Psychology, history, subjectivity

The human being is not the eternal basis of human history and human culture but a historical and cultural artifact. This is the message of studies from a variety of disciplines, which have pointed in different ways to the historical and cultural specificity of our modern Western conception of the person. In such societies, the self is construed as a naturally unique and discrete entity, the boundaries of the body enclosing, as if by definition, an inner life of the psyche, in which are inscribed the experiences of an individual biography. But modern Western societies are unusual in construing the self as such a natural locus of beliefs and desires, with inherent capacities, as the self-evident origin of actions and decisions, as a stable phenomenon exhibiting consistency across different contexts and times. They are also unusual in grounding and justifying their apparatuses for the regulation of conduct upon such a conception of the self: law, with its notions of responsibility and intent; morality, with its valorization of authenticity and its emotivism; politics, with its emphasis on individual rights, individual choices, and individual freedoms. It is in these societies that psychology has been born as a scientific discipline, as a positive knowledge of the self, and a particular way of speaking the truth about selves and acting upon them.