Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Introduction
- Module 1 Cardiothoracic and vascular
- Module 2 Musculoskeletal and trauma
- Module 3 Gastro-intestinal
- Module 4 Genito-urinary, adrenal, obstetrics & gynaecology and breast
- Module 5 Paediatric
- Questions
- Answers
- Module 6 Central nervous and head & neck
- References
- Index
Answers
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 July 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Introduction
- Module 1 Cardiothoracic and vascular
- Module 2 Musculoskeletal and trauma
- Module 3 Gastro-intestinal
- Module 4 Genito-urinary, adrenal, obstetrics & gynaecology and breast
- Module 5 Paediatric
- Questions
- Answers
- Module 6 Central nervous and head & neck
- References
- Index
Summary
1. e. Down's syndrome
Anterior vertebral body scalloping is seen in Down's syndrome. Posterior scalloping is seen in syringomyelia, Marfan's, Hurler's, Morquio's, osteogenesis imperfecta and communicating hydrocephalus. In Down's syndrome there is also squaring of the vertebral bodies, and atlanto-axial subluxation occurs in approximately 25% of cases.
(Ref: Dahnert p. 70)
2. a. Alpha angle >60°
Alpha angle should measure >60° in a normal hip. Acetabular angle >30° strongly suggests dysplasia. Beta angle should measure less than 77°. The alpha angle is the line between the straight edge of the ilium and the bony acetabular margin. The beta angle is the angle between the straight lateral edge of the ilium and the fibrocartilagenous acetabulum. Over 58% coverage of the femoral head is considered normal, 33–58% coverage is indeterminate and less than 33% is abnormal.
(Ref: Dahnert p. 67)
3. e. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVC)
VSD and PDA will both result in pulmonary plethora and distress, but are left-to-right shunts and acyanotic. Pulmonary stenosis results in pulmonary oligaemia and may or may not be cyanotic depending on the presence of an intracardiac defect with shunt reversal. Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital cyanotic heart disease with pulmonary oligaemia unless associated with the development of aorto-pulmonary collaterals. Apart from TAPVC, the admixture lesions such as truncus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia, transposition of great vessels, single ventricle and common atrium are some other causes of cyanosis with pulmonary plethora.
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- Information
- SBAs for the FRCR 2A , pp. 114 - 126Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2010