The arena of criminal justice in India was structured by a Code first drafted in the 1840s by Thomas Macaulay, though only enacted (with revisions) in 1860. The Indian Penal Code was shaped on the model of England's criminal law, cleansed of many technicalities and obscurities that had accumulated over the centuries, and with additions and deletions to accommodate Indian conditions, like specific provision for the greater incidence of infanticide and “dacoity” (robbery by groups). As extended and modified by Fitzjames Stephen's 1872 Criminal Procedure and Evidence Acts, the Code contained provisions that both favored and restrained state power. On the one hand, it facilitated prosecution by doing away with some burdensome procedural requirements inherited from earlier English times. It also responded to the scarcity of British officials by leaving a larger role for (Indian) police, who were under less effective supervision than their counterparts in England.