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26 - MiRNAs in glioblastoma

from V - MicroRNAs in disease biology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 August 2009

By
Silvia Anna Ciafrè
Edited by
Krishnarao Appasani
Foreword by
Sidney Altman  and
Victor R. Ambros
Silvia Anna Ciafrè
Affiliation:
Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences University of Rome Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133 Italy
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Summary

Introduction

Glioblastoma multiforme: a lethal brain tumor still missing a thorough comprehension of molecular oncogenesis

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most lethal forms of cancers and the most common brain tumor in adults, accounting for approximately 12%–15% of all intracranial neoplasms and 50%–60% of all astrocytic tumours (Zhu and Parada, 2002; Hulleman and Helin, 2005). In most European and North American countries, incidence is approximately 2–3 new cases per 100 000 people per year. Composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes, glioblastomas are located preferentially in the subcortical white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, and either may develop from lower grade astrocytic tumors (secondary or progressive glioblastoma multiforme) or may arise very rapidly de novo (primary glioblastoma multiforme) (Wechsler-Reya and Scott, 2001). Despite progress in research on the molecular aspects of malignant gliomas, the prognosis of these brain tumors continues to be dismal, with a median survival time of 12 months from the time of diagnosis. Neither continuous improvements in surgery and radiation techniques, nor in chemotherapy, have been able to change glioblastoma patients' life expectancy over decades.

This highly malignant tumor is thought to arise from astrocytes or astrocyte precursors, but the heterogeneity of GBM tumor morphology and behavior (as indicated by the term “multiforme”) makes conclusions about its origin extremely difficult (Wechsler-Reya and Scott, 2001). Recently, several experimental observations have led to formulate the hypothesis that this type of malignancy might arise from the transformation of adult neural stem cells, normally present in the brain just in the main areas of distribution of brain tumors, and able to trigger gliomagenesis in response to oncogenic mutations (Singh et al., 2003; Singh et al., 2004; Galli et al., 2004; Tunici et al., 2004; Yuan et al., 2004; Sanai et al., 2005).

Type
Chapter
Information
MicroRNAs
From Basic Science to Disease Biology
 , pp. 350 - 362
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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