Ecology and management of plants in aquatic ecosystems

Stefan E. B. Weisner; John A. Strand

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511549984.015

13 - Ecology and management of plants in aquatic ecosystems

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 December 2009

Stefan E. B. Weisner and

John A. Strand

Edited by

Martin R. Perrow and

Anthony J. Davy

Show author details

Stefan E. B. Weisner: Affiliation:
Department of Limnology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
John A. Strand: Affiliation:
Rural Economy and Agricultural Society, Lilla Böslid, S-310 31 Eldsberga, Sweden
Martin R. Perrow: Affiliation:
University of East Anglia
Anthony J. Davy: Affiliation:
University of East Anglia

Book contents

Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Recently, research on aquatic plants has received considerable attention, both from a basic research point of view (to understand aquatic ecosystem behaviour and plant population dynamics), but also because of the importance of aquatic plants in restoration of shallow lakes, wetland management and nutrient removal from aquatic systems. Furthermore, research on aquatic plants is quite often derived from problems arising when exotic aquatic species invade ecosystems (Madsen et al., 1991), or when human impact makes native species into a nuisance. During the last decade there has been a shift in focus from factors affecting macrophytes, to how macrophytes affect the ecosystem (Carpenter & Lodge, 1986; Sondergaard & Moss, 1998).

Despite a considerable amount of research, we still lack knowledge on the relative importance of mechanisms regulating and structuring aquatic plant populations, and how vegetation affects the ecosystem. Basic knowledge regarding, for example, life-history characteristics, germination requirements or dispersal ecology of different species is also often lacking. It is also still surprisingly common for researchers to ignore or not fully appreciate the influence and importance of aquatic plants in theoretical as well as applied aspects of limnology (e.g. modelling and biomanipulation).

This chapter is an attempt to outline the basic forces structuring the distribution of aquatic vegetation, and to give examples on how knowledge about structuring forces can be used in management.

Definitions

The diverse and systematically heterogeneous group that comprise aquatic plants has challenged definition and classification.

Type: Chapter
Information: Handbook of Ecological Restoration , pp. 242 - 256

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511549984.015 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, M. S., Titus, J. & McCracken, M. D. (1974). Depth distribution of photosynthetic activity in a Myriophyllum spicatum community in Lake Wingra. Limnology and Oceanography, 19, 377–389CrossRef Google Scholar

Agami, M. & Waisel, Y. (1986). The role of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in distribution and germination of seeds of the submerged hydrophyteNajas marina L. Oecologia, 68, 473–475CrossRef Google Scholar

Agami, M. & Waisel, Y. (1988). The role of fish in distribution and germination of seeds of the submerged macrophyteNajas marina L. and Ruppia maritima L. Oecologia, 76, 83–38CrossRef Google Scholar

Austin, J. E., Serie, J. R. & Noyes, J. H. (1990). Diet of canvasbacks during breeding. Prairie Naturalist, 22, 171–176Google Scholar

Bakker, J. P., Poschlod, P., Strykstra, R. J., Bekker, R. M. & Thompson, K. (1996). Seed banks and seed dispersal: important topics in restoration ecology. Acta Botanika Neerlandica, 45, 461–490CrossRef Google Scholar

Barko, J. W. & James, W. F. (1998). Effects of submerged aquatic macrophytes on nutrient dynamics, sedimentation, and resuspension. In The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes, eds. E. Jeppesen, M. S⊘ndergaard, M. S⊘ndergaard, K. Christofferson, pp. 197–214. New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Barko, J. W. & Smart, R. M. (1981). Comparative influences of light and temperature on the growth and metabolism of selected submersed macrophytes. Ecological Monographs, 5, 219–235CrossRef Google Scholar

Baskin, J. M. & Baskin, C. C. (1982). Effects of wetting and drying cycles on the germination of seeds ofCyperus inflexus. Ecology, 63, 248–252CrossRef Google Scholar

Björk, S. (1988). Redevelopment of lake ecosystems: a case-study approach. Ambio, 17, 90–98Google Scholar

Bonis, A. & Lepart, J. (1994). Vertical structure of seed banks and the impact of depth of burial on recruitment in two temporary marshes. Vegetatio, 112, 127–139CrossRef Google Scholar

Brönmark, C. & Weisner, S. E. B. (1992). Indirect effects of fish community strucure on submerged vegetation in shallow eutrophic lakes: an alternative mechanism. Hydrobiologia, 243/244, 293–301CrossRef Google Scholar

Carpenter, S. R. & Lodge, D. M. (1986). Effects of submersed macrophytes on ecosystem processes. Aquatic Botany, 26, 341–370CrossRef Google Scholar

Chambers, P. A. (1987). Nearshore occurrence of submersed agnatic macrophytes in melation to wave action. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Agnatic Sciences, 44, 1666–1669CrossRef Google Scholar

Chambers, P. A. & Kalff, J. (1985). Depth distribution and biomass of submersed aquatic macrophyte communities in relation to secchi depth. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42, 701–9CrossRef Google Scholar

Charudattan, R. (1990). Biological control of aquatic weeds by means of fungi. In Aquatic Weeds: The Ecology and Management of Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation, eds. A. H. Pieterse & K. J. Murphy, pp. 186–200. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications

Cellot, B., Mouillot, F. & Henry, C. P. (1998). Flood drift and propagule bank of aquatic macrophytes in a riverine wetland. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9, 631–640CrossRef Google Scholar

Coble, T. A. & Vance, B. D. (1987). Seed germination inMyriophyllum spicatum L. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 25, 8–10Google Scholar

Cook, C. D. K. (1987). Dispersion in aquatic and amphibious vascular plants. In Plant Life in Aquatic and Amphibious Habitats, ed. R. M. M. Crawford, pp.?. Oxford: Blackwell

Crawley, M. J. (1983). Herbivory: The Dynamics of Animal – Plant Interactions. Oxford: Blackwell

Cyr, H. & Pace, M. L. (1993). Magnitude and pattern of herbivory in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Nature, 361, 148–50CrossRef Google Scholar

Dall Armellina, A. A., Bezic, C. R. & Gajardo, O. A. (1999). Submerged macrophyte control with herbivorous fish in irrigation channels of semiarid Argentina. Hydrobiologia, 415, 265–269CrossRef Google Scholar

Vlaming, V. & Proctor, V. W. (1968). Dispersal of aquatic organisms: viability of seeds recovered from the droppings of captive killdeer and mallard ducks. American Journal of Botany, 55, 20–26CrossRef Google Scholar

Ekstam, B. (1995). Regeneration traits of emergent clonal plants in aquatic habitats. PhD thesis, University, Lund, Sweden

Ekstam, B. & Weisner, S. E. B. (1991). Dynamics of emergent vegetation in relation to open water of shallow lakes. In Wetlands Management and Restoration. Workshop eds. C. M. Finlayson & T. Larsson, pp. 56–64. Stockholm: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency

Ekstam, B., Granéli, W. & Weisner, S. (1992). Establishment of reedbeds. In Reedbeds for Wildlife, ed. D. Ward, pp. 3–19. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol

Eriksson, P. G. & Weisner, S. E. B. (1999). An experimental study on effects of submersed macrophytes on nitrification and denitrification in ammonium-rich aquatic systems. Limnology and Oceanography, 44, 1993–1999CrossRef Google Scholar

Feminella, J. W. & Resh, V. R. (1989). Submersed macrophytes and grazing crayfish: an experimental study of herbivory in a Californian freshwater marsh. Holarctic Ecology, 12, 1–8Google Scholar

Grace, J. B. (1993). The adaptive significance of clonal reproduction in angiosperms: an aquatic perspective. Aquatic Botany, 44, 159–180CrossRef Google Scholar

Grillas, P., Wijk, C. & Boy, V. (1992). Transferring sediment containing intact seed banks: a method for studying plant community ecology. Hydrobiologia, 228, 29–36CrossRef Google Scholar

Grillas, P., Garcia-Murillo, O., Geertz-Hansen, N., Montes, C., Duarte, C. M., Tan Ham, L. & Grossman, A. (1993). Submerged macrophyte seed bank in a Mediterranean temporary marsh: abundance and relationship with established vegetation. Oecologia, 94, 1–6CrossRef Google Scholar

Grime, J. P. (1979). Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. New York: John Wiley

Haag, R. W. (1983). Emergence of seedling of aquatic macrophytes from lake sediment. Canadian Journal of Botany, 61, 148–156CrossRef Google Scholar

Hansson, L.-A., Johansson, L. & Persson, L. (1987). Effects of fish grazing on nutrient release and succession of primary producers. Limnology and Oceanography, 32, 723–729CrossRef Google Scholar

Hansson, L. A., Annadotter, H., Bergman, E., Hamrin, S. F., Jeppesen, E., Kairesalo, T., Luokkanen, E., Nilsson, P.-ö., S⊘ndergaard, M. & Strand, J. A. (1998). Biomanipulation as an application of food-chain theory: constraints, synthesis, and recommendations for temperate lakes. Ecosystems, 1, 558–574CrossRef Google Scholar

Hartleb, C. F., Madsen, J. D. & Boylen, C. W. (1993). Environmental factors affecting seed germination in Myriophyllum spicatum L. Aquatic Botany, 45, 15–25CrossRef Google Scholar

Hengeveld, R. (1989). Dynamics of Biological Invasion. New York: Chapman & Hall

Hessen, D. O. & Skurdal, J. (1986). Analysis of food utilized by the crayfish Astacus astacus in Lake Steinsfjorden. Freshwater Crayfish, 6, 187–193Google Scholar

Hough, R. A., Fornwall, M. D., Negele, B. J., Thompson, R. L. & Putt, D. A. (1989). Plant community dynamics in a chain of lakes: principal factors in the decline of rooted macrophytes with eutrophication. Hydrobiologia, 173, 199–217CrossRef Google Scholar

Hutchinson, G. E. (1975). A Treatise on Limnology, Vol. 3. Limnological Botany. New York: John Wiley

Jacobsen, D. & Sand-Jensen, J. P. (1992). Herbivory of invertebrates on submerged macrophytes from Danish freshwaters. Freshwater Biology, 28, 301–308CrossRef Google Scholar

Jefferies, R. L. & Rudmik, T. (1991). Growth, reproduction and resource allocation in halophytes. Aquatic Botany, 39, 3–16CrossRef Google Scholar

Jeppesen, E., Jensen, J. P., Kristensen, P., S⊘ndergaard, M., Sortkjœr, O. & Olrik, K. (1990). Fish manipulation as a lake restoration tool in shallow, eutrophic, temperate lakes. 2: Threshold levels, long-term stability and conclusions. Hydrobiologia, 200/201, 219–227CrossRef Google Scholar

Jeppesen, E., S⊘ndergaard, M., S⊘ndergaard, M. & Christoffersen, K. (eds.) (1998). The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes. New York: Springer-Verlag

Johansson, M. E., Nilsson, C. & Nilsson, E. (1996). Do rivers function as corridors for plant dispersal? Journal of Vegetational Science, 7, 593–598CrossRef Google Scholar

Kimbel, J. C., (1982). Factors influencing potential intralake colonisation of Myriophyllum spicatum L.Aquatic Botany, 14, 295–307CrossRef Google Scholar

Ki⊘rboe, T. (1980). Distribution and production of submerged macrophytes in Tipper Grund (Ringk⊘bing Fjord, Denmark), and the impact of waterfowl grazing. Journal of Applied Ecology, 17, 675–688CrossRef Google Scholar

Lauridsen, T. L., Jeppesen, E. & Østergard Andersen, F. (1993). Colonisation of submerged macrophytes in shallow fish manipulated Lake Væng: impact of sediment composition and waterfowl grazing. Aquatic Botany, 46, 1–15CrossRef Google Scholar

Leck, M. A. & Simpson, R. L. (1987). Seed bank of a freshwater tidal wetland: turnover and relationship to vegetation change. American Journal of Botany, 74, 360–370CrossRef Google Scholar

Lodge, D. M. (1991). Herbivory on freshwater macrophytes. Aquatic Botany, 41, 195–224CrossRef Google Scholar

Lodge, D. M. & Lorman, J. G. (1987). Reductions in submerged macrophyte biomass and species richness by the crayfish Orconectes rusticus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 44, 591–597CrossRef Google Scholar

Lodge, D. M., Kershner, M. W., Aloi, J. E. & Covich, A. P. (1994). Effects of an omnivorous crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) on a freshwater littoral food web. Ecology, 75, 1265–1281CrossRef Google Scholar

Lodge, D. M., Cronin, G., van Donk, E. & Froelich, A. J. (1998). Impact of herbivory on plant standing crop: comparisons among biomes, between vascular and nonvascular plants, and among freshwater herbivore taxa. In The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes, eds. E. Jeppesen, M. S⊘ndergaard & M. S⊘ndergaard, K. Christofferson, pp. 149–74. New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Madsen, J. D. & Adams, M. S. (1988). The germination of Potamogeton pectinatus tubers: environmental control by temperature and light. Canadian Journal of Botany, 66, 2523–2526CrossRef Google Scholar

Madsen, J. D., Sutherland, J. W., Bloomfield, J. A., Eichler, L. W. & Boylen, C. W. (1991). The decline of native vegetation under dense Eurasian watermilfoil canopies. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 29, 94–99Google Scholar

Mickle, A. M. & Wetzel, R. G. (1978). Effectiveness of submersed angiosperm – epiphyte complexes on exchange of nutrients and organic carbon in littoral systems. 1: Inorganic nutrients. Aquatic Botany, 4, 303–316CrossRef Google Scholar

Middleton, B. A. (1990). Effect of water depth and clipping frequency on the growth and survival of four wetland plant species. Aquatic Botany, 37, 19–196CrossRef Google Scholar

Middleton, B. A., Valk, A. G., Mason, D. H., Williams, R. L. & Davis, C. B. (1991). Vegetation dynamics and seed bank of a monsoonal wetland overgrown with Paspalum distichum L. in northern India. Aquatic Botany, 40, 239–259CrossRef Google Scholar

Mitchell, S. F. (1989). Primary production in a shallow eutrophic lake dominated alternatively by phytoplankton and by submerged macrophytes. Aquatic Botany, 33, 101–110CrossRef Google Scholar

Mitchell, S. F. & Perrow, M. R. (1998). Interactions between grazing birds and macrophytes. In The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes, eds. E. Jeppesen, M. S⊘ndergaard & M. S⊘ndergaard, K. Christofferson, pp. 175–196. New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Newman, R. M. (1991). Herbivory and detrivory of freshwater macrophytes by invertebrates: a review. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 10, 89–114CrossRef Google Scholar

Nyström, P. & Strand, J. A. (1996). Crayfish grazing on aquatic macrophytes, and the importance of macrophyte life stage, temperature and crayfish species. Freshwater Biology, 36, 673–682Google Scholar

Ozimek, T., Gulati, R. D. & Donk, E. (1990). Can macrophytes be useful in biomanipulation of lakes? The lake Zwemlust example. Hydrobiologia, 200/201, 399–407CrossRef Google Scholar

Perrow, M. R., Schutten, J. H., Howes, J. R., Holzer, T., Madwick, F. J. & Jowitt, A. J. D. (1997a). Interactions between coot (Fulica atra) and submerged macrophytes: the role of birds in the restoration process. Hydrobiologia, 342/343, 241–255CrossRef Google Scholar

Perrow, M. R., Meijer, M.-L., Dawidowicz, P. & Coops, H. (1997b). Biomanipulation in shallow lakes: state of the art. Hydrobiologia, 342/343, 355–365CrossRef Google Scholar

Phillips, G. L. & Moss, B. (1994). Is Biomanipulation a Useful Technique in Late Management? A Literature Review. Bristol, UK: National Rivers Autuonity

Phillips, G. L., Eminson, D. & Moss, B. (1978). A mechanism to account for macrophyte decline in progressively eutrophicated freshwaters. Aquatic Botany, 4, 103–126CrossRef Google Scholar

Pieterse, A. H. (1990). Biological control of aquatic weeds. In: Aquatic Weeds: The Ecology and Management of Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation, eds. A. H. Pieterse & K. J. Murphy, pp. 174–177. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications

Pons, T. L. & Schröder, H. F. J. M. (1986). Significance of temperature fluctuations and oxygen concentration for germination of the rice field weeds Fimbristylis littoralis and Scirpus juncoides. Oecologia, 68, 315–319CrossRef Google Scholar

Poovey, A. G. & Kay, S. H. (1998). The potential of a summer drawdown to manage monoecious Hydrilla. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 36, 127–130Google Scholar

Prejs, A. & Jackowska, H. (1978). Lake macrophytes as the food of roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) and rudd (Scardinus erythropthalamus L.) 1: Species composition and dominance relations in the lake and food. Ekologia Polska, 26, 429–438Google Scholar

Reynolds, C. S. (1994). The ecological basis for the successful biomanipulation of agnatic communities. Achiv für Hydrobiologie, 130, 1–33Google Scholar

Rogers, K. H. & Breen, C. M. (1980). Growth and reproduction of Potamogeton crispus in a South African lake. Journal of Ecology, 68, 561–571CrossRef Google Scholar

Rosenzweig, M. L. (1995). Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Sand-Jensen, K. & Borum, J. (1991). Interactions among phytoplankton, periphyton and macrophytes in temperate freshwaters and estuaries. Aquatic Botany, 41, 137–175CrossRef Google Scholar

Scheffer, M. (1998). Ecology of Shallow Lakes. London: Chapman & Hall

Scheffer, M., Redelijkheid, M. R. & Noppert, F. (1992). Distribution and dynamics of submerged vegetation in a chain of shallow eutrophic lakes. Aquatic Botany, 42, 199–216CrossRef Google Scholar

Scheffer, M., Hosper, S. H., Meijer, M.-L., Moss, B. & Jeppesen, E. (1993). Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 275–279CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schutten, J. & Davy, A. J. (2000). Predicting the hydraulic forces on submerged macrophytes from current velocity, biomass and morphology. Oecologia, 123, 445–452CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sculthorpe, C. D. (1967). The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. London: Edward Arnold

Smith, L. M. & Kadlec, J. A. (1983). Seed banks and their role during drawdown of a North American marsh. Journal of Applied Ecology, 20, 673–684CrossRef Google Scholar

Smits, A. J. M., Ruremonde, R. & Velde, G. (1989). Seed dispersal of three nymphaeid macrophytes. Aquatic Botany, 35, 167–180CrossRef Google Scholar

Sokol, R. C. & Stross, R. G. (1986). Annual germination window in oospores of Nitella furcata (Charophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 22, 403–406CrossRef Google Scholar

Spence, D. H. N. (1982). The zonation of plants in freshwater lakes. Advances in Ecological Research, 12, 37–125CrossRef Google Scholar

Spence, D. H. N., Milburn, T. R., Ndawula-Senuimba, M. & Roberts, E. (1971). Fruit biology and germination of two tropical Potamogeton species. New Phytologist, 70, 197–212CrossRef Google Scholar

Strand, J. A. (1999a). Submerged macrophytes in shallow, eutrophic lakes: regulating factors and ecosystem effects. PhD thesis. University, Lund, Sweden

Strand, J. A. (1999b). Development of submerged macrophytes in Lake Ringsjön after biomanipulation. Developments in Hydrobiology/Hydrobiologia, 404, 113–121Google Scholar

Strand, J. A. & Weisner, S. E. B. (1996). Wave exposure related growth of epiphyton: implications for the distribution of submerged macrophytes in eutrophic lakes. Hydrobiologia, 325, 113–119CrossRef Google Scholar

Strand, J. A. & Weisner, S. E. B. (2001). Morphological plastic responses to water depth and wave exposure in an aquatic plant (Myriophyllum spicatum). Journal of Ecology, 89, 166–175CrossRef Google Scholar

Stross, R. G. (1989). The temporal window of germination in oospores of Chara (Charophyceae) following primary dormancy in the laboratory. New Phytologist, 113, 491–495CrossRef Google Scholar

S⊘ndergaard, M. & Moss, B. (1998). Impact of submerged macrophytes on phytoplankton in freshwater lakes. In The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes, eds. E. Jeppesen, M. S⊘ndergaard, M. S⊘ndergaard & K. Christofferson, pp. 115–33. New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Tanner, C. C., Wells, R. D. S. & Mitchel, C. P. (1990). Re-establishment of native macrophytes in Lake Parkinson following weed control by grass carp. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freswater Research, 24, 181–186CrossRef Google Scholar

Taylor, J. N., Grace, J. B., Gunterspergen, G. R. & Foote, E. L. (1994). The interactive effects of herbivory and fire on an oligohaline marsh, Little Lake, Louisiana, USA. Wetlands, 14, 82–87CrossRef Google Scholar

ten Winkel, E. H. & Meulemans, J. T. (1984). Effects of fish upon submerged vegetation. Hydrobiological Bulletines, 18, 157–158CrossRef Google Scholar

Titus, J. E. & Stephens, M. D. (1983). Neighbor influences and seasonal growth patterns for Vallisneria americana in a mesotrophic lake. Oecologia, 56, 23–29CrossRef Google Scholar

Underwood, G. J. C., Thomas, J. D. & Baker, J. H. (1992). An experimental investigation of interactions in snail – macrophyte – epiphyte systems. Oecologia, 91, 587–595CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Valk, A. G. & Davis, C. B. (1976). The seed bank of prairie glacial marshes. Canadian Journal of Botany, 54, 1832–1838CrossRef Google Scholar

Valk, A. G. & Davis, C. B. (1978). The role of seed banks in the vegetation dynamics of prairie glacial marshes. Ecology, 59, 322–335CrossRef Google Scholar

Valk, A. G. & Davis, C. B. (1979). A reconstruction of the recent vegetational history of a praire marsh, Eagle Lake, Iowa, from its seed bank. Aquatic Botany, 6, 29–51CrossRef Google Scholar

Valk, A. G., Pederson, R. L. & Davis, C. B. (1992). Restoration and creation of freshwater wetlands using seed banks. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 1, 191–197CrossRef Google Scholar

Vretare, V. & Weisner, S. E. B. (2000). Influence of pressurised ventilation on performance of an emergent macrophyte (Phragmites australis). Journal of Ecology, 88, 978–987CrossRef Google Scholar

Weisner, S. E. B. (1988). Factors affecting the internal oxygen supply of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel in situ. Aquatic Botany, 31, 329–335CrossRef Google Scholar

Weisner, S. E. B. (1991). Within-lake patterns in depth penetration of emergent vegetation. Freshwater Biology, 26, 133–142CrossRef Google Scholar

Weisner, S. E. B. & Ekstam, B. (1993). Influence of germination time on juvenile performance of Phragmites australis on temporarily exposed bottoms: implications for the colonization of lake beds. Aquatic Botany, 45, 107–118CrossRef Google Scholar

Weisner, S. E. B. & Granéli, W. (1989). Influence of substrate conditions on the growth of Phragmites australis after a reduction in oxygen transport to below-ground parts. Aquatic Botany, 35, 71–80CrossRef Google Scholar

Weisner, S. E. B., Strand, J. A. & Sandsten, H. (1997). Mechanisms regulating abundance of submerged vegetation in shallow eutrophic lakes. Oecologia, 109, 592–599CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Westcott, K., Whiles, T. H. & Fox, M. G. (1997). Viability and abundance of seeds of submerged macrophytes in the sediment of disturbed and reference shoreline marshes in Lake Ontario. Canadian Journal of Botany, 75, 451–456CrossRef Google Scholar

Wetzel, R. G. (1979). The role of the littoral zone and detritus in lake metabolism. Archive für Hydrobiologie, 13, 145–161Google Scholar

Wetzel, R. G. & S⊘ndergaard, M. (1998). Role of submerged macrophytes for the microbial community and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in aquatic ecosystems. In The Structuring Role of Submerged Macrophytes in Lakes, eds. E. Jeppesen, M. S⊘ndergaard, M. S⊘ndergaard & K. Christufferson, pp. 133–148. New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Wilsey, B. J. & Chabreck, R. H. (1991). Nutritional quality of nutria diets in three Louisiana wetland habitats. Northeast Gulf Science, 12, 67–72Google Scholar

Book contents

13 - Ecology and management of plants in aquatic ecosystems

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive