Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-22T07:50:50.642Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

30 - Psychopharmacology across cultures

from Part IV - Theoretical aspects of management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2009

By
Shu-Han Yu ,
Shi-Kai Liu  and
Keh-Ming Lin
Edited by
Dinesh Bhugra  and
Kamaldeep Bhui
Shu-Han Yu
Affiliation:
Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research National Health Research Institutes, 5th Floor Second Campus, Taipei City Psychiatric Center 309 Song-De Road Taipei 110 Taiwan
Shi-Kai Liu
Affiliation:
Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research National Health Research Institutes, 5th Floor Second Campus, Tapiei City Psychiatric Center 309 Song-De Road Taipei 110 Taiwan
Keh-Ming Lin
Affiliation:
Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research National Health Research Institutes 5th Floor, Second Campus Tapiei City Psychiatric Center 309 Song-De Road Taipei 110 Taiwan
Dinesh Bhugra
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, London
Kamaldeep Bhui
Affiliation:
Barts & The London, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry
Get access

Summary

EDITORS' INTRODUCTION

The debate on the use of medication in managing psychiatric disorders focuses on a number of themes. These include availability of drugs, affordability and accessibility of medication, prescribing patterns such as the use of polypharmacy, application of doses across different ethnic groups as well as differences in drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. With a shift to more drug trials taking place in the Indian subcontinent and Eastern Europe, the question of ethics is beginning to be raised. In cultures where there is a shortage of trained mental-health professionals and drugs are available over the counter, the management of patients with psychiatric disorders becomes even more complex.

In this chapter on psychopharmacology across cultures, Yu and colleagues provide an overview of some of these issues. They observe that the one size fits all approach is problematic to say the least. Both genetic and environmental mechanisms are important in order to determine ethnic/cultural variations in drug responses. These variations are mediated via the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics processes, whereas the pharmacokinetic process determines how the organism responds to the therapeutic agent. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drugs determine the fate and disposition of most drugs, and these factors also highlight the differences in group and individual responses. Pharmacogenetics of various enzymes further contribute to variation in response. Pharmacodynamic mechanisms also exert major influences on therapeutic target's response to psychotropics. The sociocultural context of pharmacotherapy for psychiatric disorders is equally important. The role of diet, attitudes to religions and dietary taboos, religious fasting, smoking and intake of caffeine are also important in understanding response to medication.

Type
Chapter
Information
Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry , pp. 402 - 413
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aitchison, K. J., Jordan, B. D. & Sharma, T. (2000). The relevance of ethnic influences on pharmacogenetics to the treatment of psychosis. Drug Metabolic Drug Interaction, 16(1), 15–38.Google Scholar
Allen, J. J., Rack, P. H. & Vaddadi, K. S. (1977). Differences in the effects of clomipramine on English and Asian volunteers: preliminary report on a pilot study. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 53 (Suppl. 4), 79–86.Google Scholar
Al-Windi, A. (2004). Determinants of complementary alternative medicine (CAM) use. Complementary Therapeutic Medicine, 12(2–3), 99–111.Google Scholar
Ameyaw, M. M., Syvanen, A. C., Ulmanen, I., Ofori-Adjei, D. & McLeod, H. L. (2000). Pharmacogenetics of catechol-O-methyltransferase: frequency of low activity allele in a Ghanaian population. Human Mutation, 16(5), 445–446.Google Scholar
Anderson, K. E., Schneider, J., Pantuck, E. J.et al. (1983). Acetaminophen metabolism in subjects of charcoal-broiled beef. Clinical Pharmacology Therapy, 34, 369–373.Google Scholar
Anderson, K. E., Rosner, W., Khan, M. S.et al. (1987). Diet–hormone interactions: protein/carbohydrate ratio alters reciprocally the plasma levels of testosterone and cortisol and their respective binding globulins in man. Life Science, 40(18), 1761–1768.Google Scholar
Anderson, K. E., McCleery, R. B., Vesell, E. S., Vickers, F. F. & Kappas, A. (1991). Diet and cimetidine induce comparable change in theophylline metabolism in normal subjects. Hepatology, 13, 940–945.Google Scholar
Arias, B, Catalan, R., Gasto, C., Gutierrez, B. & Fananas, L. (2003). 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene predicts non-remission in major depression patients treated with citalopram in a 12-weeks follow up study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(6), 563–567.Google Scholar
Bailey, D. G., Malcolm, J., Arnold, O. & Spence, J. D. (1998). Grapefruit juice–drug interactions. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 46(2), 101–110.Google Scholar
Beratis, S., Katrivanou, A. & Gourzis, P. (2001). Factors affecting smoking in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42(5), 393–402.Google Scholar
Bhardwaj, R. K., Glaeser, H., Becquemont, L.et al. (2002). Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, 302(2), 645–650.Google Scholar
Bialecka, M., Drozdzik, M., Klodowska-Duda, G.et al. (2004). The effect of monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) polymorphisms on levodopa therapy in patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 110(4), 260–266.Google Scholar
Bolt, H. M. (1994). Interactions between clinically used drugs and oral contraceptives. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102 (Suppl 9), 35–38.Google Scholar
Branch, R. A., Salih, S. Y. & Homeida, M. (1978). Racial differences in drug metabolizing ability: a study with antipyrine in the Sudan. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 24, 283–286.Google Scholar
Buckalew, L. W. and Coffield, K. E. (1982). Drug expectations associated with perceptual characteristics: ethnic factors. Perceptive Motor Skills, 55(3 Pt 1), 915–918.Google Scholar
Carrillo, J. A., Herraiz, A. G., Ramos, S. I.et al. (2003). Role of the smoking-induced cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A2 and polymorphic CYP2D6 in steady-state concentration of olanzapine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(2), 119–127.Google Scholar
Chou, W. H., Yan, F. X., Leon, J.et al. (2000). Extension of a pilot study: impact from the cytochrome P450 2D6 polymorphism on outcome and costs associated with severe mental illness. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(2), 246–251.Google Scholar
Contin, M., Martinelli, P., Mochi, M.et al. (2005). Genetic polymorphism of catechol-O-methyltransferase and levodopa pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic pattern in patients with Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 20(6), 734–739.Google Scholar
Daly, A. K., Brockmoller, J., Broly, F.et al. (1996). Nomenclature for human CYP2D6 alleles. Pharmacogenetics, 6(3), 193–201.Google Scholar
Di Bella, D., Erzegovesi, S., Carallini, M. C. & Bellodi, L. (2002). Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and treatment response. Pharmacogenomics Journal, 2(3), 176–181.Google Scholar
Domschke, K., Freitag, C. M., Kuhlenbaumer, G.et al. (2004). Association of the functional V158M catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism with panic disorder in women. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 7(2), 183–188.Google Scholar
Ereshefsky, L. (1996). Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions: update for new antipsychotics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57 (Suppl 11), 12–25.Google Scholar
Fraser, H. S., Mucklow, J. C., Bulpitt, C. J., Kahn, C., Mould, G. & Dollery, C. T. (1979), Environmental factors affecting antipyrine metabolism in London factory and office workers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 7, 237–243.Google Scholar
Gelernter, J., Kranzler, H. & Cubells, J. F. (1997). Serotonin transporter protein (SLC6A4) allele and haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibria in African- and European-American and Japanese populations and in alcohol-dependent subjects. Human Genetics, 101(2), 243–246.Google Scholar
Graham, R. E., Ahn, A. C., Davis, R. B.et al. (2005). Use of complementary and alternative medical therapies among racial and ethnic minority adults: results from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey. Journal of the National Medical Association, 97(4), 535–545.Google Scholar
Greenberg, B. D., McMahon, F. J. & Murphy, D. L. (1998). Serotonin transporter candidate gene studies in affective disorders and personality: promises and potential pitfalls. Molecular Psychiatry, 3(3), 186–189.Google Scholar
Gurley, B. J., Gardner, S. F., Hubbard, M. A.et al. (2002). Cytochrome P450 phenotypic ratios for predicting herb–drug interactions in humans. Clinical and Pharmacological Therapy, 72(3), 276–287.Google Scholar
Heils, A., Teufel, A., Petri, S.et al. (1996). Allelic variation of human serotonin transporter gene expression. Journal of Neurochemistry, 66(6), 2621–2624.Google Scholar
Hukkinen, S. K., Varhe, A., Olkkola, K. T. & Neuvonen, P. J. (1995). Plasma concentrations of triazolam are increased by concomitant ingestion of grapefruit juice. Clinical and Pharmacological Therapy, 58(2), 127–131.Google Scholar
Inada, T., Nakamura, A. & Iijima, Y. (2003). Relationship between catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism and treatment-resistant schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 120(1), 35–39.Google Scholar
Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (2004). Pharmacogenetics of cytochrome P450 and its applications in drug therapy: the past, present and future. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 25(4), 193–200.Google Scholar
Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (2005). Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6): clinical consequences, evolutionary aspects and functional diversity. Pharmacogenomics Journal, 5(1), 6–13.Google Scholar
Jones, G., Zammit, S., Norton, N.et al. (2001). Aggressive behaviour in patients with schizophrenia is associated with catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 351–355.Google Scholar
Kappas, A., Anderson, K. E., Conney, A. H. & Alvares, A. P. (1976). Influence of dietary protein and carbohydrate on antipyrine and theophylline metabolism in man. Clinical and Pharmacological Therapy, 20, 643–652.Google Scholar
Kappas, A., Alvares, A. P., Anderson, K. E.et al. (1978). Effect of charcoal-broiled beef on antipyrine and theophylline metabolism. Clinical and Pharmacological Therapy, 23, 445–448.Google Scholar
Kawaguchi, A., Ohmori, M., Tsuruoka, S.et al. (2004). Drug interaction between St John's Wort and quazepam. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 58(4), 403–410.Google Scholar
Kelly, C. and McCreadie, R. G. (1999). Smoking habits, current symptoms, and premorbid characteristics of schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale, Scotland. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(11), 1751–1757.Google Scholar
Kim, D. K., Lim, S. W., Lee, S.et al. (2000). Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and antidepressant response. Neuroreport, 11(1), 215–219.Google Scholar
Kinnear, C. J., Niehaus, D. J., Moolman-Smook, J. C.et al. (2000). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and the promoter region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4): a negative association study in the Afrikaner population. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 3(4), 327–331.Google Scholar
Konishi, T., Luo, H. R., Calvillo, M.et al. (2004). ADH1B∗1, ADH1C∗2, DRD2 (-141 C Ins), and 5-HTTLPR are associated with alcoholism in Mexican American men living in Los Angeles. Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(8), 1145–1152.Google Scholar
Kunugi, H., Nanko, S., Ueki, A.et al. (1997). High and low activity alleles of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: ethnic difference and possible association with Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience Letter, 221(2–3), 202–204.Google Scholar
Kupferschmidt, H. H., Ha, H. R., Ziegler, W. H., Meier, P. J. & Krahenbuhl, S. (1995). Interaction between grapefruit juice and midazolam in humans. Clinical and Pharmacological Therapy, 58(1), 20–28.Google Scholar
Lachman, H. M., Papolos, D. F., Saito, T.et al. (1996). Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics, 6(3), 243–250.Google Scholar
Leathart, J. B., London, S. J., Steward, A.et al. (1998). CYP2D6 phenotype-genotype relationships in African-Americans and Caucasians in Los Angeles. Pharmacogenetics, 8(6), 529–541.Google Scholar
Lee, M. S., Lyoo, C. H., Ulmanen, I., Syvanen, A. C. & Rinne, J. O. (2001). Genotypes of catechol-O-methyltransferase and response to levodopa treatment in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience Letters, 298(2), 131–134.Google Scholar
Lin, K. M., Poland, R. E., Lau, J. K. and Rubin, R. T. (1988a). Haloperidol and Prolactin concentrations in Asians and Caucasians. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 195–201.Google Scholar
Lin, K. M., Lau, J. K., Smith, R., Phillips, P., Antal, E. & Poland, R. E. (1988b). Comparison of alprazolam plasma levels and behavioral effects in normal Asian and Caucasian male volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 96, 365–369.Google Scholar
Lin, K. M., Poland, R. E., Nuccio, I., Matsuda, K., Hathuc, N. & Fu, P. (1989). A longitudinal assessment of haloperidol dosage and serum concentration in Asian and Caucasian schizophrenic patientsAmerican Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1307–1311.Google Scholar
Lin, K. M., Poland, R. E. & Nakasaki, G. (1993). Psychopharmacology and Psychobiology of Ethnicity. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Lohr, J. B. and Flynn, K. (1992). Smoking and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 8(2), 93–102.Google Scholar
Loub, W. D., Wattenberg, L. W. & Davis, D. W. (1975). Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in rat tissues by naturally occurring indoles of cruciferous plants. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 54(4), 985–958.Google Scholar
Mannel, M. (2004). Drug interactions with St John's wort: mechanisms and clinical implications. Drug Safety, 27(11), 773–797.Google Scholar
Masimirembwa, C., Hasler, J., Bertilssons, L.et al. (1996a). Phenotype and genotype analysis of debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6) in a black Zimbabwean population. Reduced enzyme activity and evaluation of metabolic correlation of CYP2D6 probe drugs. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 51(2), 117–122.Google Scholar
Masimirembwa, C., Persson, I., Bertilsson, L., Hasler, J. & Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (1996b). A novel mutant variant of the CYP2D6 gene (CYP2D6∗17) common in a black African population: association with diminished debrisoquine hydroxylase activity. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42(6), 713–719.Google Scholar
Pantuck, E. J., Hsiao, K. C., Loub, W. D.et al. (1976). Stimulatory effect of vegetables on intestinal drug metabolism in the rat. Journal of Pharmacological and Experimental Therapy, 198(2), 278–283.Google Scholar
Pantuck, E. J., Pantuck, C. B., Garland, W. A.et al. (1979). Stimulatory effect of brussels sprouts and cabbage on human drug metabolism. Clinical Pharmacology Therapy, 25(1), 88–95.Google Scholar
Pollock, B. G., Ferrell, R. E., Mulsant, B. H.et al. (2000). Allelic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter affects onset of paroxetine treatment response in late-life depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 23(5), 587–590.Google Scholar
Rashid, T. J., Martin, U., Clarke, H.et al. (1995). Factors affecting the absolute bioavailability of nifedipine. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 40, 51–58.Google Scholar
Rausch, J. L., Johnson, M. E., Fei, Y. J.et al. (2002). Initial conditions of serotonin transporter kinetics and genotype: influence on SSRI treatment trial outcome. Biological Psychiatry, 51(9), 723–732.Google Scholar
Reilly, D. K., Rivera-Calimlim, L. & Dyke, D. (1980). Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity: a determinant of levodopa response. Clinical Pharmacology Therapy, 28(2), 278–286.Google Scholar
Rendic, S. (2002). Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metabolism Review, 34(1–2), 83–448.Google Scholar
Rivera-Calimlim, L. and Reilly, D. K. (1984). Difference in erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase activity between Orientals and Caucasians: difference in levodopa tolerance. Clinical Pharmacology Therapy, 35(6), 804–809.Google Scholar
Roby, C. A., Anderson, G. D., Kantor, E., Dryer, D. A. & Burstein, A. H. (2000). St John's Wort: effect on CYP3A4 activity. Clinical Pharmacology Therapy, 67(5), 451–457.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, N. E., Mazzanti, C. M., Barnett, R. L.et al. (1998). Role of serotonin transporter promoter repeat length polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in seasonality and seasonal affective disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 3(2), 175–177.Google Scholar
Smeraldi, E., Zanardi, R., Benedetti, F.et al. (1998). Polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene and antidepressant efficacy of fluvoxamine. Molecular Psychiatry, 3(6), 508–511.Google Scholar
Sowunmi, A., Rashid, T. J., Akinyinka, O. O. & Renwick, A. G. (1995). Ethnic differences in nifedipine kinetics: comparisons between Nigerians, Caucasians and South Asians. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 40, 489–493.Google Scholar
Steiner, E., Bertilsson, L., Sawe, J., Bertling, I. & Sjoqvist, F. (1988). Polymorphic debrisoquin hydroxylation in 757 Swedish subjects. Clinical Pharmacology Therapy, 44(4), 431–435.Google Scholar
United Nations (2000). Demographic Yearbook 2000. United Nations.
Usia, T., Watabe, T., Kadota, S. & Tezuka, Y. (2005). Potent CYP3A4 inhibitory constituents of Piper cubeba. Journal of Natural Products, 68(1), 64–68.Google Scholar
Weide, J., Steijns, L. S. & Weelden, M. J. (2003). The effect of smoking and cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 genetic polymorphism on clozapine clearance and dose requirement. Pharmacogenetics, 13(3), 169–172.Google Scholar
Wan, Y. J., Poland, R. E., Han, G., Konishi, T., Zheng, Y. P. and Lin, K. M. (2001). Analysis of the CYP2D6 gene polymorphism and enzyme activity in African Americans in Southern California. Pharmacogenetics, 11, 489–499.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., Gorski, J. C., Hamman, M. A.et al. (2001). The effects of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on human cytochrome P450 activity. Clinical Pharmacology Therapy, 70(4), 317–326.Google Scholar
Wenk, M., Todesco, L. & Krahenbuhl, S. (2004). Effect of St John's wort on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, N-acetyltransferase 2, and xanthine oxidase in healthy males and females. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 57(4), 495–499.Google Scholar
Woo, J. M., Yoon, K. S. & Yu, B. H. (2002). Catechol O-methyltransferase genetic polymorphism in panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(10), 1785–1787.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2001). The World Health Report 2001. Geneva: WHO.
Yokota, H., Tamura, S., Furuya, H.et al. (1993). Evidence for a new variant CYP2D6 allele CYP2D6J in a Japanese population associated with lower in vivo rates of sparteine metabolism. Pharmacogenetics, 3(5), 256–263.Google Scholar
Yoshida, K., Ito, K., Sato, K.et al. (2002). Influence of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region on the antidepressant response to fluvoxamine in Japanese depressed patients. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacological and Biological Psychiatry, 26(2), 383–386.Google Scholar
Yu, Y. W., Tsai, S. J., Chen, T. J., Lin, C. H. & Hong, C. J. (2002). Association study of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism and symptomatology and antidepressant response in major depressive disorders. Molecular Psychiatry, 7(10), 1115–1119.Google Scholar
Zanardi, R., Serretti, A., Rossini, D.et al. (2001). Factors affecting fluvoxamine antidepressant activity: influence of pindolol and 5-HTTLPR in delusional and nondelusional depression. Biological Psychiatry, 50(5), 323–330.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Psychopharmacology across cultures
    • By Shu-Han Yu, Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research National Health Research Institutes, 5th Floor Second Campus, Taipei City Psychiatric Center 309 Song-De Road Taipei 110 Taiwan, Shi-Kai Liu, Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research National Health Research Institutes, 5th Floor Second Campus, Tapiei City Psychiatric Center 309 Song-De Road Taipei 110 Taiwan, Keh-Ming Lin, Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research National Health Research Institutes 5th Floor, Second Campus Tapiei City Psychiatric Center 309 Song-De Road Taipei 110 Taiwan
  • Edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Institute of Psychiatry, London, Kamaldeep Bhui
  • Book: Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 11 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543609.032
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Psychopharmacology across cultures
    • By Shu-Han Yu, Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research National Health Research Institutes, 5th Floor Second Campus, Taipei City Psychiatric Center 309 Song-De Road Taipei 110 Taiwan, Shi-Kai Liu, Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research National Health Research Institutes, 5th Floor Second Campus, Tapiei City Psychiatric Center 309 Song-De Road Taipei 110 Taiwan, Keh-Ming Lin, Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research National Health Research Institutes 5th Floor, Second Campus Tapiei City Psychiatric Center 309 Song-De Road Taipei 110 Taiwan
  • Edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Institute of Psychiatry, London, Kamaldeep Bhui
  • Book: Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 11 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543609.032
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Psychopharmacology across cultures
    • By Shu-Han Yu, Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research National Health Research Institutes, 5th Floor Second Campus, Taipei City Psychiatric Center 309 Song-De Road Taipei 110 Taiwan, Shi-Kai Liu, Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research National Health Research Institutes, 5th Floor Second Campus, Tapiei City Psychiatric Center 309 Song-De Road Taipei 110 Taiwan, Keh-Ming Lin, Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Research National Health Research Institutes 5th Floor, Second Campus Tapiei City Psychiatric Center 309 Song-De Road Taipei 110 Taiwan
  • Edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Institute of Psychiatry, London, Kamaldeep Bhui
  • Book: Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 11 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511543609.032
Available formats
×