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4 - Sensitive Periods in the Behavioral Development of Mammals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2010

By
Christoph Wiedenmayer
Edited by
Carol M. Worthman ,
Paul M. Plotsky ,
Daniel S. Schechter  and
Constance A. Cummings
Carol M. Worthman
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
Paul M. Plotsky
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
Daniel S. Schechter
Affiliation:
Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève
Constance A. Cummings
Affiliation:
Foundation for Psychocultural Research, California
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Summary

Experience can modify the behavior of animals anytime during their lifespan. Sometimes an experience is so powerful that it can alter the animal's behavior in an enduring way. It has been argued that environmental influences are particularly effective in shaping behavior when they occur in early development. This view implies that early experience differs from experience in adulthood. In other words, there are specific periods during development, windows of susceptibility, when experience has a significantly stronger impact on brain and behavior compared to other periods. In this review, I will try to answer the question, “Do particular periods exist in the early lives of mammals during which experience has long-lasting consequences in brain and behavior?” I will first describe the concept of sensitive periods, and then summarize studies that demonstrate an effect of early experience on later behavior. Examples include olfactory learning about the caregiver and the consequences of aversive stimulation on anxiety and fear. I will discuss the neural bases of experience-dependent changes in behavior during sensitive periods, and suggest, finally, that whereas early experience can result in adaptive adjustments to local environments, it can also lead to disruption and maladaptation.

THE CONCEPT OF SENSITIVE PERIOD

The idea that experience has a more pronounced and a longer lasting effect during early development than later in life has a long history. The ethologist Konrad Lorenz introduced the concept of “critical period” into the behavioral sciences (Lorenz, 1937).

Type
Chapter
Information
Formative Experiences
The Interaction of Caregiving, Culture, and Developmental Psychobiology
 , pp. 82 - 105
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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