 49–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, J. S. (1963) Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems. Ecology, 44, 322–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega, Y. K. and Capen, D. E. (2002) Roads as edges: effects on birds in forested landscapes. Forest Science, 48, 381–90.Google Scholar
Orwig, D. A. (2002) Ecosystem response to regional impacts of introduced pests and pathogens: historical context, questions and issues. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1471–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Shea, M. and Halliday, T. (2001) Reptiles and Amphibians. London: Dorling Kindersley.Google Scholar
Ouis, D. (2003) Non-destructive techniques for detecting decay in standing trees. Arboricultural Journal, 27, 159–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ovington, J. D. (1958) Studies of the development of woodland conditions under different trees. VI. Soil calcium and magnesium. Journal of Ecology, 46, 391–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. (1979) Factors influencing the growth and distribution of the wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella L.) on the Long Mynd, Shropshire. Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, Occasional paper No. 3, 1–14.
Packham, J. R. (1998) Entries on pp. 173, 662–3, 626, 673, 742–3, and 778. In The Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management, Ed. Calow, P.Oxford: Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Packham, J. R. (2003) Regenerative ability in fungally infected ancient common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Arboricultural Journal, 27, 155–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. (2004) The Laurissylva of Madeira: contemporary status of a Tertiary Forest. Arboricultural Journal, 28, 85–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Cohn, E. V. J. (1990) Ecology of the woodland field layer. Arboricultural Journal, 14, 357–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Harding, D. J. L. (1982) Ecology of Woodland Processes. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Harding, D. J. L. (1995) Ecology, Management & History of the Wyre Forest. University of Wolverhampton and the British Ecological Society.Google Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Hilton, G. M. (2002) Inter- and intra-site variation in the fruiting of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) over a twenty-two year period (1980–2001). Arboricultural Journal, 26, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Willis, A. J. (1976) Aspects of the ecology of two woodland herbs Oxalis acetosella L. and Galeobdolon luteum Huds. Journal of Ecology, 64, 485–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Willis, A. J. (1977) The effects of shading on Oxalis acetosella. Journal of Ecology, 65, 619–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Willis, A. J. (1982) The influence of shading and of soil type on the growth of Galeobdolon luteum. Journal of Ecology, 70, 491–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R., Harding, D. J. L., Hilton, G. M. and Stuttard, R. A. (1992) Functional Ecology of Woodlands and Forests. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Packham, J. R., Cohn, E. V. J., Millett, P. and Trueman, I. C. (1995) Introduction of plants and manipulation of field layer vegetation. In The Ecology of Woodland Creation, Ed. Ferris-Kaan, R.Chichester: Wiley, pp. 129–148.Google Scholar
Paillet, F. L. (2002) Chestnut: history and ecology of a transformed species. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1517–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paoli, G. D., Curran, L. M. and Zak, D. R. (2005) Phosphorus efficiency of Bornean rain forest productivity: evidence against the unimodal efficiency hypothesis. Ecology, 86, 1548–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasek, J. E., Burdsall, H. H., Cavey, J. F.et al. (2000) Pest Risk Assessment for Importation of Solid Wood Packing Materials into the United States. US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.Google Scholar
Peakall, R. (1998) Exceptionally low genetic diversity in an ancient relic, the Wollemi Pine: implications for conservation theory and practice. Abstracts, Genetics Society of Australia, 45thAnnual Conference.
Penuelas, J. and Filella, I. (2003) Deuterium labelling of roots provides evidence of deep water access and hydraulic lift by Pinus nigra in a Mediterranean forest of NE Spain. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 49, 201–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, I. and Moore, P. D. (1987) Dutch elm disease as an analogue of Neolithic elm decline. Nature, 326, 72–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterken, G. F. (1993) Woodland Conservation and Management. (Second Edition). London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Peterken, G. F. (1996) Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peterken, G. F. (1999) Applying natural forestry concepts in an intensively managed landscape. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 8, 321–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfister, R. D., Kovalchik, B. L., Arno, S. F. and Presby, R. C. (1977) Forest Habitat Types of Montana. General Technical Report INT-34. Ogden, UT:US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station.Google Scholar
Phillips, R. W., Hughes, J. H., Buford, M. A. et al. (1998) Atlantic White Cedar in North Carolina, USA: a brief history and current regeneration efforts. In Coastally Restricted Forests, Ed. Laderman, A. D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 156–170.Google Scholar
Pickett, S. T. A. and McDonnell, M. J. (1989) Changing perspectives in community dynamics – a theory of successional forces. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 4, 241–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickett, S. T. A. and White, P. S. (1985) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Pigott, C. D. (1975) Natural regeneration of Tilia cordata in relation to forest-structure in the forest of Białowieża, Poland. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 270, 151–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piovesan, G., Di Filippo, A., Alessandrini, A., Biondi, F. & Schirone, B. (2005) Structure, dynamics and dendrochronology of an old-growth Fagus forest in the Appennines. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16, 13–28.Google Scholar
Pitman, N. C. A., Terborgh, J., Silman, M. R. and Nuñez, V. P. (1999) Tree species distributions in an upper Amazonian forest. Ecology, 80, 2651–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponge, J.-F. (2003) Humus forms in terrestrial ecosystems: a framework to biodiversity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35, 935–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poorter, L., Bongers, F., Sterk, F. J. and Woll, H. (2005a) Beyond the regeneration phase: differentiation of height-light trajectories among tropical tree species. Journal of Ecology, 93, 256–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poorter, L., Zuidema, P. A., Pena-Claros, M. and Boot, R. G. A. (2005b) A monocarpic tree species in polycarpic world: how can Tachigali vasqueszii maintain itself in a tropical rain forest. Journal of Ecology, 93, 268–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poot, P. and Lambers, H. (2003) Are trade-offs in allocation patterns and root morphology related to species abundance? A congeneric comparison between rare and common species in the south-western Australian flora. Journal of Ecology, 91, 58–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popoola, T. O. S. and Fox, R. T. V. (2003) Effect of water stress on infection by species of honey fungus (Armillaria mellea and A. gallica). Arboricultural Journal, 27, 139–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potts, M. D. (2003) Drought in a Bornean everwet rainforest. Journal of Ecology, 91, 467–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potts, M. D., Ashton, P. S., Kaufman, L. S. and Plotkin, J. B. (2002) Habitat patterns in tropical rain forests: a comparison of 105 plots in northwest Borneo. Ecology, 83, 2782–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prance, G. T. (2003) From where do Brazil nuts come? Trees, 63, 10–11.Google Scholar
Prescott, C. E. (1995) Does nitrogen availability control rates of litter decomposition in forests? Plant and Soil, 168–169, 83–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prescott, C. E., Maynard, D. G. and Laiho, R. (2000) Humus in northern forests: friend or foe? Forest Ecology and Management, 133, 23–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pridnya, M. V. and Cherpakov, V. V. (1996) Ecology and pathology of European chestnut (Castanea sativa) in the deciduous forests of the Caucasus Mountains in southern Russia. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 123, 223–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Punshon, T. and Dickinson, N. M. (1997) Acclimation of Salix to metal stress. New Phytologist, 137, 303–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purves, D. W., Caspersen, J. P., Moorcroft, P. R., Hurtt, G. C. and Pacala, S. W. (2004) Human-induced changes in US biogenic volatile organic compound emissions: evidence from long-term forest inventory data. Global Change Biology, 10, 1737–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rackham, O. (1975) Hayley Wood: its History and Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Naturalists' Trust.Google Scholar
Rackham, O. (1990) Trees and Woodlands in the British Landscape. London: Dent.Google Scholar
Rackham, O. (2002) What is coppicing for? Sylva/Tree News, 1, 1–3.Google Scholar
Rackham, O. (2003) Ancient Woodland; its History, Vegetation and Uses in England. (New Edition). Dalbeattie, Kircudbrightshire: Castlepoint Press.Google Scholar
Rajaniemi, T. K., Allison, V. J. and Goldberg, D. E. (2003) Root competition can cause a decline in diversity with increased productivity. Journal of Ecology, 91, 407–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasanayagam, S. and Jeffries, P. (1992) Production of acid is responsible for antibiosis by some ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycological Research, 11, 971–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raunkiaer, C. (1934) The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Rayner, A. D. M. and Boddy, L. (1988) Fungal communities in the decay of wood. Advances in Microbial Ecology, 10, 115–66.Google Scholar
Redford, K. H. (1996) The empty forest. BioScience, 42, 412–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, R. A., Johnson-Barnard, J. and Baker, W. L. (1996) Contribution of roads to forest fragmentation in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology, 10, 1098–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, M., Condit, R., Crawley, M., Pacala, S. and Tilman, D. (2001) Long-term studies of vegetation dynamics. Science, 293, 650–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichle, D. E. (1981) Dynamic Properties of Forest Ecosystems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rennenberg, V. H., Seiler, W., Matyssek, R., Gessler, A. and Kreuzwieser, J. (2004) European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) – a forest tree without future in the south of Central Europe? Allgemeine Forst Und Jagdzeitung, 175, 210–24.Google Scholar
Rhind, P. (2003) Comment: Britain's contribution to global conservation and our coastal temperate forest. British Wildlife, 15, 97–102.Google Scholar
Rhoades, C. C., Brosi, S. L., Dattilo, A. J. and Vincelli, P. (2003) Effect of soil compaction and moisture on incidence of phytophthora root rot on American chestnut (Castanea dentata) seedlings. Forest Ecology and Management, 184, 47–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, S. K., Westerman, B. and Federici, R. (2004) Impacts of the exotic, nitrogen-fixing black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on nitrogen-cycling in a pine-oak ecosystem. Plant Ecology, 174, 97–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, P. W. (1996) The Tropical Rain Forest. (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Richardson, D. M. and Rundel, P. W. (1998) Ecology and biogeography of Pinus: an introduction. In Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus, Ed. Richardson, D. M.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–46.Google Scholar
Riitters, K. H. and Wickham, J. D. (2003) How far to the nearest road? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 125–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riitters, K. H., Wickham, J. D., O'Neill, R. V.et al. (2002) Fragmentation of continental United States forests. Ecosystems, 5, 815–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, A. (1987) The centroid of tree crowns as an indicator of abiotic processes in a balsam fir wave forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17, 746–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roderick, M. L. (2006) The ever-flickering light. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 3–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodin, L. E. and Bazilevich, N. I. (1967) Production and Mineral Cycling in Terrestrial Vegetation. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) Woodlands and Scrub. British Plant Communities. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rollinson, T. J. D. (1985) Thinning Control. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Rooney, T. P. and Waller, D. M. (2003) Direct and indirect effects of white-tailed deer in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management, 181, 165–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, F. (1988) Phytogeographical and ecological aspects of Lobarion communities in Europe. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 96, 69–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, F. (1999) Indicators of ancient woodland. British Wildlife, 10, 241–51.Google Scholar
Rothe, A. and Binkley, D. (2001) Nutritional interactions in mixed species forests: a synthesis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31, 1855–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothstein, D. E. (2000) Spring ephemeral herbs and nitrogen cycling in a northern hardwood forest: an experimental test of the vernal dam hypothesis. Oecologia, 124, 446–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousseau, J. V. D., Sylvia, D. M. and Fox, A. J. (1994) Contribution of ectomycorrhiza to the potential nutrient-absorbing surface of pine. New Phytologist, 128, 639–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rydberg, D. and Falck, J. (2000) Urban forestry in Sweden from a silvicultural perspective: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 47, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. (1916a) The oak-hornbeam woods of Hertfordshire. I and II. Journal of Ecology, 4, 83–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. (1916b) The emergence of aerial organs in woodland plants. Journal of Ecology, 4, 121–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. (1942) The Reproductive Capacity of Plants. London: Bell.Google Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. (1961) Weeds and Aliens. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Salmon, J. T. (1991) Native New Zealand Flowering Plants. Birkenhead, Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Books.Google Scholar
Satchell, J. E. (1962) Resistance in oak (Quercus spp.) to defoliation by Tortrix viridana L. in Roudsea Wood National Nature Reserve. Annals of Applied Biology, 50, 431–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawidis, T., Marnasidis, A., Zachariadis, G. and Stratis, J. (1995) A study of air-pollution with heavy-metals in Thessaloniki City (Greece) using trees as biological indicators. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 28, 118–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaberg, P. G., DeHayes, D. H. and Hawley, G. J. (2001) Anthropogenic calcium depletion: a unique threat to forest ecosystem health? Ecosystem Health, 7, 214–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schemske, D. W. (2002) Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on the origins of tropical diversity. In Foundations of Tropical Forest Biology, Ed. Chazdon, R. L. and Whitmore, T. C.Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp. 163–73.Google Scholar
Schnurr, J. L., Ostfeld, R. S. and Canham, C. D. (2002) Direct and indirect effects of masting on rodent populations and tree seed survival. Oikos, 96, 402–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, D. (1969) Bodenkunde in Stichworten. Kiel: Hirt.Google Scholar
Schulze, E.-D. (1970) Der CO2-Gaswechsel de Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Abhangigkiet von Klimafaktoren im Freiland. Flora, Jena, 159, 177–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze, E.-D. and Mooney, H. A. (1993) Ecosystem function of biodiversity: a summary. In Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function, Ed. Schulze, E. D. and Mooney, H. A.Berlin: Springer, pp. 497–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze, E.-D., Fuchs, M. I. and Fuchs, M. (1977a) Spatial distribution of photosynthetic capacity and performance in a mountain spruce forest of Northern Germany. I. Biomass distribution and daily CO2 uptake in different crown layers. Oecologia, 29, 43–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze, E.-D., Fuchs, M. and Fuchs, M. I. (1977b) Spatial distribution of photosynthetic capacity and performance in a mountain spruce forest of Northern Germany. III. The significance of the evergreen habit. Oecologia, 30, 239–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwaiger, H. and Schlamadinger, B. (1998) The potential of fuelwood to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. Biomass and Bioenergy, 15, 369–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarze, F. W. M. R. and Ferner, D. (2003) Ganoderma on trees – differentiation of species and studies of invasiveness. Arboricultural Journal, 27, 59–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sedjo, R. A. and Botkin, D. (1997) Using forest plantations to spare natural forests. Environment, 39, 15–20, 30.Google Scholar
Sernander, R. (1936) The primitive forests of Granskar and Fiby: a study of the part played by storm-gaps and dwarf trees in the regeneration of the Swedish spruce forest. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica, 8, 1–232 (English summary, pp. 220–7.)Google Scholar
Sfikas, G. (2002) Wild Flowers of Crete. Athens: Efstathiadis Group.Google Scholar
Sherrill, S. B. (2003) Harvesting Urban Timber. Fresno, CA: Linden Publishing.Google Scholar
Shugart, H. H., Leemans, R. and Bonan, G. B. (1992) A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shultz, E. B., Bhatnagar, D., Jacobson, M.et al. (2002, reprinted from 1992 edition) Neem – a Tree for Solving Global Problems. New York: Books for Business.Google Scholar
Silver, W. L., Scatena, F. N., Johnson, A. H., Siccama, T. G. and Sánchez, M. J. (1994) Nutrient availability in a montane wet tropical forest in Puerto Rico: spatial patterns and methodological considerations. Plant and Soil, 164, 129–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silvertown, J. W. (1980) The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding in trees. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 14, 567–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simard, S. W., Perry, D. A., Jones, M. D.et al. (1997) Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal tree species in the field. Nature, 388, 579–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sirois, L. (1992) The transition between boreal forest and tundra. In A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest, Ed. Shugart, H. H., Leemans, R. and Bonan, G. B.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 196–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skarpe, C., Aarrestad, P. A., Andreassen, H. P.et al. (2004) The return of the giants: ecological effects of an increasing elephant population. Ambio, 33, 276–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skole, D. and Tucker, C. (1993) Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon: satellite data from 1978 to 1988. Science, 260, 1905–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slade, A. J. and Hutchings, M. J. (1987a) The effects of nutrient availability on foraging in the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea. Journal of Ecology, 75, 95–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, A. J. and Hutchings, M. J. (1987b) The effects of light intensity on foraging in the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea. Journal of Ecology, 75, 639–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, A. J. and Hutchings, M. J. (1987c) Clonal integration and plasticity in foraging behaviour in the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea. Journal of Ecology, 75, 1023–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, W. H. (1976) Character and significance of forest tree root exudates. Ecology, 57, 324–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sobey, D. G. (1995a, b) Analysis of the ground flora and other data collected during the 1991 Prince Edward Island Forest Inventory. II. Plant community analysis. III. A comparison of the vegetation and environmental factors of pre-1935 and post-1935 forested sites. Report to the Prince Edward Island, Forestry Division.
Sohlenius, B. (1980) Abundance, biomass and contribution to energy flow by soil nematodes in terrestrial ecosystems. Oikos, 34, 186–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solé, R. V., Bartumeus, F. and Gamarra, J. G. P. (2005) Gap percolation in rainforests. Oikos, 110, 177–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sork, V. L. (1993) Evolutionary ecology of mast-seeding in temperate and tropical oaks (Quercus spp.). Vegetatio, 107/108, 133–47.Google Scholar
Sparks, T. H. (2000) The long-term phenology of woodland species in Britain. In Long-term Studies in British Woodland, Ed. Kirby, K. J. and Morecroft, M. D. English Nature Science No. 34. Peterborough: English Nature, pp. 98–105.Google Scholar
Sparks, T. H. and Smithers, R. J. (2002). Is spring getting earlier? Weather, 57, 157–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spears, J. D. H., Holub, S. M., Harmon, M. E. and Lajtha, K. (2003) The influence of decomposing logs on soil biology and nutrient cycling in an old-growth mixed coniferous forest in Oregon, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33, 2193–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speight, M. R. and Wylie, F. R. (2001) Insect Pests in Tropical Forestry. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.Google Scholar
Spellerberg, I. F. (1998) Ecological effects of roads and traffic: a literature review. Global Change and Biogeography Letters, 7, 317–333.Google Scholar
Sprugel, D. G. (1976) Dynamic structure of wave-regenerated Abies balsamea forests in the north-eastern United States. Journal of Ecology, 64, 889–911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spurr, S. H. and Barnes, B. V. (1980) Forest Ecology. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Stanhill, G. and Cohen, S. (2001) Global dimming: a review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural consequences. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 107, 255–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suresh, B. and Ravishankar, G. A. (2004) Phytoremediation – a novel and promising approach for environmental clean-up. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 24, 97–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suska, B., Muller, C. and Bonnet-Masimbert, M. (1996) Seeds of Forest Broadleaves: from Harvest to Sowing. Paris: INRA.Google Scholar
Sutton, W. R. J. (1999) Does the world need planted forests? New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 44, 24–9.Google Scholar
Sutton, W. R. J. (2000) Wood in the third millennium. Forest Products Journal, 50, 12–21.Google Scholar
Svenning, J.-C. (2002) A review of natural vegetation openness in north-western Europe. Biological Conservation, 104, 133–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swain, P. C. and Kearsley, J. B. (2000) Classification of the Natural Communities of Massachusetts – draft. Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Westborough, MA.Google Scholar
Swift, M. J., Heal, O. W. and Anderson, J. M. (1979) Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Sziemer, P. (2000) Madeira's Natural History in a Nutshell. Funchal, Madeira: Francisco Ribeiro and Filhos Lda.Google Scholar
Tansley, A. G. (1935) The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology, 16, 284–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tapias, R., Gil, L., Fuentes-Utrilla, P. and Pardos, J. A. (2001) Canopy seed banks in Mediterranean pines of south-eastern Spain: a comparison between Pinus halepensis Mill., P. pinaster Ait., P. nigra Arn. and P. pinea L. Journal of Ecology, 89, 629–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tattar, T. A., Berman, P. M., Gonzalez, M. S. and Dolloff, A. L. (1996) Biocontrol of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. Arboricultural Journal, 20, 449–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terborgh, J. (1992) Diversity and the Tropical Rain Forest. New York: Scientific American Library.Google Scholar
Tessier, J. T. and Raynal, D. J. (2003) Vernal nitrogen and phosphorus retention by forest understory vegetation and soil microbes. Plant and Soil, 256, 443–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, P. A. (2000) Trees: Their Natural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, P. A. and Polwart, A. (2003) Biological flora of the British Isles, Taxus baccata L. Journal of Ecology, 91, 489–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, R. C., Kirby, K. J., and Reid, C. M. (1997) The conservation of a fragmented ecosystem within a cultural landscape – the case of ancient woodland in England. Biological Conservation, 82, 243–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, K. and Grime, J. P. (1979) Seasonal variations in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats. Journal of Ecology, 67, 893–921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, K., Bakker, J. P. & Bekker, R. M. (1997) The Soil Seed Banks of North West Europe: Methodology, Density and Longevity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tickell, O. (1994) Conifer forests are not the ‘deserts’ they seem. New Scientist, 17 September, 16.Google Scholar
Tilgar, V., Mänd, R. and Mägi, M. (2002) Calcium shortage as a constraint on reproduction in great tits Parus major: a field experiment. Journal of Avian Biology, 33, 407–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinker, D. B. and Knight, D. H. (2001) Temporal and spatial dynamics of coarse woody debris in harvested and unharvested lodgepole pine forests. Ecological Modelling, 141, 125–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tittensor, R. M. (1980) Ecological history of yew Taxus baccata L. in southern England. Biological Conservation, 17, 243–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toghill, P. (1990) Geology in Shropshire. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press.Google Scholar
Toghill, P. (2000) The Geology of Britain: an Introduction. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press.Google Scholar
Tokeshi, M. (1999) Species Coexistence. Oxford: Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Tompkins, D. M., White, A. R. and Boots, M. (2003) Ecological replacement of native red squirrels by invasive greys driven by disease. Ecology Letters, 6, 189–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tranquillini, W. (1979) Physiological Ecology of the Alpine Timberline. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, A. P. and Dickinson, N. M. (1993) Survival of Acer pseudoplatanus L. (sycamore) seedlings on metalliferous soils. New Phytologist, 123, 509–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallan, D. (2002) Effects of anthropogenic environmental changes on amphibian diversity in the rain forests of eastern Madagascar. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 18, 725–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenbeld, J. (1988) Nature of Australia: a Portrait of the Island Continent. New York: Facts on File and Autralian Broadcasting Corporation.Google Scholar
Vander Wall, S. B. (1997) Dispersal of single-leaf piñon pine (Pinus monophylla) by seed-caching rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 78, 181–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vander Wall, S. B. (2001) The evolutionary ecology of nut dispersal. Botanical Review, 67, 74–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vander Wall, S. B. and Balda, R. P. (1977) Coadaptations of the Clark's nutcracker and piñon pine for efficient seed harvest and dispersal. Ecological Monographs, 47, 89–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vander Wall, S. B. and Longland, W. S. (2004) Diplochory: are two seed dispersers better than one? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 155–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varley, G. C. (1967) The estimation of secondary production in species with an annual life-cycle. In Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Ed. Petrusewicz, K.Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences, pp. 447–57.Google Scholar
Varley, G. C. (1970) The concept of energy flow applied to a woodland community. In Animal Populations in Relation to their Food Resources, Ed. Watson, A.Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, pp. 389–405.Google Scholar
Veblen, T. H. (1985) Stand dynamics in Chilean Nothofagus forests. In The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics, Ed. Pickett, S. T. A. and White, P. S.New York: Academic Press, pp. 33–51.Google Scholar
Vera, F. W. M. (2000) Grazing Ecology and Forest History. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vera, F. W. M. (2002) The dynamic European forest. Arboricultural Journal, 26, 179–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vines, G. (2002) Gladrunners. New Scientist, 7 September, 34–7.Google Scholar
Visser, M. E. and Holleman, L. J. (2001) Warmer springs disrupt the synchrony of oak and winter moth phenology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 268, 289–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visser, M. E., Nordwijk, A. J., Tinbergen, J. M. and Lessells, C. M. (1998) Warmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction in great tits (Parus major). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 265, 1867–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitousek, P. M., Hättenschwiler, S., Olander, L. and Allison, S. (2002) Nitrogen and nature. Ambio, 31, 97–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogt, K. A., Grier, C. C., Meier, C. E. and Keyes, M. R. (1983) Organic matter and nutrient dynamics in forest floors of young and mature Abies amabilis stands in western Washington, as affected by fine-root input. Ecological Monographs, 53, 139–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogt, K. A., Grier, C. C. and Vogt, D. J. (1986) Production, turnover, and nutrient dynamics of aboveground and belowground detritus of world forests. Advances in Ecological Research, 15, 303–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, T. G., Riitters, K. H., Wickham, J. D. and Jones, K. B. (2003) Distribution and causes of global forest fragmentation. Conservation Biology, 7(2), article 7.Google Scholar
Walker, L. R., Zasada, J. C. and Chapin, F. S. III (1986) The role of life history processes in primary succession on an Alaskan floodplain. Ecology, 67, 1243–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallwork, J. A. (1970) Ecology of Soil Animals. London: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Wallwork, J. A. (1983) Oribatids in forest ecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology, 28, 109–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, H. (1973) Vegetation of the Earth in Relation to Climate and the Eco-physiological Conditions. London: EUP-Springer.Google Scholar
Walther, G.-R. (2003) Plants in a warmer world. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 6, 169–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, B. C. and Smith, T. B. (2002) Closing the seed dispersal loop. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, 379–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wardle, D. A. (2002) Communities and Ecosystems: Linking the Aboveground and Belowground Components. Monographs in Population Biology, 34. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wardle, D. A., Barker, G. M., Yeates, G. W., Bonner, K. I. and Ghani, A. (2001) Introduced browsing mammals in New Zealand natural forests: aboveground and belowground consequences. Ecological Monographs, 71, 587–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, R. T., Noble, I. R., Bolin, B.et al. (2000) Land Use, Land Use Changes and Forestry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Watt, A. S. (1925) On the ecology of British beechwoods with special reference to their regeneration. Part II. Sections II and III. Journal of Ecology, 13, 27–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, A. S. (1947) Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology, 35, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, H. and Haddow, G. (1993) The World Checklist of Conifers. Landsman's Bookshop, Hertfordshire, UK: The World Conifer Data Pool.Google Scholar
Westman, W. E. (1978) Measuring inertia and resilience of ecosystems. BioScience, 28, 705–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westveld, M., Ashman, R. I., Baldwin, H. I.et al. (1956) Natural forest vegetation zones of New England. Journal of Forestry, 54, 332–8.Google Scholar
Whild, S. (2003) Ancient woodland indicators in Shropshire. Shropshire Botanical Society Newsletter (Spring 2003), 18–19.Google Scholar
Whitmore, T. C. (1984) Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East. (Second Edition). Oxford: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whitmore, T. C. (1998) An Introduction to Tropical Rain Forests. (Second Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whittaker, R. H. (1975) Communities and Ecosystems. (Second Edition). London: Collier-Macmillan.Google Scholar
Whittaker, R. J., Willis, K. J. and Field, R. (2001) Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 453–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, A. J. (1996) Obituary: Paul Westamacott Richards, C. B. E. (1908–95). Journal of Ecology, 84, 795–8.Google Scholar
Willis, A. J. (1997) The ecosystem: an evolving concept viewed historically. Functional Ecology, 11, 268–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wingfield, M. J., Slippers, B., Roux, J. and Wingfield, B. D. (2001) Worldwide movement of exotic forest fungi, especially in the tropics and the southern hemisphere. BioScience, 51, 134–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wisniewski, L. and Dickinson, N. M. (2003) Toxicity of copper to Quercus robur (English oak) seedlings from a copper-rich soil. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 50, 99–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woldendorp, G. and Keenan, R. J. (2005) Coarse woody debris in Australian forest ecosystems: a review. Austral Ecology, 30, 834–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, M. (1989) Soil Biology. London: Blackie.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodford, J. (2002) The Wollemi Pine: the Incredible Discovery of a Living Fossil from the Age of the Dinosaurs. Melbourne, Australia: Text Publishing.Google Scholar
Woods, K. D. (2004) Intermediate disturbance in a late-successional hardwood forest. Journal of Ecology, 92, 464–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, I. (1989) Plants in the greenhouse world. New Scientist: Inside Science, No. 21.Google Scholar
Woodward, S. L. (2003) Biomes of Earth: Terrestrial, Aquatic and Human-Dominated. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Woollons, R. C. (2000) Comparison of growth of Pinus radiata over two rotations in central North Island of New Zealand. The International Forestry Review, 2, 84–9.Google Scholar
Wright, S. J. (2002) Plant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms of species coexistence. Oecologia, 130, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wyman, R. L. (1998) Experimental assessment of salamanders as predators of detrital food webs: effects on invertebrates, decomposition and the carbon cycle. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7, 641–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yalden, D. (2003) Letters: wolves and foxes. British Wildlife, 15, 150.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, S.-I. (1993) Gap characteristics and gap regeneration in a subalpine coniferous forest on Mt Ontake, central Honshu, Japan. Ecological Research, 8, 277–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamamoto, S.-I. (1998) Regeneration ecology of Chamaecyparis obtusa and Chamaecyparis pisifera (Hinoki and Sawara Cypress), Japan. In Coastally Restricted Forests, Ed. Laderman, A. D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 101–110.Google Scholar
Yanai, R. D. (1992) Phosphorus budget of a 70-year-old northern hardwood forest. Biogeochemistry, 17, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanai, R. D. (1998) The effect of whole-tree harvest on phosphorus cycling in a northern hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 104, 281–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanai, R. D., Currie, W. S. and Goodale, C. L. (2003) Soil carbon dynamics after forest harvest: an ecosystem paradigm reconsidered. Ecosystems, 6, 197–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, L. H. (2004) Periodical cicada as resource pulses in North American forests. Science, 306, 1565–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, J. E. (1975) Effects of spectral composition of light sources on the growth of a higher plant. In Light as an Ecological Factor: II, Ed. Evans, G. C.Bainbridge, R. and Rackham, O.Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, pp. 135–60.Google Scholar
Young, J. Z. (1950) The Life of Vertebrates. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zackrisson, O., Nilsson, M. C., Jaderlund, A. and Wardle, D. A. (1999) Nutritional effects of seed fall during mast years in boreal forest. Oikos, 84, 17–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zak, D. R., Groffman, P. M., Pregitzer, K. S., Christensen, S. and Tiedje, J. M. (1990) The vernal dam: plant-microbe competition for nitrogen in northern hardwood forests. Ecology, 71, 651–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanne, A. E. and Chapman, C. A. (2005) Diversity of woody species in forest, treefall gaps, and edge in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Plant Ecology, 178, 121–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zohlen, A. and Tyler, G. (2004) Soluble inorganic tissue phosphorus and calcicole-calcifuge behaviour of plants. Annals of Botany, 94, 427–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aber, A., McDowell, W., Nadelhoffer, K.et al. (1998) Nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems. BioScience, 48, 921–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aerts, R. (1996) Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves of perennials: are there general patterns? Journal of Ecology, 84, 597–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ågren, G. I., Bosatta, E. and Magill, A. H. (2001) Combining theory and experiment to understand effects of inorganic nitrogen on litter decomposition. Oecologia, 128, 94–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainsworth, A. M. (2004) Developing Tools for Assessing Fungal Interest in Habitats. 1. Beech Woodland Saprotrophs. English Nature Research Report 597. Peterborough: English NatureGoogle Scholar
Ainsworth, A. M. (2005) Identifying important sites for beech deadwood fungi. Field Mycology, 6, 41–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. M. (1971) Observations on the vertical distribution of Oribatei (Acarina) in two woodland soils. In IV. Colloquium Pedobiologiae. Paris: INRA, pp. 257–272.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. M. (1975) Succession, diversity and trophic relationships of some soil animals in decomposing leaf litter. Journal of Animal Ecology, 44, 475–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. M. and Swift, M. J. (1983) Decomposition in tropical forests. In Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management, Ed. Sutton, S. L., Whitmore, T. C. and Chadwick, A. C.Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 287–309.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. L., Foster, D. R. and Motzkin, G. (2003) Integrating lateral expansion into models of peatland development in temperate New England. Journal of Ecology, 91, 68–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, W. B. and Eickmeier, W. G. (1998) Physiological and morphological responses to shade and nutrient additions of Claytonia virginica (Portulacaceae): implications for the “vernal dam” hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Botany, 76, 1340–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, W. B. and Eickmeier, W. G. (2000) Nutrient resorption in Claytonia virginica L.: implications for deciduous forest nutrient cycling. Canadian Journal of Botany, 78, 832–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, L. I. and Hytteborn, H. (1991) Bryophytes and decaying wood – a comparison between managed and natural forest. Holarctic Ecology, 14, 121–30.Google Scholar
,Anon. (2002) Clonal forestry – who are you kidding? Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 17, 485.Google Scholar
,Anon. (2003) UK Public Opinion of Forestry 2003. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.Google Scholar
Anon. (2004) Report of the 2002–03 Great Britain Day Vists Survey. A survey undertaken by the Countryside Agency, Countryside Council for Wales, British Waterways, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Environment Agency, Forestry Commission, Scottish Natural Heritage, VisitBritian, VisitScotland and Wales Tourist Board (see: www.countryside.gov.uk).
Archibold, O. W. (1995) Ecology of World Vegetation. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arno, S. F. and Hammerley, R. P. (1984) Timberline: Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers. Seattle: The Mountaineers.Google Scholar
Arnolds, E. and de Vries, B. (1993) Conservation of fungi in Europe. In Fungi of Europe: Investigation, Recording and Conservation, Ed. Pegler, D. N., Boddy, L., Ing, B. and Kirk, P. M.Richmond, UK: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 211–30.Google Scholar
Ashman, M. R. and Puri, G. (2002) Essential Soil Science. Oxford: Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Ashton, P. S. (1964) Ecological studies in the mixed dipterocarp forests of Brunei State. Oxford Forestry Memoirs, 25, 1–75.Google Scholar
Ashton, P. S., Givnish, T. J. and Appanah, S. (1988) Staggered flowering in the Dipterocarpaceae: new insights into floral induction and the evolution of mast fruiting in the aseasonal tropics. American Naturalist, 132, 44–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attenborough, D. (1980) Life on Earth. London: Reader's Digest/Collins/BBC.Google Scholar
Attenborough, D. (1985) The Living Planet. London: Reader's Digest/Collins/BBC.Google Scholar
Attenborough, D. (2002) The Life of Mammals. London: BBC Books.Google Scholar
Attiwill, P. M. and Adams, M. A. (1993) Nutrient cycling in forests. New Phytologist, 124, 561–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attiwill, P. M. and Weston, C. J. (2001) Forest soils. In The Forests Handbook. Vol 1. An Overview of Forest Science, Ed. Evans, J.Oxford: Blackwell Science, pp. 157–87.Google Scholar
Avissar, R. and Werth, D. (2005) Global hydroclimatological teleconnections resulting from tropical deforestation. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 6, 134–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baillie, I. C. (1996) Soils of the humid tropics. In The Tropical Rain Forest, Ed. Richards, P. W.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 256–86.Google Scholar
Baines, D., Sage, R. B. and Baines, M. M. (1994) The implications of red deer grazing to ground vegetation and invertebrate community structure of Scottish native pinewoods. Journal of Applied Ecology, 31, 776–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barberis, I. M. and Tanner, E. V. J. (2005) Gaps and root trenching increase tree seedling growth in Panamanian semi-evergreen forest. Ecology, 86, 667–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bardgett, R. D. (2005) Biology of Soil: a Community and Ecosystem Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bardgett, R. D., Usher, M. B. and Hopkins, D. W. (2005) Biological Diversity and Function in Soil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barthlott, W., Schmit-Neuerburg, V., Nieder, J. and Engwald, S. (2001) Diversity and abundance of vascular epiphytes: a comparison of secondary vegetation and primary montane rain forest in the Venezuelan Andes. Plant Ecology, 152, 145–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, C. G. and Roeser, J. Jr (1928) Light intensities required for growth of coniferous seedlings. American Journal of Botany, 15, 185–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckett, K. P., Freer-Smith, P. H. and Taylor, G. (1998) Urban woodlands: their role in reducing the effects of particulate pollution. Environmental Pollution, 99, 347–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beedlow, P. A., Tingey, D. T., Phillips, D. L., Hogsett, W. E. and Olszyk, D. M. (2004) Rising atmospheric CO2 and carbon sequestration in forests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2, 315–22.Google Scholar
Bell, P. R. and Hemsley, A. R. (2000) Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity. (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bending, G. D. (2003) Litter decomposition, ectomycorrhizal roots and the ‘Gadgil’ effect. New Phytologist, 158, 228–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, J. N. and Prescott, C. E. (2004) Organic and inorganic nitrogen nutrition of western red cedar, western hemlock and salal in mineral N-limited cedar-hemlock forests. Oecologia, 141, 468–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benton, M. J. (1991) The Rise of the Mammals. London: Quantum Publishing.Google Scholar
Berg, A., Ehnstrom, B., Gustafsson, L.et al. (1994) Threatened plant, animal, and fungus species in Swedish forests: distribution and habitat associations. Conservation Biology, 8, 718–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, H. and Redbo-Torstensson, P. (1998) Cleistogamy as a bet-hedging strategy in Oxalis acetosella, a perennial herb. Journal of Ecology, 86, 491–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berryman, A. A. (1996) What causes population cycles of forest Lepidoptera? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 28–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bills, G. F. and Polishook, J. D. (1994) Abundance and diversity of microfungi in leaf litter of a lowland rain forest in Costa Rica. Mycologia, 86, 187–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binkley, D. and Högberg, P. (1997) Does atmospheric deposition of nitrogen threaten Swedish forests? Forest Ecology and Management, 92, 119–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackman, G. E. and Rutter, A. J. (1954) Endymion non-scriptus (L.) Garcke. Biological flora of the British Isles. Journal of Ecology, 42, 629–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloor, J. M. G. and Grubb, P. J. (2003) Growth and mortality in high and low light: trends among 15 shade-tolerant tropical rain forest tree species. Journal of Ecology, 91, 77–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blundell, A. G. and Peart, D. R. (2001) Growth strategies of a shade-intolerant tropical tree: the interactive effects of canopy gaps and simulated herbivory. Journal of Ecology, 89, 608–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boardman, N. K. (1977) Comparative photosynthesis of sun and shade plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 28, 355–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobbink, R., Hornung, M. and Roelofs, J. G. M. (1998) The effects of air-borne nitrogen pollutants on species diversity in natural and semi-natural European vegetation. Journal of Ecology, 86, 717–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobiec, A. (2002) Living stands and dead wood in the Białowieża forest: suggestions for restoration management. Forest Ecology and Management, 165, 125–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobiec, A., Burgt, H., Meijer, K.et al. (2000) Rich deciduous forests in Białowieża as a dynamic mosaic of developmental phases: premises for nature conservation and restoration management. Forest Ecology and Management, 130, 159–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohlen, P. J., Scheu, S., Hale, C. M.et al. (2004) Non-native invasive earthworms as agents of change in northern temperate forests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2, 427–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, W. J. (1989) The tortoise and the hare: ecology of angiosperm dominance and gymnosperm persistence. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 36, 227–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, R. E. and Grime, J. P. (2003) Effects of genetic impoverishment on plant community diversity. Journal of Ecology, 91, 721–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bopp, W. (2005) Australia; a world of astonishing plants. The Garden, 130, 14–17.Google Scholar
Boring, L. R. and Swank, W. T. (1984) The role of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in forest succession. Journal of Ecology, 72, 749–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bormann, F. H. and Likens, G. E. (1979) Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosch, J. M. and Hewlett, J. D. (1982) A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology, 55, 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bossuyt, B., Heyn, M. and Hermy, M. (2002) Seed bank and vegetation composition of forest stands of varying age in central Belgium: consequences for regeneration of ancient forest vegetation. Plant Ecology, 162, 33–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouget, C. and Duelli, P. (2004) The effects of windthrow on forest insect communities: a literature review. Biological Conservation, 118, 281–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2000) Australian Rainforests: Islands of Green in a Land of Fire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boxman, A. W., Ven, P. J. M. and Roelofs, J. G. M. (1998) Ecosystem recovery after a decrease in nitrogen input to a Scots pine stand at Ysselsteyn, the Netherlands. Forest Ecology and Management, 101, 155–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brazier, J. D. (1979) Never mind the trees, what about the wood? Information Paper 12/79. Princes Risborough, UK: Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory.Google Scholar
Breuil, C., Fleet, C. and Loppnau, P. (2005) Sap stain in trees, logs and lumber: fungi, pigment and pigment biosynthetic pathways. In Forest Pathology: From Genes to Landscapes, Ed. Lundquist, J. E. and Hamelin, R. C.St. Paul, MN: APS Press, pp. 69–77.Google Scholar
Briggs, D., Smithson, P., Addison, K. and Atkinson, K. (1997) Fundamentals of the Physical Environment. (Second Edition). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Briggs, P. and Morris, P. (2002) Putting dormice back on the map. British Wildlife, 14, 91–100.Google Scholar
Broadmeadow, S. and Nisbet, T. R. (2004) The effects of riparian forest management on the freshwater environment: a literature review of best management practice. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 8, 286–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brook, B. W. and Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2005) One equation fits overkill: why allometry underpins both prehistoric and modern body size-biased extinctions. Population Ecology, 47, 137–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, R. T. (2004) Early regeneration following the presalvage cutting of hemlock from hemlock-dominated stands. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 21, 12–18.Google Scholar
Brown, A. E., Zhang, L., McMahon, T. A., Western, A. W. and Vertessy, R. A. (2005) A review of paired catchment studies for determining changes in water yield resulting from alterations in vegetation. Journal of Hydrology, 310, 28–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruijnzeel, L. A. (1992) Managing tropical watersheds for production: where contradictory theory and practice co-exist. In Wise Management of Tropical Forests, Ed. Miller, F. R. and Adam, K. I.Oxford: Oxford Forestry Institute, pp. 37–75.Google Scholar
Brunet, J. and Oheimb, G. (1998) Migration of vascular plants to secondary woodlands in southern Sweden. Journal of Ecology, 86, 429–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryant, D., Nielsen, D. and Tangley, L. (1997) The Last Frontier Forests: Ecosystems and Economies on the Edge. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.Google Scholar
Bryant, M. J. (2003) The influence of soil fertility and light intensity on field layer development in urban secondary woodlands. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wolverhampton, UK.
Brys, R., Jacquemyn, H., Endels, P.et al. (2004) Reduced reproductive success in small populations of the self-incompatible Primula vulgaris. Journal of Ecology, 92, 5–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryson, B. (2004) A Short History of Nearly Everything. London: Black Swan.Google Scholar
Buckley, G. P. (1989) Biological Habitat Reconstruction. London: Belhaven Press.Google Scholar
Burke, D. M. and Nol, E. (2000) Landscape and fragment size effects on reproductive success of forest-breeding birds in Ontario. Ecological Applications, 10, 1749–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnham, C. P. (1970) The regional pattern of soil formation in Great Britain. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 89, 25–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnham, C. P. and Mackney, D. F. (1964) Soils of Shropshire. Field Studies, 2, 83–113.Google Scholar
Burrows, C. J. (1990) Processes of Vegetation Change. London: Unwin Hyman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, T. M. and Likens, G. E. (1975) Salamander populations and biomass in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Copeia, 1975, 541–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bury, R. B. (2004) Wildfire, fuel reduction, and the herpetofaunas across diverse landscape mosaics in northwestern forests. Conservation Biology, 18, 968–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cahoon, D. R., Hensel, P., Rybczk, J.et al. (2003) Mass tree mortality leads to mangrove peat collapse at Bay Islands, Honduras after Hurricane Mitch. Journal of Ecology, 91, 1093–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, M. L., Damman, H. and Muir, A. (1998) Seed dispersal and the Holocene migration of woodland herbs. Ecological Monographs, 68, 325–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calow, P. (1998) The Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management. Oxford: Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Cameron-Smith, B. (1991) Australian Rainforests. Sydney: Royal Botanic Gardens.Google Scholar
Campbell, F. T. (2002) Invasive species: a growing concern. In Symposium on the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in Eastern North America, February 5–7, 2002, Ed. Onken, B., Reardon, R. and Lashomb, J.New Jersey: Rutgers University, pp. 1–8.Google Scholar
Carline, K. A., Jones, H. E. and Bardgett, R. D. (2005) Large herbivores affect the stoichiometry of nutrients in a regenerating woodland ecosystem. Oikos, 110, 453–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, A. (1986) A comparison of birds inhabiting pine plantation and indigenous forest patches in a tropical mountain area. Biological Conservation, 35, 195–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, P. C. S. (1989) Risk assessment and pest detection surveys for exotic pests and diseases which threaten commercial forests in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 19, 353–74.Google Scholar
Cederlund, G. and Bergström, R. (1996) Trends in the moose–forest system in Fennoscandia, with special reference to Sweden. In Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes, Ed. DeGraaf, R. M. and Miller, R. I.London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 265–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chadwick, O. A., Derry, L. A., Vitousek, P. M., Huebert, B. J. and Hedin, L. O. (1999) Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem development. Nature, 397, 491–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalfoun, A. D., Ratnaswamy, M. J. and Thompson, F. R. III (2002) Songbird nest predators in forest–pasture edge and forest interior in a fragmented landscape. Ecological Applications, 12, 858–67.Google Scholar
Chazdon, R. L. and Whitmore, T. C. (2002) Foundations of Tropical Forest Biology. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Cherubini, P., Fontana, G., Rigling, D.et al. (2002) Tree-life history prior to death: two fungal root pathogens affect tree-ring growth differently. Journal of Ecology, 90, 839–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christenson, L. M., Lovett, G. M., Mitchell, M. J. and Groffman, P. M. (2002) The fate of nitrogen in gypsy moth frass deposited to an oak forest floor. Oecologia, 131, 444–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, F. E. (1967) Bacteria in soil. In Soil Biology, Ed. Burges, A. and Raw, F.London: Academic Press, pp. 15–49.Google Scholar
Clarke, P. J., Kerrigan, R. A., and Westphal, C. J. (2001) Dispersal potential and early growth in 14 tropical mangroves: do early life history traits correlate with patterns of adult distribution? Journal of Ecology, 89, 648–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clements, F. C. and Shelford, V. E. (1939) Bioecology. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cline, S. P., Berg, A. B. and Wight, H. M. (1980) Snag characteristics and dynamics in Douglas-fir forests, western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management, 44, 773–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, E. V. J. and Packham, J. R. (1993) The introduction and manipulation of woodland field layers: seeds, plants, timing and economics. Arboricultural Journal, 17, 69–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, E. V. J., Trueman, I. C. and Packham, J. R. (2000) More than just trees. Aspects of Applied Biology, 58, 93–100.Google Scholar
Colquhoun, M. K. and Morley, A. (1943) Vertical zonation in woodland bird communities. Journal of Animal Ecology, 12, 75–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, J. H. (1971) On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. In Dynamics of Populations, Ed. Boer, P. J. and Gradwell, G. R.Wageningen, The Netherlands: PUDOC, pp. 298–312.Google Scholar
Coomes, D. A., Allen, R. B., Bentley, W. A.et al. (2005) The hare, the tortoise and the crocodile: the ecology of angiosperm dominance, conifer persistence and fern filtering. Journal of Ecology, 93, 918–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, W. S. (1913) The climax forest of the Isle Royale, Lake Superior, and its development. I. Botanical Gazette, 55, 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corner, E. J. H. (1964) The Life of Plants. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Cosgrove, P., Amphlett, A., Elliott, A.et al. (2005) Aspen: Britain's missing link with the boreal forest. British Wildlife, 17, 107–15.Google Scholar
Costa Neves, H., Valente, A. V., Favila, B.et al. (1996). Laurissilva da Madeira. Caracterização Quantitativa e Qualitativa. Funchal: Secretaria Regional de Agricultura, Florestas e Pescas, Parque Natural da Madeira.Google Scholar
Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., Groot, R.et al. (2003) The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Côté, S. D., Rooney, T. P., Tremblay, J.-P., Dussault, C. and Waller, D. M. (2004) Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 35, 113–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covington, W. W. (1981) Changes in the forest floor organic matter and nutrient content following clear cutting in northern hardwoods. Ecology, 62, 41–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, R. M. M. (1990) Studies in plant survival. In Studies in Ecology, 11, Ed. Anderson, D. J.Greig-Smith, P. and Pitelka, F. A.Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, p. 113.Google Scholar
Crawley, M. J. and Akhteruzzaman, M. (1988). Individual variation in the phenology of oak trees and its consequences for herbivorous insects. Functional Ecology, 2, 409–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronin, L. (1987) Key Guide to Australian Wild Flowers. Chatsworth, New South Wales: Reed Books.Google Scholar
Cronin, L. (1989) Key Guide to Australian Palms, Ferns and Allies. Chatsworth, New South Wales: Reed Books.Google Scholar
Crosby, A. W. (1972) The Columbian Exchange; Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport CT: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Cunnington, J. H. and Pascoe, I. G. (2003) Post entry quarantine interception of chestnut blight in Victoria. Australasian Plant Pathology, 32, 569–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dale, V. H., Joyce, L. A., McNulty, S.et al. (2001) Climate change and forest disturbance. BioScience, 51, 723–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danielsen, F. (1997) Stable environments and fragile communities: does history determine the resilience of avian rain-forest communities in habitat degradation? Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 423–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C. (1859) Origin of Species. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (2003) The Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle. Folio edition. First published as single volume in 1839.
Davidson, E. A., Chorover, J. and Dail, D. B. (2003) A mechanism of abiotic immobilization of nitrate in forest ecosystems: the ferrous wheel hypothesis. Global Change Biology, 9, 228–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davie, T. and Fahey, B. (2005) Forestry and water yield – current knowledge and further work. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 49, 3–8.Google Scholar
Deacon, J. (2006) Fungal Biology. (Fourth Edition). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Deckmyn, G., Muys, B., Quijano, J. C. and Ceulemans, R. (2004) Carbon sequestration following afforestation of agricultural soils: comparing oak/beech forest to short-rotation coppice combining a process and a carbon accounting model. Global Change Biology, 10, 1482–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deevey, E. S. (1947) Life tables for natural populations of animals. Quarterly Review of Biology, 22, 283–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickie, I. A. and Reich, P. B. (2005) Ectomycorrhizal communities at forest edges. Journal of Ecology, 93, 244–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickinson, C. H. and Preece, T. F. (1976) Microbiology of Aerial Plant Surfaces. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Dodd, M. E., Silvertown, J., McConway, K., Potts, J. and Crawley, M. (1994) Stability in the plant communities of the Park Grass Experiment: the relationships between species richness, soil pH, and biomass variability. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, 346, 185–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domec, J.-C., Warren, J. M., Meinzer, F. C., Brooks, J. R. and Coulombe, R. (2004) Native root xylem embolism and stomatal closure in stands of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine: mitigation by hydraulic redistribution. Oecologia, 141, 7–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duvigneaud, P. (1971) Concepts sur la productivité primaire des écosystèmes forestiers. In Symposium on the Productivity of Forest Ecosystems, Ed. Duvigneaud, P.Paris: UNESCO, pp. 111–140.Google Scholar
Duvigneaud, P. and Denaeyer-De Smet, S. (1970) Biological cycling of minerals in temperate deciduous forests. In Analysis of Temperate Forest Ecosystems, Ed. Reichle, D. E.Berlin: Springer, pp. 199–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dzwonko, Z. (2001) Effect of proximity to ancient deciduous woodland on restoration of the field layer vegetation in a pine plantation. Ecography, 24, 198–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, P. J. (1982) Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea. Journal of Ecology, 70, 807–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, P. N. (1983) Timber Measurement: a Field Guide. Forestry Commission Booklet No. 49. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Ehrlen, J. and Eriksson, O. (2003) Large-scale spatial dynamics of plants: a response to Freckleton & Watkinson. Journal of Ecology, 91, 316–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellenberg, H. (1988) Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe. (Fourth Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Elton, C. S. (1958) The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. London: Methuen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerman, S. H. and Dawson, T. E. (1996) Hydraulic lift and its influence on the water content of the rhizosphere: An example from sugar maple, Acer saccharum. Oecologia, 108, 273–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erickson, C. (2003) Historical ecology and future explorations. In Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin, Properties, Management, Ed. Lehmann, J., Kern, D. C., Glaser, B. and Woods, W. I.Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 455–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erickson, H. E. and Ayala, G. (2004) Hurricane-induced nitrous oxide fluxes from a wet tropical forest. Global Change Biology, 10, 1155–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ernst, W. H. O. (1979) Population biology of Allium ursinum in northern Germany. Journal of Ecology, 67, 347–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, G. C. (1956) An area survey method of investigating the distribution of light intensity in woodlands, with particular reference to sunflecks, including an analysis of data from rain forest in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Ecology, 44, 391–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, J. (1984) Silviculture of Broadleaved Woodland. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 64. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Evans, J. (1999) Sustainability of Forestry Plantations – the Evidence. Report Commissioned by the Department of International Development, London.
Fahey, T. J. and Hughes, J. W. (1994) Fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH. Journal of Ecology, 82, 533–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falik, O., Reides, P., Gersani, M. and Novoplansky, A. (2003) Self/non-self discrimination in roots. Journal of Ecology, 91, 525–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faliński, J. B. (1986) Vegetation Dynamics in Temperate Lowland Primeval Forests: Ecological Studies in Białowieża Forest. Lancaster: Junk.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAO (2005) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Fay, N. (2002) Environmental arboriculture, tree ecology and veteran tree management. Arboricultural Journal, 26, 213–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Federer, C. A. (1984) Organic matter and nitrogen content of the forest floor in even-aged northern hardwoods. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 14, 763–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferris, R., Peace, A. J., Humphrey, J. W. and Broome, A. C. (2000) Relationships between vegetation, site type and stand structure in coniferous plantations in Britain. Forest Ecology and Management, 136, 35–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filella, I. and Penuelas, J. (2003–4) Indications of hydraulic lift by Pinus halepensis and its effects on the water relations of neighbour shrubs. Biologia Plantarum, 47, 209–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finzi, C. A. and Canham, C. D. (2000) Sapling growth in response to light and nitrogen availability in a southern New England forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 131, 153–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitter, A. H. (2005) Darkness visible: reflections on underground ecology. Journal of Ecology, 93, 231–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitter, A. H. and Fitter, R. S. R. (2002) Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants. Science, 296 (5573), 1689–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fjeldså, J., Erlich, D., Lambin, E. and Prins, E. (1997) Are biodiversity ‘hotspots’ related with ecoclimate stability? A pilot study using the NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 401–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fjeldså, J. and Lovett, J. C. (1997) Geographical patterns of old and young species in African forest biota: the significance of specific montane areas as evolutionary centres. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 325–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flowerdew, J. R. and Ellwood, S. A. (2001) Impacts of woodland deer on small mammal ecology. Forestry, 74, 277–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floyd, D. W., Vonhof, S. L. and Seyfang, H. E. (2001) Forest sustainability: a discussion guide for professional resource managers. Journal of Forestry, 99, 8–28.Google Scholar
Fogg, K. (1988) The effect of added nitrogen on the rate of decomposition of organic matter. Biological Review, 63, 433–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, J. A., Costa, M. H., Delire, C., Ramankutty, N. and Snyder, P. (2003) Green surprise? How terrestrial ecosystems could affect earth's climate. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 38–44.Google Scholar
Forest Products Laboratory (1999) Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. General Technical Report, FPL-GTR-113. Madison, WI: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
Forman, R. T. T. (2000) Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States. Conservation Biology, 14, 31–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forman, R. T. T. and Alexander, L. E. (1998) Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 29, 207–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, D. R. (1999) Thoreau's Country Journey through a Transformed Landscape. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Foster, D. R. and Aber, J. D. (2004) Forests in Time: the Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. Yale: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Foster, P. (2001) The potential negative impact of global climate change on tropical montane cloud forests. Earth-Science Reviews, 55, 73–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, D., Cape, J. N., Coyle, M.et al. (1999) The global exposure of forests to air pollutants. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 116, 5–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franklin, J. F., Cromack, K. Jr, McKee, A.et al. (1981) Ecological Characteristics of Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forests. General Technical Report PNW-118. Portland, OR: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freckleton, R. P. and Watkinson, A. R. (2002) Large-scale spatial dynamics of plants, metapopulations, regional ensembles and patchy populations. Journal of Ecology, 90, 419–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freckleton, R. P. and Watkinson, A. R. (2003) Are all plant populations metapopulations? Journal of Ecology, 91, 321–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frederickson, M. E., Greene, M. J. and Gordon, D. M. (2005) ‘Devil's gardens’ bedevilled by ants. Nature, 437, 495–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frey, S. D., Knorr, M., Parrent, J. L. and Simpson, R. T. (2004) Chronic nitrogen enrichment affects the structure and function of the soil microbial community in temperate hardwood and pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 196, 159–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, S. K., Reich, P. B. and Frelich, L. E. (2001) Multiple scale composition and spatial distribution patterns of the north-eastern Minnesota presettlement forest. Journal of Ecology, 89, 538–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujita, T., Itaya, A., Miura, M., Manabe, T. and Yamamoto, S.-I. (2003) Long-term canopy dynamics analysed by aerial photographs in a temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest. Journal of Ecology, 91, 686–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, R. J. (1995) Bird Life in Woodland and Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gadgil, R. L. and Gadgil, P. D. (1975) Suppression of litter decomposition by mycorrhizal roots of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forest Science, 5, 33–41.Google Scholar
Galloway, J. N., Aber, J. D., Erisman, J. W.et al. (2003) The nitrogen cascade. BioScience, 53, 341–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganjegunte, G. K., Condron, L. M., Clinton, P. W., Davis, M. R. and Mahieu, N. (2004) Decomposition and nutrient release from radiata pine (Pinus radiata) coarse woody debris. Forest Ecology and Management, 187, 197–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garbaye, J. (1994) Helper bacteria: a new dimension to the mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytologist, 128, 197–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, G. (1977) The reproductive capacity of Fraxinus excelsior on the Derbyshire limestone. Journal of Ecology, 65, 107–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gartner, T. B. and Cordon, Z. G. (2004) Decomposition dynamics in mixed-species leaf litter. Oikos, 104, 230–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gascon, C. and Lovejoy, T. E. (1998) Ecological impacts of forest fragmentation in central Amazonia. Zoology – Analysis of Complex Systems, 101, 273–80.Google Scholar
Gerhardt, F. (1993) Physiographic and historical influences of forest composition in central New England, USA. M.F.S. thesis, Harvard University, MA, USA.
Gersani, M., Brown, J. S., O'Brien, E. E., Maina, G. M. and Abramsky, Z. (2001) Tragedy of the commons as a result of root competition. Journal of Ecology, 89, 660–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, J. N. and Wainhouse, D. (1986) Spread of forest pests and pathogens in the northern hemisphere. Forestry, 59, 141–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, J. N., Brasier, C. M. and Webber, J. F. (1994) Dutch elm disease in Britain. Research Note 252. Forestry Commission. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Gil, L., Fuentes-Utrilla, P., Soto, Á., Cervera, M. T. and Collada, C. (2004) English elm is a 2,000-year-old Roman clone. Nature, 431, 1053.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, O. L. (1989) The Ecology of Urban Habitats. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillson, L. and Willis, K. J. (2004) ‘As Earth's testimonies tell’: wilderness conservation in a changing world. Ecology Letters, 7, 990–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gimingham, C. H. and Birse, E. M. (1957) Ecological studies on growth-form in bryophytes. I. Correlations between growth-form and habitat. Journal of Ecology, 45, 533–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giri, C. C., Shyamkumar, B. and Anjaneyulu, C. (2004) Progress in tissue culture, genetic transformation and applications of biotechnology to trees: an overview. Trees, 18, 115–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girling, M. A. and Greig, J. (1985) A first fossil record for Scolytus scolytus (F.) (elm bark beetle): its occurrence in elm decline deposits from London and the implications for Neolithic elm disease. Journal of Archaeological Science, 12, 347–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goheen, J. R., Swihart, R. K., Gehring, T. M. and Miller, M. S. (2003) Forces structuring tree squirrel communities in landscapes fragmented by agriculture: species differences in perceptions of forest connectivity and carrying capacity. Oikos, 102, 95–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goheen, J. R., Keesing, F., Allan, B. F., Ogada, D. and Ostfeld, R. S. (2004) Net effects of large mammals on Acacia seedling survival in an African savanna. Ecology, 85, 1555–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golding, D. L. (1970) The effects of forests on precipitation. Forestry Chronicle, 46, 397–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldsmith, F. B. (1998) Tropical Rain Forest: a Wider Perspective. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonthier, P., Warner, R., Nicolotti, G., Mazzaglia, A. and Garbelotto, M. M. (2004) Pathogen introduction as a collateral effect of military activity. Mycological Research, 108, 468–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gosz, J. R., Holmes, R. T., Likens, G. E. and Bormann, F. H. (1978) The flow of energy in a forest ecosystem. Scientific American, 238, 92–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabham, P. N. and Packham, J. R. (1983) A comparative study of the bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard, in two woodland situations in the West Midlands, England. Biological Conservation, 26, 105–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, T. (2001) Should ancient trees be designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest? British Wildlife, 12, 164–6.Google Scholar
Greenup, M. (1998) Managing Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-Cedar) to control the root disease caused by Phytophthora lateralis in the Pacific Northwest, USA. In Coastally Restricted Forests, Ed. Laderman, A. D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 93–100.Google Scholar
Gregg, J. W., Jones, C. G. and Dawson, T. E. (2003) Urbanization effects on tree growth in the vicinity of New York City. Nature, 424, 183–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grier, C. C., Vogt, K. A., Keyes, M. R. and Edmonds, R. L. (1981) Biomass distribution and above- and below-ground production in young and mature Abies amabilis zone ecosystems of the Washington Cascades. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 11, 155–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, G. J., Robbins, N., Hogan, E. P. and Farias-Santopietro, G. (2004) Nucleotide sequence identification of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 infecting Cryphonectria parasitica on grafted American chestnut trees 12–18 years after inoculation with a hypovirulent strain mixture. Forest Pathology, 34, 33–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimaldi, D. and Engel, M. S. (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. (1974) Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. Nature, 250, 26–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grime, J. P. (1979) Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. (2001, reprinted 2002) Plant Strategies, Vegetation Processes and Ecosystem Properties. (Second Edition). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P., Hodgson, J. G. and Hunt, R. (1988) Comparative Plant Ecology. London: Unwin Hyman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosse, W., Buchel, H. B. and Lattermann, S. (1998) Root aeration in wetland trees and its eco-physiological significance. In Coastally Restricted Forests, Ed. Laderman, A. D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 293–305.Google Scholar
Grubb, P. J. (1992) A positive distrust of simplicity – lessons from plant defences and from competition among plants and among animals. Journal of Ecology, 80, 585–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grundy, J. H. (1981) Arthropods of Medical Importance. Chilbolton, UK: Noble Books.Google Scholar
Gurnell, J., Wauters, L. A., Lurz, P. P. W. and Tosi, G. (2004) Alien species and interspecific competition: effects of introduced eastern grey squirrels on red squirrel population dynamics. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73, 26–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamann, H. (2004) Flowering and fruiting phenology of a Philippine submontane rain forest: climatic factors as proximate and ultimate causes. Journal of Ecology, 92, 24–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamburg, S. P., Yanai, R. D., Arthur, M. A., Blum, J. D. and Siccama, T. G. (2003) Biotic control of calcium cycling in northern hardwood forests: acid rain and aging forests. Ecosystems, 6, 399–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, G. J. (1985) Forest Mensuration Handbook. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Hamilton, G. J. and Christie, J. M. (1971) Forest Management Tables (Metric). Forestry Commission Booklet, No. 34. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Hamilton, G. J. and Christie, J. M. (1974) Influence of Spacing on Crop Characteristics and Yield. Forestry Commission Booklet, No. 52. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Han, W., Lindsay, S. M., Dlakic, M. and Harrington, R. E. (1997) Socioeconomic factors and tropical deforestation. Nature, 386, 562–3.Google Scholar
Hansen, R. A. (1999) Red oak promotes a microarthropod functional group that accelerates its decomposition. Plant and Soil, 209, 37–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, R. A. and Coleman, D. C. (1998) Litter complexity and composition are determinants of the diversity and species composition of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) in litterbags. Journal of Applied Soil Ecology, 9, 17–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, D. J. L. (1992) Defoliation patterns amongst Chaddesley oaks. In Ecology of Woodland Processes, Ed. Packham, J. R. and Harding, D. J. L.London: Edward Arnold, pp. 69–79.Google Scholar
Harding, D. J. L. (1995) The terrestrial caddis Enoicyla pusilla. In Ecology, Management and History of the Wyre Forest, Ed. Packham, J. R. and Harding, D. J. L.University of Wolverhampton and the British Ecological Society, pp. 108–113.Google Scholar
Harding, D. J. L. (1996) Geometrids foretell the Millennium. Manuscript of paper delivered at British Ecological Society Winter Meeting at Durham, December 1996.
Harding, D. J. L. (2000) Two decades of data on oak defoliation in a Worcestershire woodland NNR. In Long-term Studies in British Woodland, Ed. Kirby, K. J. and Morecroft, M. D. English Nature Science No. 34. Peterborough: English Nature, pp. 87–97.Google Scholar
Harding, D. J. L. (2002) Where have all the caterpillars gone? Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 96, 278–83.Google Scholar
Harding, D. J. L. and Stuttard, R. A. (1974) Microarthropods. In Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition, Vols I and II, Ed. Dickinson, C. H. and Pugh, G. J. F.London: Academic Press, pp. 489–532.Google Scholar
Harmon, M. E., Franklin, J. F., Swanson, F. J.et al. (1986) Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research, 15, 133–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, J. L. (1977) Population Biology of Plants. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hartley, M. J. (2002) Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 155, 81–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hättenschwiler, S. and Vitousek, P. M. (2000) The role of polyphenols in terrestrial ecosystem nutrient cycling. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15, 238–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawksworth, D. L. (1991) The fungal dimension of biodiversity: magnitude, significance, and conservation. Mycological Research, 95, 641–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckenberger, M. J., Kuikuro, A., Kuikuro, U. T.et al. (2003) Amazonia 1492: pristine forest or cultural parkland? Science, 301, 1710–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedin, L. O., Armesto, J. J. and Johnson, A. H. (1995) Patterns of nutrient loss from unpolluted, old-growth temperate forests: evaluation of biogeochemical theory. Ecology, 76, 493–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heilmann-Clausen, J. and Christensen, M. (2000) Svampe pa bogestammer – indikatorer for vaerdifulde lovskovslokaliteter. Svampe, 42, 35–47.Google Scholar
Heilmann-Clausen, J. and Christensen, M. (2003) Fungal diversity on decaying beech logs – implications for sustainable forestry. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12, 953–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heliövarra, K. and Väisänen, R. (1984) Effects of modern forestry on northwestern European forest invertebrates: a synthesis. Acta Forestalia Fennica, 189, 1–32.Google Scholar
Heliövarra, K., Väisänen, R. and Simon, C. (1994) Evolutionary study of periodical insects. Trends in Ecological Evolution, 9, 475–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helliwell, D. R. (1996) Habitat transference. Aspects of Applied Biology, 44, 401–5.Google Scholar
Helliwell, D. R. (2002) Continuous Cover Forestry. (Second Edition). Privately Published Wirksworth, Derbyshire.Google Scholar
Helliwell, D. R., Buckley, G. P., Fordham, S. J. and Paul, T. A. (1996) Vegetation succession on a relocated ancient woodland soil. Forestry, 69, 57–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helms, J. A. (2002) Forest, forestry and forester: what do these terms mean? Journal of Forestry, 100, 15–19.Google Scholar
Hennon, P. E., Shaw, C. G. III and Hansen, E. M. (1998) Reproduction and forest decline of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (yellow-cedar) in southeast Alaska, USA. In Coastally Restricted Forests, Ed. Laderman, A. D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 54–69.Google Scholar
Herrera, C. M., Jorrdano, P., Guitan, J. and Travaset, A. (1998) Annual variability in seed production by woody plants and the masting concept: reassessment of principles and relationship to pollination and seed dispersal. The American Naturalist, 152, 576–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, M. O. (1979a) DECORANA – A FORTRAN Program for Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Reciprocal Averaging. Ithaca, NY: Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Hill, M. O. (1979b) TWINSPAN – A FORTRAN Program for arranging Multivariate Data in an Ordered Two-way Table by Classification of the Individuals and Attributes. Ithaca, NY: Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Hill, M. O., Bunce, R. G. H. and Shaw, M. W. (1975) Indicator species analysis: a divisive polythetic method of classification and its application to a survey of native pinewoods in Scotland. Journal of Ecology, 63, 597–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilton, G. M. and Packham, J. R. (2003) Variation in the masting of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in northern Europe over two centuries (1800–2001). Forestry, 76, 319–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilton, G. M., Packham, J. R. and Willis, A. J. (1987) Effects of experimental defoliation on a population of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). New Phytologist, 107, 603–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobson, P. R. (1995a) Patterns of the past: ancient records and present evidence. In Ecology, Management & History of the Wyre Forest, Ed. Packham, J. R. and Harding, D. J. L.University of Wolverhampton and the British Ecological Society, pp. 6–24.Google Scholar
Hobson, P. R. (1995b) Charcoal burning and other forest industries in Wyre Forest. In Ecology, Management & History of the Wyre Forest, Ed. Packham, J. R. and Harding, D. J. L.University of Wolverhampton and the British Ecological Society, pp. 126–132.Google Scholar
Hobson, P. R. (1997) Ecology, history, management and conservation of the multipurpose Forest of Wyre. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wolverhampton, UK.
Hodder, K. H., Bullock, J. M., Buckland, P. C. and Kirby, K. J. (2005) Large Herbivores in the Wildwood and Modern Naturalistic Grazing Systems. English Nature Research Reports, No. 648. Peterborough: English Nature.Google Scholar
Hodkinson, I. D., Webb, N. R. and Coulson, S. J. (2002) Primary community assembly on land – the missing stages: why are heterotrophic organisms always there first? Journal of Ecology, 90, 569–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hole, F. D. (1981) Effects of animals on soil. Geoderma, 25, 75–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkin, S. (2004) Millipedes. British Wildlife, 16, 77–84.Google Scholar
Hopkins, B. (1965) Forest and Savanna. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Hora, F. B. (1981) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Trees of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hornbeck, J. W., Martin, C. W. and Eagar, C. (1997) Summary of water yield experiments at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27, 2043–52.Google Scholar
Horton, T. R., Bruns, T. D. and Parker, V. T. (1999) Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Arctostaphylos contribute to Pseudotsuga menziesii establishment. Canadian Journal of Botany, 77, 93–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J.et al. (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Houghton, R. A. (2003) Why are estimates of the terrestrial carbon balance so different? Global Change Biology, 9, 500–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houlton, B. Z., Driscoll, C. T., Fahey, T. J.et al. (2003) Nitrogen dynamics in ice storm-damaged forest ecosystems: implications for nitrogen limitation theory. Ecosystems, 6, 431–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houter, N. C. and Pons, T. L. (2005) Gap size effects on photoinhibition in understorey saplings in tropical rainforest. Plant Ecology, 179, 43–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbell, S. P. (2001) Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hughes, A. P. (1959) Effects of the environment on leaf development in Impatiens parviflora D.C. Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany), 56, 161–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hultengren, S. (1999) The project “The epiphytic lichens of southwestern Sweden”– a short presentation. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, 32 (2), 181–93.Google Scholar
Humphrey, J. W. (2005) Benefits to biodiversity from developing old-growth conditions in British upland spruce plantations: a review and recommendations. Forestry, 78, 33–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, J. W., Davey, S., Peace, A. J., Ferris, R. and Harding, K. (2002) Lichens and bryophyte communities of planted and semi-natural forests in Britain: the influence of site type, stand structure and deadwood. Biological Conservation, 107, 165–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchings, M. J. and Slade, A. J. (1988) Foraging for resources and the structure of plants. Plants Today, 1, 28–33.Google Scholar
Hyatt, L. A., Rosenberg, M. S., Howard, T. G.et al. (2003) The distance dependence prediction of the Janzen–Connell hypothesis: a meta-analysis. Oikos, 103, 590–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hytteborn, H. and Packham, J. R. (1985) Left to nature: forest structure and regeneration in Fiby urskog, central Sweden. Arboricultural Journal, 9, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hytteborn, H. and Packham, J. R. (1987) Decay rate of Picea abies logs and the storm gap theory: a re-examination of Sernander Plot III Fiby urskog, central Sweden. Arboricultural Journal, 11, 299–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hytteborn, H., Packham, J. R. and Verwijst, T. (1987) Tree population dynamics, stand structure and species composition in the montane virgin forest of Vallibacken, northern Sweden. Vegetatio, 72, 3–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hytteborn, H., Liu Qinghong and Verwijst, T. (1993) Small-scale disturbance and stand structure dynamics in a primeval Picea abies forest over 54 years, central Sweden. In Small-scale natural disturbance and tree regeneration in boreal forests (Liu Qinghong). Ph.D. thesis, University of Uppsala, Sweden.
Hytteborn, H., Maslov, A. A., Nazimova, D. I. and Rysin, L. P. (2005) Boreal forests of Eurasia. In Coniferous Forests. Ecosystems of the World 6, Ed. Andersson, F. A.Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 23–99.Google Scholar
Ingrouille, M. (1992) Diversity and Evolution of Land Plants. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iverson, L. R., Schwarts, M. W. and Prasad, A. M. (2004) How fast and how far might tree species migrate in the eastern United States due to climate change? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 13, 209–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jabin, M., Mohr, D., Kappes, H. and Topp, W. (2004) Influence of deadwood on density of soil macro-arthropods in a managed oak–beech forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 194, 61–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, R. B., Canadell, J., Ehleringer, J. R.et al. (1996) A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia, 108, 389–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, D. F. and Severeid, L. R. (2004) Dominance of interplanted American chestnut (Castanea dentata) in southwestern Wisconsin, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 191, 111–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jandl, R., Alewell, C. and Prietzel, J. (2004) Calcium loss in Central European forest soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68, 588–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janzen, D. H. (1970) Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. American Naturalist, 104, 501–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janzen, D. H. (1971) Seed predation by animals. Annual Review of Ecological Systematics, 2, 465–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janzen, D. H. (1978) Seeding patterns of tropical trees. In Tropical Trees as Living Systems, Ed. Tomlinson, P. B. and Zimmerman, M. H.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 83–128.Google Scholar
Jenik, J. (1979) Pictorial Encyclopedia of Forests. London: Hamlyn.Google Scholar
Jobbágy, E. G. and Jackson, R. B. (2004) The uplift of soil nutrients by plants: biogeochemical consequences across scales. Ecology, 85, 2380–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johns, A. D. (1988) Effects of selective timber extraction on rain-forest structure and composition and some consequences for frugivores and folivores. Biotropica, 20, 31–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, K. H., Vogt, K. A., Clark, H. J., Schmitz, O. J. and Vogt, D. J. (1996) Biodiversity and the productivity and stability of ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 372–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, C. G., Ostfeld, R. S., Richard, M. P., Schauber, E. M. and Wolff, J. O. (1998) Chain reactions linking acorns to gypsy moth outbreaks and Lyme disease risk. Science, 279, 1023–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, D. L. and Elliot, W. R. (1986) Pests, Diseases and Ailments of Australian Plants. Melbourne: Lothian.Google Scholar
Jones, E. W. (1959) Quercus L. Biological flora of the British Isles. Journal of Ecology, 47, 169–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, K. B., Neale, A. C., Nash, M. S.et al. (2000) Landscape correlates of breeding bird richness across the United States mid-Atlantic region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 63, 159–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, W., Hill, K. and Allen, J. (1995) Wollemia nobilis, a new living Australian genus and species in the Arucariaceae. Telopea, September 1995, 173–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauppi, P. E., Mielikainen, K. and Kuusela, K. (1992) Biomass and carbon budget of European forests, 1971 to 1990. Science, 256, 70–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, D. and Sork, V. L. (2002) Mast seeding in perennial plants; why, how, where? Annual Review of Evolutionary Systematics, 33, 427–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, P. G., Izzo, A. D. and Bruns, T. D. (2003) There is a high potential for the formation of common mycorrhizal networks between understorey and canopy trees in a mixed evergreen forest. Journal of Ecology, 91, 1071–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keppler, F., Hamilton, J. T. G., Braß, M. and Röckmann, T. (2006) Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions. Nature, 439, 187–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khomentovsky, P. A. (1998) Pinus pumila (Siberian Dwarf Pine) on the Khamchatka Peninsula, Northeast Asia: ecology of seed production. In Coastally Restricted Forests, Ed. Laderman, A. D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 199–220.Google Scholar
Killingbeck, K. T. (1996) Nutrients in senesced leaves: keys to the search for potential resorption and resorption proficiency. Ecology, 77, 1716–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimmins, H. (1992) Balancing Anti-environmental Issues in Forestry. Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Kimmins, J. P. (1997) Forest Ecology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Kira, T. (1975) Primary production of forests. In Photosynthesis and Productivity in Different Environments, Ed. Cooper, J. P.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 5–40.Google Scholar
Kirby, K. J. (2003) What Might a British Forest-Landscape Driven by Large Carnivores Look Like? English Nature Research Reports, No. 530. Peterborough: English Nature.Google Scholar
Kirby, K. J. and Drake, M. (1993) Dead Wood Matters. English Nature Science No 7. Peterborough: English Nature.Google Scholar
Kitajima, K. and Augspurger, C. K. (1989) Seed and seedling ecology of a monocarpic tropical tree, Tachigali versicolor. Ecology, 70, 1102–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitayama, K., Suzuki, S., Hori, M.et al. (2004) On the relationships between leaf-litter lignin and net primary productivity in tropical rain forests. Oecologia, 140, 335–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kizlinski, M. L., Orwig, D. A., Cobb, R. C. and Foster, D. R. (2002) Direct and indirect ecosystem consequences of an invasive pest on forests dominated by eastern hemlock. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1489–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klironomos, J. N. and Hart, M. M. (2001) Animal nitrogen swap for plant carbon. Nature, 410, 651–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knops, J. M. H., Nash, T. H. III and Schlesinger, W. H. (1996) The influence of epiphytic lichens on the nutrient cycling of an oak woodland. Ecological Monographs, 66, 159–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knops, J. M. H., Bradley, K. L. and Wedin, D. A. (2002) Mechanisms of plant species impacts on ecosystem nitrogen cycling. Ecology Letters, 5, 454–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koenig, W. D. and Knops, J. M. H. (1998) Scale of mast-seeding and tree-ring growth. Nature, 396, 225–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koenig, W. D. and Knops, J. M. H. (2000) Patterns of annual seed production by northern hemisphere trees: a global perspective. The American Naturalist, 155, 59–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenig, W. D. and Liebhold, A. M. (2003) Regional impacts of periodical cicadas on oak radial increment. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33, 1084–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Köhl, M., Traub, B. and Päivinen, R. (2000) Harmonisation and standardisation in multi-national environmental statistics – mission impossible? Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 63, 361–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohyama, T. (1984) Regeneration and coexistence of two Abies species dominating subalpine forests in central Japan. Oecologia, 62, 156–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Komonen, A. (2003) Hotspots of insect diversity in boreal forests. Conservation Biology, 17, 976–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konrad, H., Kirisits, T., Riegler, M., Halmschlager, E. and Stauffer, C. (2002) Genetic evidence for natural hybridization between the Dutch elm disease pathogens Ophiostoma novo-ulmi ssp. novo-ulmi and O. novo-ulmi ssp. americana. Plant Pathology, 51, 78–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, K. (1995) Phenotypic plasticity of the phenology of 7 European tree species in relation to climatic warming. Plant Cell and Environment, 18, 93–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraus, T. E. C., Dahlgren, R. A. and Zasoski, R. J. (2003) Tannins in nutrient dynamics of forest ecosystems – a review. Plant and Soil, 256, 41–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulakowski, D. and Veblen, T. T. (2002) Influences of fire history and topography on the pattern of a severe wind blowdown in a Colorado subalpine forest. Journal of Ecology, 90, 806–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuuluvainen, T. (1994) Gap disturbance, ground microtopography, and the regeneration dynamics of boreal coniferous forests in Finland: a review. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 31, 35–51.Google Scholar
Kuuluvainen, T. and Juntunen, P. (1998) Seedling establishment in relation to microhabitat variation in a windthrow gap in a boreal Pinus sylvestris forest. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9, 551–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laderman, A. D. (1998) Coastally Restricted Forests. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Laiho, R. and Prescott, C. E. (2004) Decay and nutrient dynamics of coarse woody debris in northern coniferous forests: a synthesis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 34, 763–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanner, R. M. (1996) Made For Each Other: a Symbiosis of Birds and Pines. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Larcher, W. (1975) Physiological Plant Ecology. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurance, W. F., Pérez-Salicrup, D., Delamônica, P.et al. (2001) Rain forest fragmentation and the structure of Amazonian liana communities. Ecology, 82, 105–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurance, W. F., Lovejoy, T. E., Vasconcelos, H. L.et al. (2002) Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: a 22-year investigation. Conservation Biology, 16, 605–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurance, W. F., Albernaz, A. K. M., Fearnside, P. M., Vasconcelos, H. L. and Ferreira, L. V. (2004) Deforestation in Amazonia. Science, 304, 1109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laureysens, I., Blust, R., Temmerman, L., Lemmens, C. and Ceulemans, R. (2004) Clonal variation in heavy metal accumulation and biomass production in a poplar coppice culture: I. Seasonal variation in leaf, wood and bark concentrations. Environmental Pollution, 131, 485–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leake, J. R. (2005) Plants parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the ‘saprophytic’ plant myth. Mycologist, 19, 113–22.Google Scholar
Lee, J. A. (1999) The calcicole-calcifuge problem revisited. Advances in Botanical Research, 29, 1–30.Google Scholar
Houérou, H. N. (1997) Climate, flora and fauna changes in the Sahara over the past 500 million years. Journal of Arid Environments, 37, 619–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, W. H. (2004) Degradation and restoration of forest ecosystems in China. Forest Ecology and Management, 201, 33–41.Google Scholar
Liddle, M. J. (1997) Recreation Ecology. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Likens, G. E. (2004) Some perspectives on long-term biogeochemical research from the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Ecology, 85, 2355–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Likens, G. E., Bormann, F. H., Johnson, N. M., Fisher, D. W. and Pierce, R. S. (1970) Effects of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook watershed-ecosystem. Ecological Monographs, 40, 23–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Likens, G. E., Driscoll, C. T. and Buso, D. C. (1996) Long-term effects of acid rain: response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science, 272, 244–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Likens, G. E., Driscoll, C. T., Buso, D. C.et al. (1998) The biogeochemistry of calcium at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry, 41, 89–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Likens, G. E., Driscoll, C. T., Buso, D. C.et al. (2002) The biogeochemistry of sulfur at Hubbard Brook. Biogeochemistry, 60, 235–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. and Clark, P. (1998) A Dictionary of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lindenmayer, D. B. and Franklin, J. F. (1997) Managing stand structure as part of ecologically sustainable forest management in Australian mountain ash forests. Conservation Biology, 11, 1053–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindow, S. E. and Brandl, M. T. (2003) Microbiology of the phyllosphere. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 1875–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindquist, B. (1931) Den Skandinaviska bogskogens biologi (The ecology of Scandinavian beechwoods). Svenska Skogsvardsforeningens Tidskrift, 29 (English digest), 486–520.Google Scholar
Lindström, J., Ranta, E., Kokko, H., Lundberg, P. and Kaitala, V. (2001) From arctic lemmings to adaptive dynamics: Charles Elton's legacy in population ecology. Biological Review, 76, 129–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipson, D. and Näsholm, T. (2001) The unexpected versatility of plants: organic nitrogen use and availability in terrestrial ecosystems. Oecologia, 128, 305–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Littlemore, J. and Barker, S. (2003) The ecological response of forest ground flora and soils to experimental trampling in British urban woodlands. Urban Ecosystems, 5, 257–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lodge, D. J. (1996) Microorganisms. In The Food Web of a Tropical Forest, Ed. Reagan, D. P. and Waide, R. B.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 54–108.Google Scholar
Lodge, D. J. (1997) Factors related to diversity of decomposer fungi in tropical forests. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 681–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lodge, D. J., McDowell, W. H. and McSwiney, C. P. (1994) The importance of nutrient pulses in tropical forests. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 384–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Logan, J. A., Régnière, J. and Powell, J. A. (2003) Assessing the impacts of global warming on forest pest dynamics. Frontiers in Ecology and the Evironment, 1, 130–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovett, G. M., Christenson, L. M., Groffman, P. M.et al. (2002) Insect defoliation and nitrogen cycling in forests. BioScience, 52, 335–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowry, W. P. (1966) Apparent meteorological requirements for abundant cone crop in Douglas-Fir. Forest Science, 12, 185–92.Google Scholar
Lund, G. L. (2002) When is a forest not a forest? Journal of Forestry, 100, 21–8.Google Scholar
Lundquist, J. E. and Hamelin, R. C. (2005) Forest Pathology: From Genes to Landscapes. St. Paul, MN: APS Press/The American Phytopathological Society.Google Scholar
Luxton, M. (1972) Studies of the oribatid mites of a Danish beech wood soil. I. Nutritional biology. Pedobiologia, 12, 434–63.Google Scholar
Lyford, W. H. and Wilson, B. F. (1964) Development of the root system of Acer rubrum L. Harvard Forest Paper, 10.Google Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. (1955) Fluctuations of animal populations and a measure of community stability. Ecology, 36, 533–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. (1972) Geographical Ecology. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. and Wilson, E. D. (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Macfayden, A. (1961) Metabolism of soil invertebrates in relation to soil fertility. Annals of Applied Biology, 49, 216–19.Google Scholar
Mackensen, J., Bauhus, J. and Webber, E. (2003) Decomposition rates of coarse woody debris – a review with particular emphasis on Australian tree species. Australian Journal of Botany, 51, 27–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maclaren, J. P. (1996) Environmental Effects of Planted Forests in New Zealand. Bulletin No. 198. Rotorua: New Zealand Forest Research Institute.Google Scholar
Magill, A. H., Aber, D. A., Currie, W. S.et al. (2004) Ecosystem response to 15 years of chronic nitrogen additions at the Harvard Forest LTER, Massachusetts, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 196, 7–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malmer, N., Lindgren, K. and Persson, S. (1978) Vegetational succession in a south-Swedish deciduous wood. Vegetatio, 36, 17–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maloof, J. (2005) Take a deep breath. New Scientist, 6 August, 44–45.Google Scholar
Mann, C. C. (2002) The real dirt on rainforest fertility. Science, 297, 920–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannan, R. W., Meslow, E. C. and Wight, H. M. (1980) Use of snags by birds in Douglas-fir forests. Journal of Wildlife Management, 44, 787–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manson, R. H., Ostfeld, R. S. and Canham, C. D. (2001) Long-term effects of rodent herbivores on tree invasion dynamics along forest-field edges. Ecology, 82, 3320–9.Google Scholar
Martin, R. and Handasyde, K. (1999) The Koala: Natural History, Conservation and Management. (Second Edition). Malabar, FL: Krieger.Google Scholar
Marx, D. H. (1969) The influence of ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi on the resistance of pine roots to pathogenic infections. I. Antagonism of mycorrhizal fungi to root pathogenic fungi and soil bacteria. Phytopathology, 59, 153–63.Google Scholar
Mason, W. L., Kerr, G. and Simpson, J. (1999) What is Continuous Cover Forestry? Information Note 29. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.Google Scholar
Matlack, G. R. (1994) Plant species migration in a mixed-history forest landscape in eastern North America. Ecology, 75, 1491–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, E. (1997) Global litter production, pools, and turnover times: estimates from measurement data and regression models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 102, 18,771–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, J. D. (1989) Silvicultural Systems. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Maurer, E. (1964) Buchen- und Eichensamenjahre in Unterfranken wahrend der letzen 100 Jahre. Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift, 31, 469–70.Google Scholar
May, J. (2003) Soundwood. Tree News (spring/summer), 29–35.Google Scholar
May, R. M. (1972) Will a large complex system be stable? Nature, 238, 413–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCann, K. S. (2000) The diversity-stability debate. Nature, 405, 228–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGroddy, M. E., Daufresne, T. and Hedin, L. O. (2004) Scaling of C:N:P stoichiometry in forests worldwide: implications of terrestrial redfield-type ratios. Ecology, 85, 2390–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McHale, P. J., Mitchell, M. J. and Bowles, F. P. (1998) Soil warming in a northern hardwood forest: trace gas fluxes and leaf litter decomposition. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28, 1365–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, P. and Laffan, M. (2005) Soil erodibility and erosion hazard: extending these cornerstone soil conservation concepts to headwater streams in the forestry estate in Tasmania. Forest Ecology and Management, 220, 128–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKane, R. B., Johnson, L. C., Shaver, G. R.et al. (2002) Resource-based niches provide a basis for plant species diversity and dominance in arctic tundra. Nature, 415, 68–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meggers, B. J. (1996) Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Melillo, J. M., Aber, J. D. and Muratore, J. F. (1982) Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics. Ecology, 63, 621–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meng, J., Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, X. and Li, C. (2006) A Mesozoic gliding mammal from northeastern China. Nature, 444, 889–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mesquita, R. C. G., Ickes, K., Ganade, G. and Williamson, G. B. (2001) Alternative successional pathways in the Amazon Basin. Journal of Ecology, 89, 528–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Messina, M. G. and Conner, W. H. (1998) Southern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management. New York: Lewis Publishers.Google Scholar
Mielke, H. W. (1989) Patterns of Life. Boston: Unwin Hyman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mieth, A. and Bork, H. R. (2005) History, origin and extent of soil erosion on Easter Island (Rapa Nui). Catena, 63, 244–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. R. and Cummins, R. P. (2003) Soil seed banks of woodland, heathland, grassland, mire and montane communities, Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Plant Ecology, 168, 255–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minocha, R., Long, S., Magill, A. H., Aber, J. and McDowell, W. H. (2000) Foliar free polyamine and inorganic ion content in relation to soil and soil solution chemistry in two fertilized forest stands at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. Plant and Soil, 222, 119–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, A. (1974) A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Mitchell, E. J. G. (2005) How open were European primeval forests? Hypothesis testing using palaeoecological data. Journal of Ecology, 93, 168–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, P. L. and Woodward, F. L. (1988) Responses of three woodland herbs to reduced photosynthetically active radiation and low red to far-red ratio in shade. Journal of Ecology, 76, 807–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moberg, R. and Holmasen, I. (1990) Lavar, en falthandbok. (Third Edition). Stockholm: Interpublishing.Google Scholar
Moffat, A. and McNeill, J. (1994) Reclaiming Disturbed Land for Forestry. Bulletin 110, Forestry Commission. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Molvar, E. M., Bowyer, R. T. and Vanballenberghe, V. (1993) Moose herbivory, browse quality, and nutrient cycling in an Alaskan treeline community. Oecologia, 94, 472–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, J. C., Walter, D. E. and Hunt, H. W. (1988) Arthropod regulation of micro- and mesobiota in below-ground detrital food webs. Annual Review of Entomology, 33, 419–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mori, S. A. and Prance, G. T. (1990) Taxonomy, ecology, and economic botany of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. and Bonpl.: Lecythidaceae). Advances in Economic Botany, 8, 130–50.Google Scholar
Morris, P. (1997) The Edible Dormouse (Glis glis). London: The Mammal Society.Google Scholar
Motzkin, G., Wilson, P., Foster, D. R. and Allen, A. (1999) Vegetation patterns in heterogeneous landscapes: the importance of history and environment. Journal of Vegetation Science, 10, 903–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mountford, E. P., Backmeroff, C. E. and Peterken, G. F. (2001) Long-term patterns of growth, mortality and natural disturbance in Wistman's Wood, a high altitude oakwood on Dartmoor. Reports and Transactions of the Devonian Association for the Advancement of Science, 133, 227–62.Google Scholar
Mueller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, H. (1974) Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. London: Wiley.Google Scholar
Muller, R. N. (2003) Landscape patterns of change in coarse woody debris accumulation in an old-growth deciduous forest on the Cumberland Plateau, southeastern Kentucky. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33, 763–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, R. N. and Bormann, F. H. (1976) Role of Erythronium americanum Ker. in energy flow and nutrient dynamics of a northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Science, 193, 1126–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, R. N. and Liu, Y. (1991) Coarse woody debris in an old-growth deciduous forest on the Cumberland Plateau, southeastern Kentucky. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21, 1567–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz-Reinoso, J. C. (2004) Diversity of maritime juniper woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management, 192, 267–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadelhoffer, K. J., Emmett, B. A., Gundersen, P.et al. (1999) Nitrogen deposition makes a minor contribution to carbon sequestration in temperate forests. Nature, 398, 145–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naeem, S., Thompson, L. J., Lawler, S. P., Lawton, J. H. and Woodfin, R. M. (1994) Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature, 368, 734–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nara, K. and Hogetsu, T. (2004) Ectomycorrhizal fungi on established shrubs facilitate subsequent seedling establishment of successional plant species. Ecology, 85, 1700–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narukawa, Y. and Yamamoto, S.-I. (2001) Gap formation, microsite variation and the conifer seedling occurrence in a subalpine old-growth forest, central Japan. Ecological Research, 16, 617–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nee, S. (2005) The neutral theory of biodiversity: do the numbers add up? Functional Ecology, 19, 173–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neff, J. C., Chapin, F. S. III and Vitousek, P. M. (2003) Breaks in the cycle: dissolved organic nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 205–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, S. E. (2001) Climatic and environmental change in Africa during the last two centuries. Climate Research, 17, 123–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, B. O. (1978) Above ground food resources and herbivory in a beech forest ecosystem. Oikos, 31, 273–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, P. C. and Muckadeli, M. S. (1954) Flower observations and controlled pollinations in Fagus. Silvae Genetica, 3, 6–17.Google Scholar
Northup, R. R., Yu, Z., Dahlgren, R. A. and Vogt, K. A. (1995) Polyphenol control of nitrogen release from pine litter. Nature, 377, 227–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, D. A. and Kelly, D. (1988) Mast seeding over 33 years in Dacrydium cupressinum Lamb. (rimu) (Podocarpaceae) in New Zealand: the importance of economies of scale. Functional Ecology, 2, 399–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, J. M. and Firestone, M. K. (1996) N dynamics in the rhizosphere of Pinus ponderosa seedlings. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 28, 351–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nosengo, N. (2003) Fertilized to death. Nature, 425, 894–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Hanlon-Manners, D. L. and Kotanen, P. M. (2004) Evidence that fungal pathogens inhibit recruitment of a shade-intolerant tree, white birch (Betula papyrifera), in understory habitats. Oecologia, 140, 650–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olmsted, N. W. and Curtis, J. D. (1947) Seeds of the forest floor. Ecology, 28, 49–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, J. S. (1963) Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems. Ecology, 44, 322–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega, Y. K. and Capen, D. E. (2002) Roads as edges: effects on birds in forested landscapes. Forest Science, 48, 381–90.Google Scholar
Orwig, D. A. (2002) Ecosystem response to regional impacts of introduced pests and pathogens: historical context, questions and issues. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1471–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Shea, M. and Halliday, T. (2001) Reptiles and Amphibians. London: Dorling Kindersley.Google Scholar
Ouis, D. (2003) Non-destructive techniques for detecting decay in standing trees. Arboricultural Journal, 27, 159–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ovington, J. D. (1958) Studies of the development of woodland conditions under different trees. VI. Soil calcium and magnesium. Journal of Ecology, 46, 391–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. (1979) Factors influencing the growth and distribution of the wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella L.) on the Long Mynd, Shropshire. Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club, Occasional paper No. 3, 1–14.
Packham, J. R. (1998) Entries on pp. 173, 662–3, 626, 673, 742–3, and 778. In The Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management, Ed. Calow, P.Oxford: Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Packham, J. R. (2003) Regenerative ability in fungally infected ancient common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Arboricultural Journal, 27, 155–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. (2004) The Laurissylva of Madeira: contemporary status of a Tertiary Forest. Arboricultural Journal, 28, 85–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Cohn, E. V. J. (1990) Ecology of the woodland field layer. Arboricultural Journal, 14, 357–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Harding, D. J. L. (1982) Ecology of Woodland Processes. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Harding, D. J. L. (1995) Ecology, Management & History of the Wyre Forest. University of Wolverhampton and the British Ecological Society.Google Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Hilton, G. M. (2002) Inter- and intra-site variation in the fruiting of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) over a twenty-two year period (1980–2001). Arboricultural Journal, 26, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Willis, A. J. (1976) Aspects of the ecology of two woodland herbs Oxalis acetosella L. and Galeobdolon luteum Huds. Journal of Ecology, 64, 485–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Willis, A. J. (1977) The effects of shading on Oxalis acetosella. Journal of Ecology, 65, 619–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R. and Willis, A. J. (1982) The influence of shading and of soil type on the growth of Galeobdolon luteum. Journal of Ecology, 70, 491–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packham, J. R., Harding, D. J. L., Hilton, G. M. and Stuttard, R. A. (1992) Functional Ecology of Woodlands and Forests. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Packham, J. R., Cohn, E. V. J., Millett, P. and Trueman, I. C. (1995) Introduction of plants and manipulation of field layer vegetation. In The Ecology of Woodland Creation, Ed. Ferris-Kaan, R.Chichester: Wiley, pp. 129–148.Google Scholar
Paillet, F. L. (2002) Chestnut: history and ecology of a transformed species. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1517–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paoli, G. D., Curran, L. M. and Zak, D. R. (2005) Phosphorus efficiency of Bornean rain forest productivity: evidence against the unimodal efficiency hypothesis. Ecology, 86, 1548–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasek, J. E., Burdsall, H. H., Cavey, J. F.et al. (2000) Pest Risk Assessment for Importation of Solid Wood Packing Materials into the United States. US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.Google Scholar
Peakall, R. (1998) Exceptionally low genetic diversity in an ancient relic, the Wollemi Pine: implications for conservation theory and practice. Abstracts, Genetics Society of Australia, 45thAnnual Conference.
Penuelas, J. and Filella, I. (2003) Deuterium labelling of roots provides evidence of deep water access and hydraulic lift by Pinus nigra in a Mediterranean forest of NE Spain. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 49, 201–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, I. and Moore, P. D. (1987) Dutch elm disease as an analogue of Neolithic elm decline. Nature, 326, 72–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterken, G. F. (1993) Woodland Conservation and Management. (Second Edition). London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Peterken, G. F. (1996) Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peterken, G. F. (1999) Applying natural forestry concepts in an intensively managed landscape. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 8, 321–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfister, R. D., Kovalchik, B. L., Arno, S. F. and Presby, R. C. (1977) Forest Habitat Types of Montana. General Technical Report INT-34. Ogden, UT:US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Intermountain Forest and Range Experimental Station.Google Scholar
Phillips, R. W., Hughes, J. H., Buford, M. A. et al. (1998) Atlantic White Cedar in North Carolina, USA: a brief history and current regeneration efforts. In Coastally Restricted Forests, Ed. Laderman, A. D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 156–170.Google Scholar
Pickett, S. T. A. and McDonnell, M. J. (1989) Changing perspectives in community dynamics – a theory of successional forces. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 4, 241–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickett, S. T. A. and White, P. S. (1985) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Pigott, C. D. (1975) Natural regeneration of Tilia cordata in relation to forest-structure in the forest of Białowieża, Poland. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 270, 151–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piovesan, G., Di Filippo, A., Alessandrini, A., Biondi, F. & Schirone, B. (2005) Structure, dynamics and dendrochronology of an old-growth Fagus forest in the Appennines. Journal of Vegetation Science, 16, 13–28.Google Scholar
Pitman, N. C. A., Terborgh, J., Silman, M. R. and Nuñez, V. P. (1999) Tree species distributions in an upper Amazonian forest. Ecology, 80, 2651–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponge, J.-F. (2003) Humus forms in terrestrial ecosystems: a framework to biodiversity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35, 935–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poorter, L., Bongers, F., Sterk, F. J. and Woll, H. (2005a) Beyond the regeneration phase: differentiation of height-light trajectories among tropical tree species. Journal of Ecology, 93, 256–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poorter, L., Zuidema, P. A., Pena-Claros, M. and Boot, R. G. A. (2005b) A monocarpic tree species in polycarpic world: how can Tachigali vasqueszii maintain itself in a tropical rain forest. Journal of Ecology, 93, 268–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poot, P. and Lambers, H. (2003) Are trade-offs in allocation patterns and root morphology related to species abundance? A congeneric comparison between rare and common species in the south-western Australian flora. Journal of Ecology, 91, 58–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popoola, T. O. S. and Fox, R. T. V. (2003) Effect of water stress on infection by species of honey fungus (Armillaria mellea and A. gallica). Arboricultural Journal, 27, 139–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potts, M. D. (2003) Drought in a Bornean everwet rainforest. Journal of Ecology, 91, 467–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potts, M. D., Ashton, P. S., Kaufman, L. S. and Plotkin, J. B. (2002) Habitat patterns in tropical rain forests: a comparison of 105 plots in northwest Borneo. Ecology, 83, 2782–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prance, G. T. (2003) From where do Brazil nuts come? Trees, 63, 10–11.Google Scholar
Prescott, C. E. (1995) Does nitrogen availability control rates of litter decomposition in forests? Plant and Soil, 168–169, 83–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prescott, C. E., Maynard, D. G. and Laiho, R. (2000) Humus in northern forests: friend or foe? Forest Ecology and Management, 133, 23–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pridnya, M. V. and Cherpakov, V. V. (1996) Ecology and pathology of European chestnut (Castanea sativa) in the deciduous forests of the Caucasus Mountains in southern Russia. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 123, 223–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Punshon, T. and Dickinson, N. M. (1997) Acclimation of Salix to metal stress. New Phytologist, 137, 303–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purves, D. W., Caspersen, J. P., Moorcroft, P. R., Hurtt, G. C. and Pacala, S. W. (2004) Human-induced changes in US biogenic volatile organic compound emissions: evidence from long-term forest inventory data. Global Change Biology, 10, 1737–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rackham, O. (1975) Hayley Wood: its History and Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Naturalists' Trust.Google Scholar
Rackham, O. (1990) Trees and Woodlands in the British Landscape. London: Dent.Google Scholar
Rackham, O. (2002) What is coppicing for? Sylva/Tree News, 1, 1–3.Google Scholar
Rackham, O. (2003) Ancient Woodland; its History, Vegetation and Uses in England. (New Edition). Dalbeattie, Kircudbrightshire: Castlepoint Press.Google Scholar
Rajaniemi, T. K., Allison, V. J. and Goldberg, D. E. (2003) Root competition can cause a decline in diversity with increased productivity. Journal of Ecology, 91, 407–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasanayagam, S. and Jeffries, P. (1992) Production of acid is responsible for antibiosis by some ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycological Research, 11, 971–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raunkiaer, C. (1934) The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Rayner, A. D. M. and Boddy, L. (1988) Fungal communities in the decay of wood. Advances in Microbial Ecology, 10, 115–66.Google Scholar
Redford, K. H. (1996) The empty forest. BioScience, 42, 412–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, R. A., Johnson-Barnard, J. and Baker, W. L. (1996) Contribution of roads to forest fragmentation in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology, 10, 1098–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, M., Condit, R., Crawley, M., Pacala, S. and Tilman, D. (2001) Long-term studies of vegetation dynamics. Science, 293, 650–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichle, D. E. (1981) Dynamic Properties of Forest Ecosystems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rennenberg, V. H., Seiler, W., Matyssek, R., Gessler, A. and Kreuzwieser, J. (2004) European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) – a forest tree without future in the south of Central Europe? Allgemeine Forst Und Jagdzeitung, 175, 210–24.Google Scholar
Rhind, P. (2003) Comment: Britain's contribution to global conservation and our coastal temperate forest. British Wildlife, 15, 97–102.Google Scholar
Rhoades, C. C., Brosi, S. L., Dattilo, A. J. and Vincelli, P. (2003) Effect of soil compaction and moisture on incidence of phytophthora root rot on American chestnut (Castanea dentata) seedlings. Forest Ecology and Management, 184, 47–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, S. K., Westerman, B. and Federici, R. (2004) Impacts of the exotic, nitrogen-fixing black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) on nitrogen-cycling in a pine-oak ecosystem. Plant Ecology, 174, 97–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, P. W. (1996) The Tropical Rain Forest. (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Richardson, D. M. and Rundel, P. W. (1998) Ecology and biogeography of Pinus: an introduction. In Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus, Ed. Richardson, D. M.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–46.Google Scholar
Riitters, K. H. and Wickham, J. D. (2003) How far to the nearest road? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 125–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riitters, K. H., Wickham, J. D., O'Neill, R. V.et al. (2002) Fragmentation of continental United States forests. Ecosystems, 5, 815–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, A. (1987) The centroid of tree crowns as an indicator of abiotic processes in a balsam fir wave forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17, 746–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roderick, M. L. (2006) The ever-flickering light. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 3–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodin, L. E. and Bazilevich, N. I. (1967) Production and Mineral Cycling in Terrestrial Vegetation. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) Woodlands and Scrub. British Plant Communities. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rollinson, T. J. D. (1985) Thinning Control. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Rooney, T. P. and Waller, D. M. (2003) Direct and indirect effects of white-tailed deer in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management, 181, 165–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, F. (1988) Phytogeographical and ecological aspects of Lobarion communities in Europe. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 96, 69–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, F. (1999) Indicators of ancient woodland. British Wildlife, 10, 241–51.Google Scholar
Rothe, A. and Binkley, D. (2001) Nutritional interactions in mixed species forests: a synthesis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31, 1855–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothstein, D. E. (2000) Spring ephemeral herbs and nitrogen cycling in a northern hardwood forest: an experimental test of the vernal dam hypothesis. Oecologia, 124, 446–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousseau, J. V. D., Sylvia, D. M. and Fox, A. J. (1994) Contribution of ectomycorrhiza to the potential nutrient-absorbing surface of pine. New Phytologist, 128, 639–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rydberg, D. and Falck, J. (2000) Urban forestry in Sweden from a silvicultural perspective: a review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 47, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. (1916a) The oak-hornbeam woods of Hertfordshire. I and II. Journal of Ecology, 4, 83–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. (1916b) The emergence of aerial organs in woodland plants. Journal of Ecology, 4, 121–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. (1942) The Reproductive Capacity of Plants. London: Bell.Google Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. (1961) Weeds and Aliens. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Salmon, J. T. (1991) Native New Zealand Flowering Plants. Birkenhead, Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Books.Google Scholar
Satchell, J. E. (1962) Resistance in oak (Quercus spp.) to defoliation by Tortrix viridana L. in Roudsea Wood National Nature Reserve. Annals of Applied Biology, 50, 431–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawidis, T., Marnasidis, A., Zachariadis, G. and Stratis, J. (1995) A study of air-pollution with heavy-metals in Thessaloniki City (Greece) using trees as biological indicators. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 28, 118–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaberg, P. G., DeHayes, D. H. and Hawley, G. J. (2001) Anthropogenic calcium depletion: a unique threat to forest ecosystem health? Ecosystem Health, 7, 214–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schemske, D. W. (2002) Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on the origins of tropical diversity. In Foundations of Tropical Forest Biology, Ed. Chazdon, R. L. and Whitmore, T. C.Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp. 163–73.Google Scholar
Schnurr, J. L., Ostfeld, R. S. and Canham, C. D. (2002) Direct and indirect effects of masting on rodent populations and tree seed survival. Oikos, 96, 402–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, D. (1969) Bodenkunde in Stichworten. Kiel: Hirt.Google Scholar
Schulze, E.-D. (1970) Der CO2-Gaswechsel de Buche (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Abhangigkiet von Klimafaktoren im Freiland. Flora, Jena, 159, 177–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze, E.-D. and Mooney, H. A. (1993) Ecosystem function of biodiversity: a summary. In Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function, Ed. Schulze, E. D. and Mooney, H. A.Berlin: Springer, pp. 497–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze, E.-D., Fuchs, M. I. and Fuchs, M. (1977a) Spatial distribution of photosynthetic capacity and performance in a mountain spruce forest of Northern Germany. I. Biomass distribution and daily CO2 uptake in different crown layers. Oecologia, 29, 43–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze, E.-D., Fuchs, M. and Fuchs, M. I. (1977b) Spatial distribution of photosynthetic capacity and performance in a mountain spruce forest of Northern Germany. III. The significance of the evergreen habit. Oecologia, 30, 239–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwaiger, H. and Schlamadinger, B. (1998) The potential of fuelwood to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. Biomass and Bioenergy, 15, 369–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarze, F. W. M. R. and Ferner, D. (2003) Ganoderma on trees – differentiation of species and studies of invasiveness. Arboricultural Journal, 27, 59–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sedjo, R. A. and Botkin, D. (1997) Using forest plantations to spare natural forests. Environment, 39, 15–20, 30.Google Scholar
Sernander, R. (1936) The primitive forests of Granskar and Fiby: a study of the part played by storm-gaps and dwarf trees in the regeneration of the Swedish spruce forest. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica, 8, 1–232 (English summary, pp. 220–7.)Google Scholar
Sfikas, G. (2002) Wild Flowers of Crete. Athens: Efstathiadis Group.Google Scholar
Sherrill, S. B. (2003) Harvesting Urban Timber. Fresno, CA: Linden Publishing.Google Scholar
Shugart, H. H., Leemans, R. and Bonan, G. B. (1992) A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shultz, E. B., Bhatnagar, D., Jacobson, M.et al. (2002, reprinted from 1992 edition) Neem – a Tree for Solving Global Problems. New York: Books for Business.Google Scholar
Silver, W. L., Scatena, F. N., Johnson, A. H., Siccama, T. G. and Sánchez, M. J. (1994) Nutrient availability in a montane wet tropical forest in Puerto Rico: spatial patterns and methodological considerations. Plant and Soil, 164, 129–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silvertown, J. W. (1980) The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding in trees. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 14, 567–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simard, S. W., Perry, D. A., Jones, M. D.et al. (1997) Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal tree species in the field. Nature, 388, 579–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sirois, L. (1992) The transition between boreal forest and tundra. In A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest, Ed. Shugart, H. H., Leemans, R. and Bonan, G. B.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 196–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skarpe, C., Aarrestad, P. A., Andreassen, H. P.et al. (2004) The return of the giants: ecological effects of an increasing elephant population. Ambio, 33, 276–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skole, D. and Tucker, C. (1993) Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon: satellite data from 1978 to 1988. Science, 260, 1905–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slade, A. J. and Hutchings, M. J. (1987a) The effects of nutrient availability on foraging in the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea. Journal of Ecology, 75, 95–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, A. J. and Hutchings, M. J. (1987b) The effects of light intensity on foraging in the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea. Journal of Ecology, 75, 639–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slade, A. J. and Hutchings, M. J. (1987c) Clonal integration and plasticity in foraging behaviour in the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea. Journal of Ecology, 75, 1023–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, W. H. (1976) Character and significance of forest tree root exudates. Ecology, 57, 324–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sobey, D. G. (1995a, b) Analysis of the ground flora and other data collected during the 1991 Prince Edward Island Forest Inventory. II. Plant community analysis. III. A comparison of the vegetation and environmental factors of pre-1935 and post-1935 forested sites. Report to the Prince Edward Island, Forestry Division.
Sohlenius, B. (1980) Abundance, biomass and contribution to energy flow by soil nematodes in terrestrial ecosystems. Oikos, 34, 186–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solé, R. V., Bartumeus, F. and Gamarra, J. G. P. (2005) Gap percolation in rainforests. Oikos, 110, 177–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sork, V. L. (1993) Evolutionary ecology of mast-seeding in temperate and tropical oaks (Quercus spp.). Vegetatio, 107/108, 133–47.Google Scholar
Sparks, T. H. (2000) The long-term phenology of woodland species in Britain. In Long-term Studies in British Woodland, Ed. Kirby, K. J. and Morecroft, M. D. English Nature Science No. 34. Peterborough: English Nature, pp. 98–105.Google Scholar
Sparks, T. H. and Smithers, R. J. (2002). Is spring getting earlier? Weather, 57, 157–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spears, J. D. H., Holub, S. M., Harmon, M. E. and Lajtha, K. (2003) The influence of decomposing logs on soil biology and nutrient cycling in an old-growth mixed coniferous forest in Oregon, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33, 2193–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speight, M. R. and Wylie, F. R. (2001) Insect Pests in Tropical Forestry. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.Google Scholar
Spellerberg, I. F. (1998) Ecological effects of roads and traffic: a literature review. Global Change and Biogeography Letters, 7, 317–333.Google Scholar
Sprugel, D. G. (1976) Dynamic structure of wave-regenerated Abies balsamea forests in the north-eastern United States. Journal of Ecology, 64, 889–911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spurr, S. H. and Barnes, B. V. (1980) Forest Ecology. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Stanhill, G. and Cohen, S. (2001) Global dimming: a review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural consequences. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 107, 255–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suresh, B. and Ravishankar, G. A. (2004) Phytoremediation – a novel and promising approach for environmental clean-up. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 24, 97–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suska, B., Muller, C. and Bonnet-Masimbert, M. (1996) Seeds of Forest Broadleaves: from Harvest to Sowing. Paris: INRA.Google Scholar
Sutton, W. R. J. (1999) Does the world need planted forests? New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 44, 24–9.Google Scholar
Sutton, W. R. J. (2000) Wood in the third millennium. Forest Products Journal, 50, 12–21.Google Scholar
Svenning, J.-C. (2002) A review of natural vegetation openness in north-western Europe. Biological Conservation, 104, 133–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swain, P. C. and Kearsley, J. B. (2000) Classification of the Natural Communities of Massachusetts – draft. Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Westborough, MA.Google Scholar
Swift, M. J., Heal, O. W. and Anderson, J. M. (1979) Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Sziemer, P. (2000) Madeira's Natural History in a Nutshell. Funchal, Madeira: Francisco Ribeiro and Filhos Lda.Google Scholar
Tansley, A. G. (1935) The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology, 16, 284–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tapias, R., Gil, L., Fuentes-Utrilla, P. and Pardos, J. A. (2001) Canopy seed banks in Mediterranean pines of south-eastern Spain: a comparison between Pinus halepensis Mill., P. pinaster Ait., P. nigra Arn. and P. pinea L. Journal of Ecology, 89, 629–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tattar, T. A., Berman, P. M., Gonzalez, M. S. and Dolloff, A. L. (1996) Biocontrol of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. Arboricultural Journal, 20, 449–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terborgh, J. (1992) Diversity and the Tropical Rain Forest. New York: Scientific American Library.Google Scholar
Tessier, J. T. and Raynal, D. J. (2003) Vernal nitrogen and phosphorus retention by forest understory vegetation and soil microbes. Plant and Soil, 256, 443–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, P. A. (2000) Trees: Their Natural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, P. A. and Polwart, A. (2003) Biological flora of the British Isles, Taxus baccata L. Journal of Ecology, 91, 489–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, R. C., Kirby, K. J., and Reid, C. M. (1997) The conservation of a fragmented ecosystem within a cultural landscape – the case of ancient woodland in England. Biological Conservation, 82, 243–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, K. and Grime, J. P. (1979) Seasonal variations in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats. Journal of Ecology, 67, 893–921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, K., Bakker, J. P. & Bekker, R. M. (1997) The Soil Seed Banks of North West Europe: Methodology, Density and Longevity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tickell, O. (1994) Conifer forests are not the ‘deserts’ they seem. New Scientist, 17 September, 16.Google Scholar
Tilgar, V., Mänd, R. and Mägi, M. (2002) Calcium shortage as a constraint on reproduction in great tits Parus major: a field experiment. Journal of Avian Biology, 33, 407–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinker, D. B. and Knight, D. H. (2001) Temporal and spatial dynamics of coarse woody debris in harvested and unharvested lodgepole pine forests. Ecological Modelling, 141, 125–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tittensor, R. M. (1980) Ecological history of yew Taxus baccata L. in southern England. Biological Conservation, 17, 243–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toghill, P. (1990) Geology in Shropshire. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press.Google Scholar
Toghill, P. (2000) The Geology of Britain: an Introduction. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press.Google Scholar
Tokeshi, M. (1999) Species Coexistence. Oxford: Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Tompkins, D. M., White, A. R. and Boots, M. (2003) Ecological replacement of native red squirrels by invasive greys driven by disease. Ecology Letters, 6, 189–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tranquillini, W. (1979) Physiological Ecology of the Alpine Timberline. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, A. P. and Dickinson, N. M. (1993) Survival of Acer pseudoplatanus L. (sycamore) seedlings on metalliferous soils. New Phytologist, 123, 509–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallan, D. (2002) Effects of anthropogenic environmental changes on amphibian diversity in the rain forests of eastern Madagascar. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 18, 725–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenbeld, J. (1988) Nature of Australia: a Portrait of the Island Continent. New York: Facts on File and Autralian Broadcasting Corporation.Google Scholar
Vander Wall, S. B. (1997) Dispersal of single-leaf piñon pine (Pinus monophylla) by seed-caching rodents. Journal of Mammalogy, 78, 181–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vander Wall, S. B. (2001) The evolutionary ecology of nut dispersal. Botanical Review, 67, 74–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vander Wall, S. B. and Balda, R. P. (1977) Coadaptations of the Clark's nutcracker and piñon pine for efficient seed harvest and dispersal. Ecological Monographs, 47, 89–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vander Wall, S. B. and Longland, W. S. (2004) Diplochory: are two seed dispersers better than one? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19, 155–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varley, G. C. (1967) The estimation of secondary production in species with an annual life-cycle. In Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Ed. Petrusewicz, K.Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences, pp. 447–57.Google Scholar
Varley, G. C. (1970) The concept of energy flow applied to a woodland community. In Animal Populations in Relation to their Food Resources, Ed. Watson, A.Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, pp. 389–405.Google Scholar
Veblen, T. H. (1985) Stand dynamics in Chilean Nothofagus forests. In The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics, Ed. Pickett, S. T. A. and White, P. S.New York: Academic Press, pp. 33–51.Google Scholar
Vera, F. W. M. (2000) Grazing Ecology and Forest History. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vera, F. W. M. (2002) The dynamic European forest. Arboricultural Journal, 26, 179–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vines, G. (2002) Gladrunners. New Scientist, 7 September, 34–7.Google Scholar
Visser, M. E. and Holleman, L. J. (2001) Warmer springs disrupt the synchrony of oak and winter moth phenology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 268, 289–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visser, M. E., Nordwijk, A. J., Tinbergen, J. M. and Lessells, C. M. (1998) Warmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction in great tits (Parus major). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 265, 1867–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitousek, P. M., Hättenschwiler, S., Olander, L. and Allison, S. (2002) Nitrogen and nature. Ambio, 31, 97–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogt, K. A., Grier, C. C., Meier, C. E. and Keyes, M. R. (1983) Organic matter and nutrient dynamics in forest floors of young and mature Abies amabilis stands in western Washington, as affected by fine-root input. Ecological Monographs, 53, 139–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogt, K. A., Grier, C. C. and Vogt, D. J. (1986) Production, turnover, and nutrient dynamics of aboveground and belowground detritus of world forests. Advances in Ecological Research, 15, 303–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, T. G., Riitters, K. H., Wickham, J. D. and Jones, K. B. (2003) Distribution and causes of global forest fragmentation. Conservation Biology, 7(2), article 7.Google Scholar
Walker, L. R., Zasada, J. C. and Chapin, F. S. III (1986) The role of life history processes in primary succession on an Alaskan floodplain. Ecology, 67, 1243–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallwork, J. A. (1970) Ecology of Soil Animals. London: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Wallwork, J. A. (1983) Oribatids in forest ecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology, 28, 109–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, H. (1973) Vegetation of the Earth in Relation to Climate and the Eco-physiological Conditions. London: EUP-Springer.Google Scholar
Walther, G.-R. (2003) Plants in a warmer world. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 6, 169–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, B. C. and Smith, T. B. (2002) Closing the seed dispersal loop. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17, 379–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wardle, D. A. (2002) Communities and Ecosystems: Linking the Aboveground and Belowground Components. Monographs in Population Biology, 34. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wardle, D. A., Barker, G. M., Yeates, G. W., Bonner, K. I. and Ghani, A. (2001) Introduced browsing mammals in New Zealand natural forests: aboveground and belowground consequences. Ecological Monographs, 71, 587–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, R. T., Noble, I. R., Bolin, B.et al. (2000) Land Use, Land Use Changes and Forestry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Watt, A. S. (1925) On the ecology of British beechwoods with special reference to their regeneration. Part II. Sections II and III. Journal of Ecology, 13, 27–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, A. S. (1947) Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology, 35, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, H. and Haddow, G. (1993) The World Checklist of Conifers. Landsman's Bookshop, Hertfordshire, UK: The World Conifer Data Pool.Google Scholar
Westman, W. E. (1978) Measuring inertia and resilience of ecosystems. BioScience, 28, 705–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westveld, M., Ashman, R. I., Baldwin, H. I.et al. (1956) Natural forest vegetation zones of New England. Journal of Forestry, 54, 332–8.Google Scholar
Whild, S. (2003) Ancient woodland indicators in Shropshire. Shropshire Botanical Society Newsletter (Spring 2003), 18–19.Google Scholar
Whitmore, T. C. (1984) Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East. (Second Edition). Oxford: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whitmore, T. C. (1998) An Introduction to Tropical Rain Forests. (Second Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whittaker, R. H. (1975) Communities and Ecosystems. (Second Edition). London: Collier-Macmillan.Google Scholar
Whittaker, R. J., Willis, K. J. and Field, R. (2001) Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 453–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, A. J. (1996) Obituary: Paul Westamacott Richards, C. B. E. (1908–95). Journal of Ecology, 84, 795–8.Google Scholar
Willis, A. J. (1997) The ecosystem: an evolving concept viewed historically. Functional Ecology, 11, 268–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wingfield, M. J., Slippers, B., Roux, J. and Wingfield, B. D. (2001) Worldwide movement of exotic forest fungi, especially in the tropics and the southern hemisphere. BioScience, 51, 134–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wisniewski, L. and Dickinson, N. M. (2003) Toxicity of copper to Quercus robur (English oak) seedlings from a copper-rich soil. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 50, 99–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woldendorp, G. and Keenan, R. J. (2005) Coarse woody debris in Australian forest ecosystems: a review. Austral Ecology, 30, 834–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, M. (1989) Soil Biology. London: Blackie.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodford, J. (2002) The Wollemi Pine: the Incredible Discovery of a Living Fossil from the Age of the Dinosaurs. Melbourne, Australia: Text Publishing.Google Scholar
Woods, K. D. (2004) Intermediate disturbance in a late-successional hardwood forest. Journal of Ecology, 92, 464–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, I. (1989) Plants in the greenhouse world. New Scientist: Inside Science, No. 21.Google Scholar
Woodward, S. L. (2003) Biomes of Earth: Terrestrial, Aquatic and Human-Dominated. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Woollons, R. C. (2000) Comparison of growth of Pinus radiata over two rotations in central North Island of New Zealand. The International Forestry Review, 2, 84–9.Google Scholar
Wright, S. J. (2002) Plant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms of species coexistence. Oecologia, 130, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wyman, R. L. (1998) Experimental assessment of salamanders as predators of detrital food webs: effects on invertebrates, decomposition and the carbon cycle. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7, 641–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yalden, D. (2003) Letters: wolves and foxes. British Wildlife, 15, 150.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, S.-I. (1993) Gap characteristics and gap regeneration in a subalpine coniferous forest on Mt Ontake, central Honshu, Japan. Ecological Research, 8, 277–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamamoto, S.-I. (1998) Regeneration ecology of Chamaecyparis obtusa and Chamaecyparis pisifera (Hinoki and Sawara Cypress), Japan. In Coastally Restricted Forests, Ed. Laderman, A. D.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 101–110.Google Scholar
Yanai, R. D. (1992) Phosphorus budget of a 70-year-old northern hardwood forest. Biogeochemistry, 17, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanai, R. D. (1998) The effect of whole-tree harvest on phosphorus cycling in a northern hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 104, 281–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanai, R. D., Currie, W. S. and Goodale, C. L. (2003) Soil carbon dynamics after forest harvest: an ecosystem paradigm reconsidered. Ecosystems, 6, 197–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, L. H. (2004) Periodical cicada as resource pulses in North American forests. Science, 306, 1565–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, J. E. (1975) Effects of spectral composition of light sources on the growth of a higher plant. In Light as an Ecological Factor: II, Ed. Evans, G. C.Bainbridge, R. and Rackham, O.Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, pp. 135–60.Google Scholar
Young, J. Z. (1950) The Life of Vertebrates. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zackrisson, O., Nilsson, M. C., Jaderlund, A. and Wardle, D. A. (1999) Nutritional effects of seed fall during mast years in boreal forest. Oikos, 84, 17–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zak, D. R., Groffman, P. M., Pregitzer, K. S., Christensen, S. and Tiedje, J. M. (1990) The vernal dam: plant-microbe competition for nitrogen in northern hardwood forests. Ecology, 71, 651–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zanne, A. E. and Chapman, C. A. (2005) Diversity of woody species in forest, treefall gaps, and edge in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Plant Ecology, 178, 121–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zohlen, A. and Tyler, G. (2004) Soluble inorganic tissue phosphorus and calcicole-calcifuge behaviour of plants. Annals of Botany, 94, 427–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Peter Thomas, Keele University, John Packham, University of Wolverhampton
  • Book: Ecology of Woodlands and Forests
  • Online publication: 05 June 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805578.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Peter Thomas, Keele University, John Packham, University of Wolverhampton
  • Book: Ecology of Woodlands and Forests
  • Online publication: 05 June 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805578.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Peter Thomas, Keele University, John Packham, University of Wolverhampton
  • Book: Ecology of Woodlands and Forests
  • Online publication: 05 June 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805578.014
Available formats
×