Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-nwzlb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T12:12:26.035Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2009

Shmuel Shepkaru
Affiliation:
University of Oklahoma
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aaron ha-Cohen of Lunel. Orhot hayyim. Ed. Shlezinger, M. B. E.. Berlin, 1899Google Scholar
Abelard, Peter. Dialogus inter Philosophum Judaem et Christianum. In Ed. Migne, J. P., Patrologia Latina, Paris, 178
Adémar of Chabannes. Chronique. In Collection de textes pour servir a l'etude et a l'enseignement de l'histoire, 20. Ed. Chavanon, J.. Paris, 1897Google Scholar
Agus, I. A., Ed. Responsa of the Tosafists (Hebrew). New York, 1954Google Scholar
Albert of Aix. “Liber Christianae expeditionis.” In Recueil des historiens des croisades, historiens occidentaux, 4
Annales Ephordenses. In Munumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 16
Annales Herbipolenses. In Munumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 16
Annales Quedinburgenses. In Munumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 3
Annales Wirziburgenses. In Munumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 2
Anselm of Canterbury. Cure Deus Homo? Ed. and tr. Hopkins, J. and Richardson, H.. Toronto and New York, 1976Google Scholar
Anselm of Canterbury. Monologion. Ed. Hopkins, J.. A New Interpretive Translation of St. Anselm's Monologion and Proslogion. Minneapolis, 1986Google Scholar
Appian of Alexandria. Roman History. In The Loeb Classical History. Tr. White, H.. London, New York, 1912–1913Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. Selected Writings. Ed. and Tr. McInerny, R.. Penguin Classics, 1998Google Scholar
Asaf, S.Sources for the History of Education in Israel (Hebrew). 4 vols. Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, 1925–1943Google Scholar
Assaf, S., Ed. Sefer ha-Miqtsoot. Jerusalem, 1947Google Scholar
The Assumption of Moses: A Critical Edition with Commentary. Ed. Tromp, J.. Leiden, 1993Google Scholar
Augustine, Bishop of Hippo. De civitate Dei. In The Loeb Classical Library
Avot de-Rabbi Nathan. Ed. Schechter, S.. Vienna, 1887Google Scholar
Baldric of Dol. “Historia Jerosolimitana.” In Recueil des historiens des croisades, historiens occidentaux, 4
Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Ed. Colgrave, B. and Mynors, R. A. B.. Oxford, 1969Google Scholar
ben Abraham, Zedekiah. Sefer Shibbolei ha-Leket. Ed. Hasidah, A. Y.. Jerusalem, 1987Google Scholar
ben Azriel, Abraham. Arugat ha-Bosem. Ed. Urbach, E. E., 4 vols. Jerusalem, 1939–1963Google Scholar
ben Joseph of Corbeil, Isaac. Sefer Mitsvot Qatan. Satmor, 1935 [reprinted, Jerusalem, 1987]
ben Meir Tam, Jacob. Sefer ha-Yashar. Ed. Rosenthal, S.. Berlin, 1898Google Scholar
ben Moses, Isaac. Or Zarua. Ed. Lehrn, A. 4 vols. in 2. Zhitomir, 1862–1890Google Scholar
ben Moses Halevi Möllin, Jacob. Sefer Maharil, Minhagim. Ed. Shpizer, S. J.. Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
ben Zadok, Shimshon. Tashbetz. Cremona, 1557Google Scholar
Berliner, A., ed. The Memorial Book of the Worms Community(Hebrew). 1887Google Scholar
Berliner, A., ed. Sefer Rashi. Frankfort, 1905Google Scholar
Bernard of Clairvaux. To the English People. Tr. S. James in The Letters of St. Bernard of Clairvaux. Chicago, 1953
Bernold of St. Blasien, “Chronicon.” Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 5
Blau, J., Ed. Teshuvot ha-Rambam. 4 vols. Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Bouquet, M., Ed. Recueil des Histories des Gaules et de la France. 24 vols. Paris, 1737–1904Google Scholar
Brody, H., and Wiener, M., Eds. Mivhar ha-Shirah ha-Ivrit. Leipzig, 1922Google Scholar
Buber, S., Ed. Lamentations Rabbah (Hebrew). Vilna, 1899Google Scholar
Buber, S., Ed. Midrash Mishle. Jerusalem, 1964–1965Google Scholar
Cassius Dio. Roman History. In The Loeb Classical Library, 9 vols. Ed. Cary, E.. Cambridge, London, 1914–1927Google Scholar
Charles, H. R., Ed. and Tr. The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. London, 1908Google Scholar
Charles, H. R., Ed. The Book of Jubilees. In The Apocrypha and Pseudopigrapha of the Testament. 2 vols. Oxford, 1913Google Scholar
Charles, H. R., Ed. “The Testament of Moses,” or “The Assumption of Moses.” In The Apocrypha and Pseudopigrapha of the Testament. 2 vols. Oxford, 1913Google Scholar
Charlesworth, J., Ed. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. Garden City, 1983–85Google Scholar
Cheruel, A., Ed. Normanniae nova chronica. Caen, 1850Google Scholar
Clark, E., Ed. The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond: A Picture of Monastic Life in the Days of Abbot Samson. London, 1903Google Scholar
Crispin, G. Gislebert Crispini disputatio judei et christiani. Ed. Blumenkranz, B.. Utrecht, 1961Google Scholar
Daat Zekanim me-Rabbenu Baalei ha-Tosafot. Ed. Nunez-Vaez, I. J.. Livorno, 1783Google Scholar
Daniel. Translation and commentary by Goldwurm, H., with an overview by Nosson Scherman. New York, 1979Google Scholar
David, Y., Ed. The Poems of Amittay (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1975Google Scholar
Davidson, I., Ed. Otzar ha-Shirah ve-ha-Piyyut. New York, 1925–1933Google Scholar
Bruyne, D., and Sodar, B., Eds. Les Anciennes Traductions Latines Des Machabées [Anecdota Maredsolana, vol. 4]. Abbaye de Maredsous, 1932Google Scholar
Donnolo, Shabbettai, Sefer Hakhmoni. Ed. Casteli, D., Il commento di Sabbetai Donnolo sullibro creazione. Florence, 1880Google Scholar
Eidelberg, S. Tr. The Jews and the Crusaders. Hoboken, 1971Google Scholar
Ekkehard of Aura. “Hierosolymita.” In Recueil des historiens des croisade, historiens occidentaux. 5
Ekkehard of Aura. “Chronicon universale.” In Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 6
Elhanan ben Isaac. Tosafot al Massekhet Avodah Zarah le-Rabbenu Elhanan. Ed. Frankel, D.. Husatyn, 1901Google Scholar
Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn. Sefer Zechirah. In Sefer Gezerot Ashkenaz ve-Zarfat. Ed. Habermann, A.. Jerusalem, 1945Google Scholar
Eusebius, , History of the Church From Christ to Constantine. Tr. G. A. Williamson. New York, 1965Google Scholar
Eusebius. The Ecclesiastical History. In Loeb Classical Library. 2 vols. London, New York, 1926–1932
Eybeschuets, David Solomon. Arvie Nahal. Vol. II, Piotrkow, 1888Google Scholar
The First Book of the Maccabees. Tr. Tedesche, S. with the commentary of S. Zeitlin. New York, 1950Google Scholar
Flavius, Josephus, Jewish Antiquities. In The Loeb Classical Library. 9 vols. Ed. Wikgren, A.. Cambridge, 1926–1965Google Scholar
Flavius, Josephus. Jewish War. In The Loeb Classical Library, 3 vols. Tr. H. St. J. Thackeray. Cambridge, 1926–1965
Flavius, Josephus. Against Apion. In The Loeb Classical Library. Tr. H. St. J. Thackeray. Cambridge, 1926
Fleisher, E., Ed. The Poems of Solomon ha-Bavli. Jerusalem, 1973Google Scholar
Flusser, D., Ed. Sefer Yosippon. 2 vols. Jerusalem, 1981Google Scholar
Friedmann, M., Ed. (Meir Ish-Shalom). Seder Eliyahu Rabbah ve-Seder Eliyahu Zuta. Vienna, 1904Google Scholar
Fontes rerum germanicarum. Ed. Boehmer, J. F.. Stuttgart, 1868Google Scholar
Fulcher of Chartres. Historia Hierosolymitana. Ed. Hagenmeyer, H.. Heidelberg, 1913Google Scholar
Galant, Moses. Kehillat Yaacov, Safed 1578. Jerusalem, 1977Google Scholar
Gaon, Natronai. Gates of Righteousness, Responsa of the Geonim. Salonika, 1972Google Scholar
Gellis, J., Ed. Sefer Tosafot ha-Shalem: Commentary on the Bible. 5 vols. Jerusalem, 1982Google Scholar
Gerhon of Reichersberg. De Investigatione Antichristi. In Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 3
Geoffrey of Breuil, “Chronica.” In Recueil des Histories des Gaules et de la France, 12
Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolymytanorum. Ed. Hill, R. M.. London, 1962Google Scholar
Gesta Romanorum: Entertaining Stories. Tr. C. Swan. London, New York, 1925
Gesta Treverorum. In Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum (Hanover, 1848), 8
Glaber, R. Le cinq liver de ses histoires. In Collection de textes pour servir a l'etude et a l'enseignement de l'histore. Vol. I. Ed. Prou, M.. Paris, 1886Google Scholar
Berceo, Gonzalo, Miracles of Our Lady. Tr. R. T. Mount and A. G. Cash. Lexington, 1997Google Scholar
Gregory of Tours: Gloria Martyrium. Tr. R. Van Dam. Liverpool, 1988
Gudemann, M.Sefer Huke ha-Torah ha-Kadmonim (The Book of the Early Laws of the Torah). Printed in Sefer ha-Torah veha-Hayim be-Artsot ha-Maarav bi-Yeme ha-Benim (Geschichte des Erziehungswesens und der Cultur der abendländischen Juden, während des Mittelalters). 3 vols. Jerusalem, 1971Google Scholar
Gudemann, M. Tanna de-rabbi Eliyahu. In Sefer Ha-Torah veha-Hayim. 3 vols. Jerusalem, 1972
Guibert of Nogent. Histoire de sa vie. Ed. Bourgin, G.. Paris, 1907Google Scholar
Guibert of Nogent. De Vita Sua. Ed. Labande, E. R.. Paris, 1981Google Scholar
Guibert of Nogent. Treatise on Relics. Tr. Coulton, G. G., Life in the Middle Ages. New York, Cambridge, 1931Google Scholar
Guibert of Nogent. “Gesta Dei per Francos.” In Recueil des historiens des croisades, historiens occidentaux, 4
Guibert of Nogent. Self and Society in Medieval France. Tr. J. Benton. New York, 1970
Guillaume de Nangis, Chronique latine de Guillaume de Nangis de 1113 à 1300 avec les continuations de cette chronique de 1300 à 1368. Ed. Géraud, H.. Paris, 1843Google Scholar
Habermann, A., Ed. The Poems of Rabbi Shimon bar Isaac (Hebrew). Berlin and Jerusalem, 1938Google Scholar
Habermann, A. Ed. Selihot u-Pizmonim le-Rabbenu Gershom Me'or ha-Golah. Jerusalem, 1944Google Scholar
Habermann, A. Ed. Sefer Gezerot Ashkenaz ve-Zarfat. Jerusalem, 1945Google Scholar
ha-Bavli, Solomon. Selihah. Ed. Habermann, A., A History of Heberw Liturgical and Secular Poetry. 2 vols. Massada, 1972Google Scholar
ha-Cohen, Joseph. Emeq ha-Bachah. Ed. Letteris, M.. Cracow, 1895Google Scholar
Hadas, M., Ed. and Tr. The Third and Fourth Maccabees. New York, 1953Google Scholar
Hai ben Sherira Gaon. In Teshuvoth ha-Geonim. Ed. Harkavy, A., Zikkaron la-rishonim we-gam la-ahronim. Berlin, 1887Google Scholar
ha-Levi, Judah. The Kuzari. Tr. H. Hirschfeld. New York, 1964Google Scholar
Harkavy, A., Ed. Teshuvoth ha-Geonim. Zikkaron la-Rishonim we-Gam la-Ahronim. Berlin, 1887Google Scholar
Crescas, Hasdai, Sefer Or Adonai. Ferrara edition, 1555, republished by Gregg International Publisher. Westmead, Farnborough, Hants, 1969Google Scholar
Ha-Semak mi-Zurich. Ed. Rosenberg, I.. Jerusalem, 1973Google Scholar
Heinricus de Diessenhoven. In Fontes Rerum Germanicarum, 4. Ed. Boehmer, . Stuttgart, 1868Google Scholar
Higger, M., Ed. Semahot. New York, 1932Google Scholar
Historiatum Libri Ouingue, Ed. and Tr. France, J.. Oxford, 1989Google Scholar
Horovitz, S., and Finkelstein, L., Eds. Sifre on Deuteronomy. New York, 1969Google Scholar
Horowitz, H. S., and Rabin, D. A., Eds. Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael. Jerusalem, 1970Google Scholar
Hidushei ha-Ritva al Avodah Zarah. Eds. Goldshtain, M. and Metsger, D.. Jerusalem, 1978Google Scholar
Howlet, R., Ed. Chronicles of the Reign of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I. 4 vols. London, 1884–1889Google Scholar
Hugh of Flavigny, “Chronicon.” In Recueil des Histories des Gaules et de la France, 12
Ibn Daud, Abrahahm. The Book of Tradition. Ed. Cohen, D. G.. Philadelphia, 1967Google Scholar
ibn Verga, Solomon. Shevet Yehudah. Piatrakov edition, 1904
ibn Verga, Solomon. Shevet Yehudah. Ed. Shohet, Azriel. Jerusalem, 1947Google Scholar
ibn Verga, Solomon. Shevet Yehudah. Reprinted by the Bnei Issakhar Institute. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Jacobs, J., Ed. and Tr. The Jews of Angevin England. London, 1983Google Scholar
Voragine, Jacobus. The Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints. 2 vols. Tr. W. G. Ryan. Princeton, 1993Google Scholar
Jean de Venette, The Chronicle of Jean de Venette. Tr. J. Birdsall. Ed. Newhall, R. A.. New York, 1953Google Scholar
Jellinek, A., Ed. Bet ha-Midrash. 6 vols. in 2. 2d ed. Jerusalem, 1938Google Scholar
Klar, B., Ed. The Chronicle of Ahimaatz. Jerusalem, 1974Google Scholar
Knighton, Henry. Chronicon. 2 vols. (Series 92) Ed. Lumby, J. R.. London, 1889Google Scholar
Levin, B. M., Ed. Sherira Gaon's Epistles (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1972Google Scholar
Livy, with an English translation. In The Loeb Classical Library. London, New York, 1919–1959
Luria, Solomon. Sefer Yam Shel Shlomoh: al Masekhet Bava Qama. Vol. 13. Jerusalem, 1994Google Scholar
Maimonides, Moses. Iggeret ha-Shemad. In Igrot ha-RMBM. Ed. Shillat, I.. Jerusalem, 1976Google Scholar
Mann, J., Ed. Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature. 2 vols. Cincinnati, 1931Google Scholar
Mansi, J. D.., Eds. Sanctorum Conciliorum Collectio. 53 vols. in 60. Graz and Verlagsanstalt, 1960–1961Google Scholar
Margaliot, R., Ed. Sefer Hasidim. Jerusalem, 1957Google Scholar
Martyr, Justin. The Dialogue with Trypho, tr. W. A. Lukyn. London, New York, 1930Google Scholar
Migne, J. P., Ed. Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. 221 vols. Paris, 1844–1864Google Scholar
Migne, J. P., Ed. Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Graeco-latina. 28 vols. Paris, 1857–1887Google Scholar
Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum. 32 vols. Hanover, 1826–1934
Muller, J., Ed. The Responses of the Geonim of East and West (Hebrew). Berlin, 1888Google Scholar
Neubauer, A., and Stern, M., Eds. Hebraische Berichte uber die Judenverfolgungen wahrend der Kreuzzuge. Berlin, 1892Google Scholar
Orderic Vitalis. Historia aecclesiastica. Ed. Chibnall, M.. Oxford, 1969Google Scholar
Otto of Freising. Gesta Frideric I Imperatoris. Ed. Simson, B.. Hanover, 1912Google Scholar
The Oxford Book of Medieval Latin Verse. Ed. Raby, F. J. E.. Oxford, 1959Google Scholar
Paul of St. Peter of Chartres, Vetus Aganon. Ed Benjamin-Edme-Charles Guerard, in Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Peter de Chartres (Collection des cartulaires de France, vol. 1 in Collection de documents inedits sur l'histoire de France, ser. 1: Historia Politique.), 2 vols. Paris, 1840
Peter the Venerable. The Letters of Peter the Venerable. Ed. Constable, G.. 2 vols. Cambridge, 1967Google Scholar
Peter of Zittau. Die Königsaaler Geschichts-Quellen mit den Zusätzen und der Fortsetzung des Domherrn Franz Von Prag. Ed. Loserth, J. (Fontes Rerum Austriacarum). Vienna, 1875Google Scholar
Philo of Alexandria. The Embassy to Gaius. In The Loeb Classical Library. Tr. F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitasker. Cambridge, London, New York, 1962
Philo of Alexandria. On Josephus. In The Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 6. Tr. F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitasker. Cambridge, London, New York, 1962
Philo of Alexandria. Every Good Man is Free. In The Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9. Tr. F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitasker. Cambridge, London, New York, 1962
Pliny the Elder, Natural History. In The Loeb Classical History. Tr. H. Rackham. Cambridge and London, 1967
Plutarch. Agis and Cleomenes. In The Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 10. Tr. B. Perrin. London and New York, 1916
Pseudo-Cyprian. Adversus Judaeos. In Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum. Vol. 3. Vindobonae, 1868–1871
Ralph of Diceto. Imagines Historiarum. In Rerum Britannicarum Medii Eavi Scriptores. Ed. Stubbes, W.. 2 vols. London, 1876Google Scholar
Raymond of Aguilers. Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem in Le Liber De Raymond D'Aguiler, pubilié par John Hugh Hill et Laurita Hill. Paris, 1969
Recueil des Histories des Gaules et de la France. 24 vols. Paris, 1868–1904
Reeg, G.Die Geschichte von den Zehn Märtyren: Synoptische Edition mit Übersetzung und Einleitung. Tübingen, 1985Google Scholar
Richard of Devizis. Chroncon Ricardi Divisensis de Regis Gestis Riccardi Primi. Ed. Appleby, J. T.. London et al., 1963Google Scholar
Richard of Poitiers. “Chronicon.” In Recueil des Histories des Gaules et de la France, 12
Robert of Rheims. “Historia Hierosoylimitana.” In Recueil des historiens des croisades, historiens occidentaux, 3
Roger of Hoveden. Chronica. In Rerum Britannicarum Medii Eavi Scriptores. Ed. Stubbs, W.. Vols. 1–4. London and Oxford, 1868–1871Google Scholar
Salfeld, S., Ed. Das Martyrologium des Nürnberger Memorbuches. Berlin, 1898Google Scholar
Schechter, S., Ginzberg, L., and Davidson, I., Eds. The Vision of Daniel (Hebrew). In Ginze Schechter. 3 vols. New York, 1927–1929
Schirmann, H. A.Selection of the Hebrew Poems of Italy (Hebrew). Berlin, 1934Google Scholar
Sefer ha-Demaot: Meoraot ha-Gezerot veha-Redifot ve-Hashmadot. Ed. Bernfeld, S.. 3 vols. Berlin, 1923–1926Google Scholar
Sefer ha-Yashar le-Rabenu Tam. Ed. Rosenthal, F.. Berlin, 1989Google Scholar
Sigebert of Gembloux, “Chronica.” In Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 6
Simocatta, Theophylactus. The History of Theophlyact Simocatta. Tr. M. Whitby and M. Whitby. Oxford, 1986Google Scholar
Solomon ben Isaac of Troyes (Rashi). Piyute Rashi. Ed. Habermann, A.. Jerusalem, 1941Google Scholar
Strabo. Geography. Tr. J. L. Horace. London, New York, 1917–1933
Tacitus, C. The History. Tr. A. J. Church and W. S. Brodribb. Ed. Hadas, Moses. New York, 1942Google Scholar
Tedesche, S., Tr. and Zeltlin, S., Ed. The Second Book of Maccabees. New York, 1954Google Scholar
Tertullian. Ad Martyras. In The Writings of Tertullian (Ante-Nicene Christian Library). 3 vols. Edinburgh, 1870
Tertullian, Antidute for the Scorpion's Sting. In The Writings of Tertullian (Ante-Nicene Christian Library). 3 vols. Edinburgh, 1870
Tertullian. Ad Martyras. “To Scapula,” in Apologetical Works. In The Fathers of the Church, 19 vols. New York, 1950
Teshuvot, Pesakim, u-Minhagim. Ed. Cahana, I. Z.. 3 vols. Jerusalem, 1957–1962Google Scholar
Teshuvot Rashi. Ed. Elfenbein, I.. New York, 1943Google Scholar
Theodor, J., and Albeck, C., Eds. Midrash Bereshit Rabbah. 3 vols. Jerusalem, 1965Google Scholar
Theophanaes, The Chronicle of Theophanes. Tr. H. Turtledove. Philadelphia, 1982
Tosafists. Commentary on the Talmud. Printed in all standard editions of Talmud
Tosafotal Massekhet Avodah Zarah le-Rabbenu Elhanan. Ed. Fränkel, D.. Husatyn, 1901Google Scholar
Tov Ellem, Joseph. Teshovot Geonim Kadmonim. Ed. Kasle, D.. Berlin, 1848Google Scholar
Tudebodes, Peter. Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere, publié par John Hugh Hill et Laurita Hill. Paris, 1977Google Scholar
William of Tyre. In Recueil des historiens des croisade, historiens occidentaux. Vol I
William of Newbury. Historia rerum anglicarum. 2 vols. Ed. Hamilton, H. C.. London, 1856Google Scholar
Winterbottom, M., Ed. Three Lives of English Saints. Toronto, 1972Google Scholar
Wistinetzki, J., Ed. Sefer Hasidim. Frankfort, 1924Google Scholar
Zlotnick, D., Ed. Semahot. New Haven, 1966Google Scholar
Abel, F.-M.Les Livres des Maccabées. Paris, 1949Google Scholar
Abel, F.-M. and Starcky, J.Les livres de Maccabées. Paris, 1961Google Scholar
Aberbach, M.The Roman-Jewish War (66–70 A.D.): Its Origins and Consequences. London, 1966Google Scholar
Abrahams, I.Jewish Life in the Middle Ages. Philadelphia and Jerusalem, 1993Google Scholar
Abulafia, A. S.The Interrelationship between the Hebrew Chronicles of the First Crusade.” Journal of Semitic Studies 27 (1982), 221–239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abulafia, A. S. “Invectives against Christianity in the Hebrew Chronicles of the First Crusade.” Crusade and Settelement. Ed. Edbury, P. W., 66–72. Cardiff, 1985Google Scholar
Abulafia, A. S.Christians and Jews in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance. London, New York, 1995CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abulafia, A. S. “The Intellectual and Spiritual Quest for Christ and Central Medieval Persecution of Jews.” In Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Ed. Abulafia, A. S., 61–85. New York, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adinolfi, P. M.Elogia di l'autore di I Macc. 6.43–46; il gesto di Eleazaro?,” Antonianum 39 (1964), 177–186Google Scholar
Agus, A.The Binding of Isaac and Messiah. Albany, 1988Google Scholar
Agus, I. A.Urban Civilization in Pre-Crusade Europe. 2 vols. New York, 1965Google Scholar
Agus, I. A. “Rabbinic Scholarship in Northern Europe.” In The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe, 711–1096. Ed. Roth, C., 189–209. Rutgers, 1966Google Scholar
Agus, I. A. “Rashi and His School.” In The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe, 711–1096. Ed. Roth, C., 210–248. Rutgers, 1966Google Scholar
Agus, I. A.The Heroic Age of Franco-German Jewry. New York, 1969Google Scholar
Agus, I. A.Democracy in the Communities of the Early Middle Ages.” Jewish Quarterly Review 43 (1952–1953), 155–176Google Scholar
Alexander, P. S. “‘The Parting of the Ways’ from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism.” In Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways A.D. 70 to 135. Ed. Dunn, J. D. G., 1–25. Tübingen, 1993Google Scholar
Aibeshits, Y.In Holiness and Bravery (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1993Google Scholar
Alfasi, E. “Three Topics in the Laws of Martyrdom.” In I Will Be Sanctified: Religious Responses to the Holocaust. Ed. Fogel, Y. and Tr. E. Levin, 105–114. Northvale, Jerusalem, 1998Google Scholar
Allon, G.The History of the Jews in the Land of Israel in the Time of the Mishnah and Talmud (Hebrew). 2 vols. Tel Aviv, 1966Google Scholar
Allon, G.Studies in the History of Israel (Hebrew). 2 vols. Ha-Kibutz Ha-Meuchad, 1967Google Scholar
Alvarez, A.The Savage God: A Study of Suicide. New York, 1972Google Scholar
Alvarez, A. “The Background.” In Suicide. Ed. Battin, M. P. and Mayo, D. J., 7–32. New York, 1980Google Scholar
Amari, M. Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia. 2 vols. 1933–1935
Amir, Y.The Term IOUDAISMOS, A Study in Jewish-Hellenistic Self-Identification,” Immanuel 14 (1982), 34–41Google Scholar
Arlow, J. A.Ego Psychology and the Study of Mythology.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 9 (1961), 371–393CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, T. W.The Preaching of Islam. New York, 1913Google Scholar
Aronius, J.Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in fränkischen und deutschen Reiche. Berlin, 1902Google Scholar
Ashtor, E.The History of the Jews in Muslim Spain (Hebrew). 2 vols. Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Atkinson, M. J.Discovering Suicide. Pittsburg, 1978Google Scholar
Bachrach, B. S.Early Medieval Jewish Policy in Western Europe. Minneapolis, 1977Google Scholar
Baeck, L.The Essence of Judaism. New York, 1948Google Scholar
Baer, S., Ed. Seder Avodat Yisrael. Redelheim, 1848Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.The Religious and Social Tendency of Sefer Hasidim” (Hebrew). Zion 3 (1938), 1–50Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.Rashi and the Historical Reality of His Time” (Hebrew). Tarbiz 20 (1948), 320–332Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A. “The Hebrew Sefer Yosippon” (Hebrew). In Sefer Dinaburg. Ed. Dinur, Ben Z. and Baer, Y., 178–205. Jerusalem, 1949Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.The Origins of the Organization of the Jewish Community of the Middle Ages” (Hebrew). Zion 15 (1950), 1–41Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A. “The Persecution of 1096” (Hebrew). In Sefer Asaf. Ed. Cassuto, M. D.., 126–140. Jerusalem, 1953Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.Israel Among the Nations (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1955Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A. “Israel, the Christian Church, and the Roman Empire from the Time of Septimius Severus to the Edict of Toleration of A.D. 313.” In Studies in History. Ed. Fuks, A. and Halpern, I.. Scripta Hierosolymitana 7, 79–147. Jerusalem, 1961Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.The Persecution of the Monotheistic Religion by Antiochus Epiphanes” (Hebrew). Zion 38 (1971), 32–47Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.Galut (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1980Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.Studies and Essays in the History of the Jewish People (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1985Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.A History of the Jews in Christian Spain. Tr. L. Schoffman, 2 vols. Philadelphia, Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Baras, Z. “The Testimonium and Martyrdom of James.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 338–348. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Bar-Kochva, B.The Battels of the Hasmoneans: The Times of Judas Maccabaeus. Jerusalem, 1980Google Scholar
Bar-Kochva, B.Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle against the Seleucids. Cambridge, New York, 1989CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Kochva, B.Pseudo-Hecataeus on the Jews: Legitimizing the Jewish Diaspora. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1996Google Scholar
Barclay, J. M. G.Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 B. C. E.–117 C. E.). Edinburgh, 1996Google Scholar
Barkum, M.Disasters and the Millennium. London, 1974Google Scholar
Barnes, T.Tertullian's Scoriace.” Journal of Theological Studies 20:1 (April, 1969), 105–132Google Scholar
Baron, S. W.The Jewish Community. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1948Google Scholar
Baron, S. W.A Social and Religious History of the Jews. 18 vols. 2d ed. New York, 1952–1983Google Scholar
Barrett, A. A.Caligula: The Corruption of Power. New Haven, London, 1989CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, J. R.The First and Second Books of the Maccabees. Cambridge, 1973Google Scholar
Bartlett, J. R.Jews in the Hellenistic World: Josephus, Aristeas, The Sibylline Oracles, Eupolemus. Cambridge, New York, 1985CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baschet, J.Medieval Abraham: Between Fleshly Patriarch and Divine Father.” Modern Language Notes 108 (1993), 738–758Google Scholar
Batnitzky, L. “On the Suffering of God's Chosen: Christian Views in Jewish Terms.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 203–220. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Battin, P. M.Ethical Issues in Suicide. New Jersey, 1991Google Scholar
Baumgarten, A. I.The Flourishing of Jewish Sects in the Maccabean Era: An Interpretation. Leiden, New York, Köln, 1997Google Scholar
Baumgarten, A. I. “Invented Traditions of the Maccabean Era,” Geschichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festchrift für Martin Hengel Zum 70. Geburtstag. Ed. Cancik, H., Lichtenberger, H., and Schäfer, P., 1:197–210, Tüsbingen, 1996Google Scholar
Beinart, H. “Castilian Jewry.” In Moreshet Sepharad: The Sephardi Legacy. Ed. Beinart, H., 11–35. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Ben-Haim, Trifon, D. “Some Aspects of Internal Politics Connected with the Bar Kochva Revolt” (Hebrew). In The Bar-Kokhva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 13–26. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Ben-Sasson, M. “Italy and 'Ifriqua from the 9th to the 11th Century.” In Les Relations intercommunautaires juives en Méditerranée occidentale XIVe-XXe siècles, ed. Miège, J. L., 34–50. Paris, 1984Google Scholar
Ben-Sasson, M. “The Prayers of the Anusim” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 153–166. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Ben Shalom, I. “Events and Ideology of the Yavneh Period As Indirect Causes of the Bar Kochva Revolt” (Hebrew). In The Bar-Kokhva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 1–12. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Ben Shalom, R.Qiddush ha-Shem and Jewish Martyrdom in Aragon and Castille in 1391” (Hebrew). Tarbits 70:2 (2001), 227–282Google Scholar
Ben Zevi, I.The Exiled and the Redeemed. Tr. I. Abbady. Philadelphia, 1957Google Scholar
Beachler, J.Suicide. New York, 1979Google Scholar
Bell, A. A., Jr., “Josephus and Pseudo-Hegesippus.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 349–361. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Bendict, B. Z.The Torah Center in Provanse. Jerusalem, 1985Google Scholar
Bentzen, A. “Daniel 6: Ein Versuch zur Vorgeschichte der Märtyrerlegende.” In Festschrift A. Bertholet. Ed. Baumgartner, W., Eissfeldt, O., Elliger, K., and Rust, L., 58–64. Tübingen, 1950Google Scholar
Berger, D.Mission to the Jews and Jewish–Christian Contacts in the Polemical Literature of the High Middle Ages.” American Historical Review 91 (1986), 576–591CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, D. “From Crusade to Blood Libels to Expulsions: Some New Approaches to Medieval Antisemitism.” Second Annual Lecture of the V. J. Selmanowitz Chair of Jewish History, Touro College, Graduate School of Jewish Studies. New York, 1997Google Scholar
Berger, D. “On the Image and Destiny of Gentiles in Ashkenazic Polemical Literature” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 74–91, Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Berger, D. “Jacob Katz on Jews and Christians in the Middle Ages.” In The Pride of Jacob: Essay on Jacob Katz and His Work. Ed. Harris, J. M., 41–63. Cambridge and London, 200.Google Scholar
Bettelheim, B.The Informed Heart: Autonomy in a Mass Age. Illinois, 1960Google Scholar
Bevan, E. R.The House of Seleucus. 2 vols. London, 1902Google Scholar
Bickerman, E. “The Date of Fourth Maccabees.” In Louis Ginzberg Jubilee Volume, 115–112. New York, 1945. Reprinted in Studies in Jewish and Christian History, 1:276–281. Leiden, 1976
Bickerman, E.The God of the Maccabees. Tr. H. R. Moehring. Leiden, 1979Google Scholar
Bilde, P.The Roman Emperor Gaius Caligula's Attempt to Erect His Statue in the Temple in Jerusalem.” Studia Theologica 32 (1978), 67–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, M.The Middle Ages. Boston, 1987Google Scholar
Blanchetière, F. “The Threefold Christian anti-Judaism” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 185–210. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blank, S. H.The Death of Zechariah in Rabbinic Literature.” Hebrew Union College Annual 12-13 (1937–1938), 327–346Google Scholar
Bloch, P. “Rom und die Mystiker der Merkaba.” In Festschrift zum siebzigsten Geburtstage Jakob Guttmanns. Ed. Philippson, M., 113–124. Leipzig, 1915Google Scholar
Blumenkranz, B.Juifs et Chrétiens Dans Le Monde Occidental 430–1096. Paris, 1960Google Scholar
Blumenkranz, B.Les auteurs chrétiens latins du moyen age sur les juifs et le judaisme. Paris, 1963Google Scholar
Blumenkranz, B. “The Roman Church and the Jews.” In The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe, 711–1096. Ed. Roth, C., 69–99. Rutgers, 1966Google Scholar
Blumenthal, “Tselem: Toward an Anthropopathic Theology of Image.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 337–347. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Bond, H. K.Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonfil, R.The Image of Judaism in Raymond Martini's Pugio Fidei” (Hebrew). Tarbiz 40 (1971), 360–375Google Scholar
Bonfil, R. “Tra due mondi, Prospettive di ricerca sulla storia culturale degli Ebrei dell ‘Italia meridionale nell ’alto Medioevo,” Italia Judaica. Atti del I Convegno internazionale, Bari 18-22 maggio 1981 (Rome, 1983), 135–158Google Scholar
Bonfil, R.Between the Land of Israel and Babylon: A Study of the Jewish Culture in Southern Italy and in Christian Europe in the Early Middle Ages.” Shalem 5 (1987), 1–30Google Scholar
Bonfil, R. “Myth, Rhetoric, History? A Study in the Chronicle of Ahima'az” (Hebrew). In Culture and Society in Medieval Jewry: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson. Ed. Ben-Sasson, M., Bonfil, R., and Hacker, J. R., 99–135. Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
Bonfil, R. “Can Medieval Storytelling Help Understanding Midrash? The Story of Paltiel: A Preliminary Study on History and Midrash.” In The Midrashic Imagination: Jews, Exegesis, Thought, and History. Ed. Fishbane, M., 228–254. Albany, 1993Google Scholar
Borgen, R. “Emperor Worship and Persecution in Philo's In Flaccum and De Legatione ad Gaium and the Revelation of John.” In Geschichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festchrift für Martin Hengel Zum 70. Geburtstag. Ed. Cancik, H., Lichtenberger, H., and Schäfer, P., 3:493–509. Tübingen, 1996Google Scholar
Boswell, J. Life of Johnson. Ed. Hill, G. B.. 6 vols. Oxford, 1887Google Scholar
Bouman, C. “The Immaculate Conception in the Liturgy.” In The Dogma of the Immaculate Conception: History and Significance. Ed. O'Connor, E. D., 113–159. Notre Dame, 1958Google Scholar
Bowersock, W. G.Martyrdom and Rome. Cambridge, 1995CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, S.The Jews of Byzantium 1204-1453. Alabama Press, 1985Google Scholar
Bowman, S. “Sefer Yosippon: History and Midrash. In The Midrashic Imagination: Jews, Exegesis, Thought, and History. Ed. Fishbane, M., 280–294. Albany, 199
Bowman, S.‘Yosippon’ and Jewish Nationalism.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 61 (1995), 23–51Google Scholar
Boyarin, D.Intertextuality and the Reading of Midrash. Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1990Google Scholar
Boyarin, D.Dying For God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism. Stanford, 1999Google Scholar
Brandon, S. G. F.Jesus and the Zealots: A Study of the Political Factor in Primitive Christianity. Manchester, 1967Google Scholar
Brelich, A. “Symbol of a Symbol.” In Myth and Symbols. Ed. Kitagawa, J. M. and Long, C. H., 195–208. Chicago and London, 1969Google Scholar
Breuer, M. “Women in Jewish Martyrology” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 141–149. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Bronwnlee, W. H. “Maccabees, Books of,” Anchor Bible Dictionary. Ed. Freedman, D. N., 3:201–215, New York, London, 1992Google Scholar
Brown, P.The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. Chicago, 1981Google Scholar
Browning, R.The Byzantine Empire. New York, 1980Google Scholar
Brundage, J. A. “Holy War and the Medieval Lawyers.” In The Holy War. Ed. Murphy, T. P., 99–140. Columbus, 1976Google Scholar
Bruce, F. F. “The Book of Daniel and the Qumran Community.” In Neotestamentica et Semitica: Studies in Honor of Matthew Black. Ed. Ellis, E. E. and Wilcox, M., 221–235. Edinburg, 1969Google Scholar
Brundage, A. “Holy War and the Medieval Lawyers.” The Holy War. Ed. Murphy, T. P., 9–32. Columbus, 1976Google Scholar
Brunt, P. A. “Charges of Provincial Maladministration under the Principate.” In Ha-Mered Ha-Gadol: ha-Sibot veha-Nesibot li-Feritsato. Ed. Kasher, A., 103–141. Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Butler, A. H., Thurston, S. J., and Attwater, D., Eds. Butler's Lives of the Saints, 4 vols. New York, 1968Google Scholar
Campbell, J.The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton, 1973Google Scholar
Cassuto, U. “Una lettera ebraica de secolo X.” In Giornale della Societa Asiatica Italiana, 29, 97–110
Chadwick, H. Oxford History of Christianity. Ed. McManner, J.. Oxford, 1990Google Scholar
Chalandon, F.Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile. 2 vols. New York, 1960Google Scholar
Charles, R. H.The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Vol. 2. Oxford, 1913Google Scholar
Charles, R. H.A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel. Oxford, 1929Google Scholar
Charles, R. H.Eschatology: The Doctrine of a Future Life in Israel, Judaism and Christianity. New York, 1970Google Scholar
Charlesworth, J. El. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. Garden City, 1983–1985Google Scholar
Chavasse, A.Le Sacramentaire Gelasie. Strasborg, 1958Google Scholar
Chazan, R.The Blois Incident of 1171: A Study in Jewish Intercommunal Organization.” Proceedings of the American for Jewish Research 36 (1968), 13–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.The Bray Incident of 1192: Realpolitik and Folk Slander.” Proceedings of the American for Jewish Research 37 (1969), 1–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R. “The Persecution of 992.” Revue des études juives 129 (1970), 217–221Google Scholar
Chazan, R.Emperor Frederick I, the Third Crusade, and the Jews.” Viator 8 (1970), 83–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.1007–1012: Initial Crisis For Northern European Jewry.” Proceedings of the American for Jewish Research 38–39 (1970–1971), 101–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.Medieval Jewry in Northern France. Baltimore and London, 1973Google Scholar
Chazan, R.R. Ephraim of Bonn's Sefer Zechirah.” Revue des études juives 132.1–2 (1973), 119–126Google Scholar
Chazan, R.The Hebrew First Crusade Chronicles.” Revue des études juives 133 (1974), 235–254Google Scholar
Chazan, R.The Hebrew Chronicles: Frurther Reflections.” Association for Jewish Studies Review 3 (1978), 79–98Google Scholar
Chazan, R.Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages. New York, 1980Google Scholar
Chazan, R.The Deeds of the Jewish Community of Cologne.” Journal of Jewish Studies 35 (1984), 185–195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.The Early Developments of Hasidut Ashkenaz.” Jewish Quarterly Review 75:3 (1985), 199–211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.Review of K. Stow, The ‘1007 Anonymous’ and Papal Sovereignty.” Speculum 62 (1987), 728–731CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.European Jewry and the First Crusacde. Los Angeles, London, 1987Google Scholar
Chazan, R.Daggers of Faith. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1989Google Scholar
Chazan, R.The Facticity of Medieval Narrative: A Case Study of the Hebrew First Crusade Narratives.” Association for Jewish Studies Review 16 (1991), 31–56Google Scholar
Chazan, R.Barcelona and Beyond: The Disputation of 1263 and Its Aftermath. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, 1992Google Scholar
Chazan, R.Ephraim ben Jacob's Compilation of Twelfth-Century Persecutions.” Jewish Quarterly Review 84 (1993–1994), 397–416CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.Medieval Stereotypes and Modern Antisemitism. Berkeley, 1997Google Scholar
Chazan, R. “Jerusalem as Christian Symbol during the First Crusade: Jewish Awareness and Response.” In Jerusalem: Its Sanctity and Centrality to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Ed. Levine, L. I., 382–392. New York, 1999Google Scholar
Chazan, R.God, Humanity and History: The Hebrew First Crusade Narratives. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 2000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R. “From the First Crusade to the Second: Evolving Perceptions of the Christian–Jewish Conflict.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Signer, M. A. and Engen, J., 46–62. Indiana, 2001Google Scholar
Chazan, R. “The Anti-Jewish Violence of 1096: Perpetrator and Dynamics.” In Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Ed. Abulafia, A. S., 21–43. New York, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chilton, B., and Neusner, J.Comparing Spiritualities: Formative Christianity and Judaism on Finding Life and Meeting Death. Harrisburg, 2000Google Scholar
Choron, J.Suicide. New York, 1972Google Scholar
Coggins, A. J.Samaritans and Jews. Oxford, 1975Google Scholar
Cohen, G. D. “The Story of Hannah and Her Seven Sons in Hebrew Literature” (Hebrew). In Mordecai M. Kaplan Jubilee Volume. Ed. Davis, M., 109–122. New York, 1953Google Scholar
Cohen, G. D. “Esau as Symbol in Early Medieval Thought.” In Jewish Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Ed. Altmann, A., 19–48. Cambridge, 1967CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, G. D. “Messianic Postures of Ashkenazim and Sepharadim.” In Studies of the Leo Baeck Institute. Ed. Kreutzberger, M., 117–156. New York, 1967Google Scholar
Cohen, G. D. “The Hebrew Crusade Chronicles and the Ashkenazic Tradition.” Minhah le-Nahum: Biblical and Other Studies in Honor of Nahum M. Sarna. Ed. Fishban, M. and Brettler, M., 36–53. Sheffield, 1993Google Scholar
Cohen, H. H.Suicide in Jewish Law.” In Encyclopaedia Judaica Vol. 15, 1972Google Scholar
Cohen, J.Roman Imperial Policy toward the Jews from Constantine until the End of the Palestinian Patriarchate (ca. 429).” Byzantine Studies 3 (1976), 1–29Google Scholar
Cohen, J.The Friars and the Jews: The Evolution of Medieval Anti-Judaism. Ithaca, 1982Google Scholar
Cohen, J.The Jews as the Killers of Christ in the Latin Tradition, from Augustine to the Friars.” Tradition 39 (1983), 3–27Google Scholar
Cohen, J. “Recent Historiography on the Medieval Church and the Decline of European Jewry.” In Pope Teachers and Canon Law in the Middle Ages. Ed. Sweeney, J. B. and Chodorow, S., 251–262. Ithaca and London, 1989Google Scholar
Cohen, J.The Persecution of 1096: The Sociocultural Context of the Narratives of Martyrdom” (Hebrew). Zion 59 (1994), 169–208Google Scholar
Cohen, J.Living Letters of the Law: Ideas of the Jews in Medieval Christianity. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1999Google Scholar
Cohen, J. “The Hebrew Crusade Chronicles in Their Christian Cultural Context.” In Juden und Christen zur Zeit Der Kreuzzüge. Ed. Haverkamp, A., 17–34. Sigmaringen, 1999Google Scholar
Cohen, J.Between Martyrdom and Apostasy: Doubt and Self-Definition in Twelfth-Century Ashkenaz.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 29:3 (Fall 1999), 431–473Google Scholar
Cohen, J. “From History to Historiography: The Study of the Persecutions and Constructions of their Meaning” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 16–31. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Cohen, J. “A 1096 Complex? Constructing the First Crusade in Jewish Historical Memory, Medieval and Modern.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Michael, M. A. and Signer, A. and Engen, John, 9–25. Notre Dame, 2001Google Scholar
Cohen, J. “Christian Theology and Anti-Jewish Violence in the Middle Ages: Connections and Disjunctions.” In Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Ed. Abulafia, A. S., 44–60. New York, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. D. S.Josephus in Galilee and Rome. Leiden, 1979Google Scholar
Cohen, J. D. S. “Ioudaios: ‘Judaean’ and ‘Jews’ in Susanna, First Maccabees, and Second Maccabees.” In Geschichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festchrift für Martin Hengel Zum 70. Geburtstag. Ed. Cancik, H., Lichtenberger, H., Schäfer, P., 1:211–219. Tüsbingen, 1996Google Scholar
Cohen, J. D. S.The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1999Google Scholar
Cohen, R. M.Under Crescent and Cross. Princeton, 1994Google Scholar
Cohn, N.The Pursuit of the Millennium. New York, Oxford, 1970Google Scholar
Coles, R. A.Reports of Proceedings in Papyri. Bruxelles, 1966Google Scholar
Collins, J. J.Apocalyptic Eschatology as the Transcendence of Death.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 36 (1974), 21–43Google Scholar
Collins, J. J.The Court-Tales of Daniel and the Development of Apocalyptic.” Journal of Biblical Commentary 94 (1975), 218–234CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, J. J.The Apocalyptic Vision of the Book of Daniel. Atlanta, 1977Google Scholar
Collins, J. J.Daniel, First Maccabees, Second Maccabees: Old Testament Message. Vol. 15. Wilmington, 1981Google Scholar
Collins, J. J.Daniel. Minneapolis, 1993Google Scholar
Coope, J. A.The Martyrs of Cordoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion. Lincoln, 1995Google Scholar
Corbishley, T.The Cronology of the Reign of Herod the Great.” Journal of Theological Studies 36 (1935), 22–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulton, G. G.Life in the Middle Ages. 4 vols. in 1. New York, Cambridge, 1931Google Scholar
Cowdrey, H. E. J.The Epistolae Vagantes of Pope Gregory VII. Oxford, 1972Google Scholar
Cowdrey, H. E. J. “The Genesis of the Crusades.” In The Holy War. Ed. Murphy, T. P., 9–32. Columbus, 1976Google Scholar
Cowdrey, H. E. J. “Martyrdom and the First Crusade.” In Crusade and Settlement. Ed. Edbury, W. P., 46–56. Cardiff, 1985Google Scholar
Cross, F. N. Jr.The Library of Ancient Qumran. Garden City, 1961Google Scholar
Daly, R. J.The Soteriological Significance of the Sacrifice of Isaac,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 39 (1977), 45–75Google Scholar
Daly, R. J.Christian Sacrifice: The Judaeo Christian Background before Origin. Washington, 1978Google Scholar
Da Milano, I.L'eresia popolare del secolo XI nell' Europa Occidentale.” Studi Gregoriani 2 (1947), 43–89Google Scholar
Dan, J. “The Beginnings of Jewish Mysticism in Europe.” In The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe, 711–1096. Ed. Roth, C., 282–290. Rutgers, 1966Google Scholar
Dan, J.Esoteric Theology of Ashkenazi Hasidism (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1968Google Scholar
Dan, J. “The Problem of Sanctification of the Name in the Speculative Teaching of the German Hasidim” (Hebrew). In Milhemet Qodesh u-Martirologiah, 121–129. Jerusalem, 1967
Dan, J. “The Importance and Meaning of the Story of the Ten Martyrs” (Hebrew). Studies in Literature Presented to Simon Halkin. Ed. Fleischer, E., 15–22. Jerusalem, 1973Google Scholar
Dan, J.The Hebrew Story in the Middle Ages (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1974Google Scholar
Dan, J.Pirqe Hekhalot u-Ma'aseh Aseret Haruge Malkhut.” Eshel Be'er Sheva 2 (1980), 63–80Google Scholar
Dan, J.The Ancient Jewish Mysticism. Tel Aviv, 1993Google Scholar
Dan, J.Jewish Mysticism, 4 vols. Northvale and Jerusalem, 1998Google Scholar
Dancy, J. C.A commentary on I Maccabees. Oxford, 1954Google Scholar
Daniell, C.Death and Burial in Medieval England, 1066–1550. London, New York, 1997Google Scholar
Darmesteter, L.L'Autodafe de Troyes (24 avril 1288).” Revue des études juives 2 (1881), 199–247Google Scholar
Daube, D.The Linguistics of Suicide.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1, no. 4 (1972), 437–487Google Scholar
David, A. “Stories on the Persecutions in Germany in the Middle Ages” (Hebrew). In A. M. Habermann Jubilee Volume: Studies in Medieval Hebrew Literature. Ed. Malachi, Z., 69–83. Jerusalem, 1977Google Scholar
David, A. “Historical Records of the Persecutions during the First Crusade in Hebrew Works and Hebrew Manuscripts” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 193–205. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Davies, P.Hasidim in the Maccabean Period.” Journal of Jewish Studies, 28–29 (1977), 127–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, W. D.A Note on Josephus, Antiquities 15:136.” Harvard Theological Review 47/3 (1954), 135–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Boer, M. C. “The Nazoreans: Living at the Boundary of Judaism and Christianity.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 239–262. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iongh, D. C.Byzantine Aspects of Italy. New York, 1967Google Scholar
De Jonge, M. “Jesus' death for others and the death of the Maccabean martyrs.” In Text and Testimony: Essays on New Testament and Apocryphal Literature in Honour of A. F. J. Klijn. Ed. Baarda, T., Hilhorst, A., Luttikhuizen, G. P., and Woude, A. S., 142–151. Kampen, 1988Google Scholar
De Jonge, M. “Test. Benjamin 3:8 and the Picture of Joseph as ‘A Good and Holy Man’.” In Die Entstehung Der Jüdishen Martyrologie. Ed. Henten, J. W., 204–214, Leiden, New York, Köln, 1989Google Scholar
De Jonge, M. “Jesus' Role in the Final Breakthrough of God's Kingdom.” In Geshichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festchrift für Martin Hengel Zum 70. Geburtstag. Ed. Cancik, H., Lichtenberger, H., and Schäfer, P., 3:265–286, Tübingen, 1996Google Scholar
Delcor, , Le Livre de Daniel. Paris, 1971Google Scholar
Delehaye, H.Passio sanctorum sexaginta martyrum,” Analecta Bollandiana 28 (1904), 289–307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delehaye, H.The Legends of the Saints, tr. by D. Attwater. New York, 1962Google Scholar
Delooz, P. “Towards a Sociological Study of Canonized Sainthood.” In Saints and their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Folklore and History. Ed. Wilson, S., 189–216. Cambridge, 1983Google Scholar
Derfler, S. L.The Hasmonean Revolt: Rebellion or Revolution. Lewiston, Lampeter, Queenston, 1990Google Scholar
Croix, Ste, “Aspects of the ‘Great’ Persecutions.” Harvard Theological Review 47 (1954), 75–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Ste Croix. “Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?” In Studies in Ancient Society: Past and Present Series. Ed. Finley, M. I., 210–249. London and Boston, 1974Google Scholar
De Ste Croix. “Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted? A Rejoinder.” In Studies in Ancient Society: Past and Present Series. Ed. Finley, M. I., 256–262. London and Boston, 1974Google Scholar
Dihle, A. “C. Judaism: I. Hellenistic Judaism.” In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Ed. Kittel, G. and Fridrich, G., 9:632–635. Eerdmans, 1974Google Scholar
Dinur, B. Z. Ed. Israel ba-Golah. 2 vols. in 8. 2d ed. Tel Aviv, 1958–1972Google Scholar
Dols, M.The Black Death in the Middle East. Princeton, 1977Google Scholar
Doran, R.2 Maccabees and ‘Tragic History,’Hebrew Union College Annual 50 (1979), 110–114Google Scholar
Doran, R. “The Martyrs: A Synoptic View of the Mother and her Seven Sons.” In Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism: Profiles and Paradigms. Ed. G. W. E. Nickelsburg and J. J. Collins. Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and Cognate Studies 12 (1980), 189–221
Doran, R.Temple Propaganda: The Purpose and Character of 2 Maccabees. Catholic Biblical Association of America. Washington, DC, 1981Google Scholar
Dorff, E. N. “Another Jewish View of Ethics, Christian and Jewish.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 127–134. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Douglas, J.The Social Meanings of Suicide. Princeton, 1967Google Scholar
Dozy, R.Spanish Islam. London, 1972Google Scholar
Droge, A. J., and Tabor, J. D.A Noble Death: Suicide and Martyrdom among Christians and Jews in Antiquity. San Francisco, 1992Google Scholar
Dublin, I. L.Suicide. A Sociological and Statistical Study. New York, 1963Google Scholar
Dublin, I. L.To Be or Not To Be: A Study of Suicide. New York, 1933CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubois, D.La mort de Zacharie: mémoire juive et mémoire chrétienne.” Revue des études Augustinennes 40 (1994), 23–38Google Scholar
Duchett, E.Death and Life in the Tenth Century. Michigan, 1967Google Scholar
Dunn, J. D. G. “Two Covenants or One? The Interdependence of Jewish and Christian Identity,” Geschichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festchrift für Martin Hengel Zum 70. Geburtstag. Ed. Cancik, H., Lichtenberger, H., and Schäfer, P., 3:107–113, Tübingen, 1996Google Scholar
DuPont-Sommer, A.Le Quatrième Livre des Machabées: Introd., traduction et notes. Paris, 1939Google Scholar
Durkheim, E.Suicide: A Study in Sociology. 6th ed. New York, 1966Google Scholar
Edwards, P. “The Meaning and Value of Life” Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Edwards, P.. New York, 1967Google Scholar
Efron, J. “Holy War and Redemption in the Period of the Hasmoneans” (Hebrew). In Milhemet Kodesh u-Martirologiah, 7–34. Jerusalem, 1967
Efron, J. “Bar Kochva in the Light of the Palestinian and the Babylonian talmudic Tradition.” In The Bar Kochva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 47–105. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Efron, J.Studies on the Hasmonean Period. Leiden, New York, 1987Google Scholar
Eidelberg, S.The Community of Troyes before the Time of Rashi” (Hebrew). Sura 1 (1953–1954), 48–57Google Scholar
Eidelberg, S.The Jews and the First Crusade. Madison, 1977Google Scholar
Einbinder, L. S.Pucellina of Blois: Romantic Myths and Narrative Conventions.” Jewish History 12.1 (1998), 29–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einbinder, L. S.The Troyes Elegies: Jewish Martyrology in Hebrew and Old French.” Viator 30 (1999), 201–230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einbinder, L. S. “The Jewish Martyrs of Blois, 1171.” In Medieval Hagiography: A Sourcebook. Ed. Head, T., 537–560. New York, London, 2000Google Scholar
Einbinder, L. S.Beautiful Death: Jewish Poetry and Martyrdom in Medieval France. Princeton and Oxford, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elbogen, I. Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive History. Ed. Heinmann, J.. Philadelphia, Jerusalem, New York, 1993Google Scholar
Eliade, M.Myth and Reality. Tr. W. R. Trask. New York, 1968Google Scholar
Eliade, M.Images and Symbols. Tr. P. Mairet. New York, 1969Google Scholar
Eliav, M. (ed.) I Believe: Testimonies on the Lives and Deaths of People of Faith during the Holocaust (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1965Google Scholar
Elukin, J. M. “The Discovery of the Self: Jews and Conversion in the Twelfth Century.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Michael, M. A.Signer, A. and Engen, John, 63–76. Notre Dame, 2001Google Scholar
Epstein, J. N.Introduction to Tannaitic Literature: Babylonian Talmud and Yerushalmi (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1957Google Scholar
Erdmann, C.The Origin of the Idea of the Crusade. Tr. M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart. Princeton, 1977Google Scholar
Fackenheim, E. L.The Jewish Return into History: Reflection in the Age of Auschwitz and a New Jerusalem. New York, 1978Google Scholar
Farberow, L. N., and Shneidman, E. S., Eds. The Cry for Help. New York, 1961Google Scholar
Farmer, W. R.Maccabees, Zealots, and Josephus: An Inquiry into Jewish Nationalism in the Greco-Roman Period. New York, 1956Google Scholar
Feldman, L. H. “Masada: A Critique of Recent Scholarship.” Christianity Judaism and other Greco-Roman Cults Studies for Morton Smith Sixty, Part Three:Judaism berofr 70, 218–248. Leiden, 1975Google Scholar
Feldman, L. H.Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937–1980). Berlin, 1984CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, L. H. “Josephus' Jewish Antiquities and Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities.” In Josephus, the Bible, and History. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 59–80. Detroit, 1989Google Scholar
Ferorelli, N.Gli Ebrei Nell'Italia Meridionale. Bologna, 1966Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L.Jewish Self-Government in the Middle Ages. New York, 1924Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L. “The Ten Martyrs.” In Essays and Studies in Memory of Linda R. Miller. Ed. Davidson, I., 29–55. New York, 1938Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L.Mavo le-Masekhtot Avot ve-Avot de-Rabbi Natan. New York, 1950Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L.The Pharisees: The Sociological Background of their Faith. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1962Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L.Akiva: Scholar, Saint and Martyr. London, 1990Google Scholar
Fischel, H. A.Martyrs and Prophets.” Jewish Quarterly Review 37 (1946–1947), 265–280CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishbane, M.The Kiss of God: Spiritual and Mystical Death in Judaism. Seattle and London, 1994Google Scholar
Fletcher, J.“Euthanasis: Our Right to Die.”Morals and Medicine. 1954Google Scholar
Flusser, D. “Jewish Origin of Christianity” (Hebrew). In Y. Baer Jubilee Volume, 75–98. Jerusalem, 1960
Flusser, D. “Jewish Sources of Christian Martyrdom and Their Influence on Its Fundamental Concepts” (Hebrew). In Milhemet Kodesh u-Martirologiah, 61–71. Jerusalem, 1967
Flusser, D.The Author of Sefer Yosippon, His Character and His Period” (Hebrew). Zion 18 (1953), 109–126Google Scholar
Flusser, D.He Has Planted It [i.e., the Law] as Eternal Life in Our Midst” (Hebrew). Tarbiz 58 (1988–9), 147–53Google Scholar
Focillon, H.The Year 1000. New York, 1969Google Scholar
Foe, A.The Jews of Europe after the Black Death. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 2000Google Scholar
Fox, L. R.Pagans and Christians. New York, 1986Google Scholar
Frend, W. H. C.Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church: A Study of a Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus. Garden City, 1967Google Scholar
Frend, W. H. C. “The Failure of the Persecutions in the Roman Empire.” In Studies in Ancient Society. Ed. Finley, M. I., Past and Present Series, 263–287. London and Boston, 1974Google Scholar
Frey, R. G. “Did Socrates Commit Suicide?” In Suicide. Ed. Battin, M. P. and Mayo, D. J.. New York, 1980Google Scholar
Fulimer, W. E.The Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great.” Jewish Theological Seminary 17 (1966), 283–298Google Scholar
Funkenstein, A.Changes in the Patterns of Christian Anti-Jewish Polemics in the 12th Century” (Hebrew). Zion 33 (1968), 125–144Google Scholar
Gafni, I. M. “Josephus and I Maccabees.” In Josephus, the Bible, and History. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G.. Detroit, 1989Google Scholar
Gafni, I. M. “Babylonian Rabbinic Culture.” In Cultures of the Jews: A New History. Ed. Biale, D., 238–239. New York, 2002Google Scholar
Gaston, L.Paul and the Torah. Vancouver, 1987Google Scholar
Gay, J.L'Italie meridionale et l'empire byzantin, 867–1071. Paris, 1904Google Scholar
Geiger, J.The History of Judas Maccabaeus: One Aspect of Hellenistic Historiography” (Hebrew). Zion 49 (1984), 1–8Google Scholar
Gero, S.Byzantine Imperial Prosopgraphy in a Medieval Hebrew Text.” Byzantion 47 (1977), 157–162Google Scholar
Gibbs, P. J. Ed., Suicide. New York, Evanston, London, 1968Google Scholar
Gibbs, R. “Suspicions of Suffering.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 221–229, Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Gies, F.The Knight in History. New York, 1987Google Scholar
Gilat, Y. D. R.Eliezer Ben Hyrcanus: A Scholar Outcast. Ramat Gan, 1984Google Scholar
Gilchrist, J. “The Erdmann Thesis and the Canon Law.” Crusade and Settlemen. Ed. Edbury, W. P., 35–45. Cardiff Press, 1985Google Scholar
Ginzburg, C.Ecstasies Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath. New York, 1991Google Scholar
Girard, R.Violence and the Sacred. Tr. P. Gregory. Baltimore, 1977Google Scholar
Goitein, D.Obadyah, a Norman Proselyte.” The Journal of Jewish Studies 4 (1953), 80–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golb, N.New Light on the Persecution of French Jews at the Time of the First Crusade.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 34 (1966), 1–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golb, N.History and Culture of the Jews of Rouen in the Middle Ages. Tel Aviv, 1976Google Scholar
Golb, N.The Jews in Medieval Normandy: A Social and Intellectual History. Cambridge, 1998Google Scholar
Golb, N., and Pritsak, O.Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Ithaca and London, 1982Google Scholar
Goldenberg, R. “The Jewish Sabbath in the Roman World up to the Time of Constantine the Great.” In Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, II, vol. 19.1 (Berlin, 1979), 414–447
Goldenberg, R. “Talmud.” In Judaism: A People and Its History. Religion, History, and Culture: Selections from the Encyclopaedia of Religion. Ed. Seltzer, R. M., 102. New York, London, 1989Google Scholar
Goldin, J.The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan. New Haven, 1995Google Scholar
Goldin, S.The Socialisation for Kiddush ha-Shem among Medieval Jews.” Journal of Medieval History, vol. 23, no. 2 (1997), 117–138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldin, S.The Ways of Jewish Martyrdom (Hebrew). Lodd, 2002Google Scholar
Goldschmidt, D. E.On Jewish Liturgy: Essays on Prayer and Religious Poetry (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1978Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. A.1 Maccabees: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB 41. Garden City, 1976Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. A.2 Maccabees: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB 41a. Garden City, 1983Google Scholar
Goldstein, S.Suicide in Rabbinic Literature. New Jersey, 1989Google Scholar
Goodich, M. “The Politics of Canonization in the Thirteenth Century: Lay and Mendicant Saints.” In Saints and Their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Folklore and History. Ed. Wilson, S., 169–187. Cambridge, 1983Google Scholar
Gottfried, R. S.The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe. London, 1983Google Scholar
Grabar, A.Martyrium: Recherches sur le culte de reliques et l'art chrétien antique. 2 vols. London, 1972Google Scholar
Grabbe, L. L.Judaism from Cyrus to Hadrian. 2 vols. [with continuing pagination]. Minneapolis, 1992Google Scholar
Grabbe, L. L. “Sadducees and Pharisees.” In Judaism in Late Antiquity: Part 3. Where We Stand: Issues and Debates in Ancient Judaism. Ed. Avery-Peck, A. J. and Neusner, J., 1:35–62. Leiden and Brill, 1999Google Scholar
Grabbe, L. L.Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period. London and New York, 2000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabbe, L. L. “Eschatology in Philo and Josephus.” In Judaism in Late Antiquity: Part 4, Death, Life-after-Death, Resurrection and the World-to-Come in the Judaism of Antiquity. Ed. Avery-Peck, A. J. and Neusner, J., 163–185. Leiden and Brill, 2000Google Scholar
Grabois, A. “Les juifs et leurs seigneurs dans la France Septentrionale aux Xie et XIIe siècles.” In Les Juifs Dans L'Histoire de France. Ed. Yardeni, M., 11–23. Leiden, 1980Google Scholar
Grabois, A. “The Leadership of the Parnasim in the Northern French Communities in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries: the ‘Boni Viri’ and the Elders of the Cities'” (Hebrew). In Culture and Society in Medieval Jewish History: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson. Ed. Ben-Sasson, M., Bonfil, R., and Hacker, J. R., 303–314. Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
Graetz, H.History of the Jews. 6 vols. Philadelphia, 1891–1898Google Scholar
Grayzel, S.The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century. 2d ed. New York, 1965Google Scholar
Grisé, Y.Le Suicide Dans La Rome Antique. Paris, 1982Google Scholar
Gross, A.The Ashkenazic Syndrom of Qiddush ha-Shem in Portugal in 1497.” Tarbitz 64 (1995), 83–114Google Scholar
Gross, A. “Historical and Halakhic Aspects of the Mass Martyrdom in Mainz: An Integrative Approach.” In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 171–192. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Gross, H.Gallia Judaica dictionnaire geographique de la France déprès les sources rabbiniques. Paris, 1897Google Scholar
Grossman, A.The Immigration of the Kalonymide Family from Italy to Germany” (Hebrew). Zion 40 (1975), 154–185Google Scholar
Grossman, A.The Early Sages of Ashkenaz (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1988Google Scholar
Grossman, A. “The Roots of Qiddush ha-Shem in Early Ashkenaz” (Hebrew). In The Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 99–130. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Grossman, A. “The Connections between Spanish Jewry and Ashkenazic Jewry in the Middle Ages” (Hebrew). In Moreshet Sepharad: The Sephardi Legacy. Ed. Beinart, H., 174–189. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Grossman, A.The Early Sages of France: Their Lives, Leadership and Works (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1995Google Scholar
Grossman, A.Qiddush ha-Shem in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries: Between Ashkenaz and the Islamic Countries” (Hebrew). Peamim 75 (1998), 27–46Google Scholar
Grossman, A. “The Cultural and Social Background of Jewish Martyrdom in 1096” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 55–73. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Gruen, E. S.Heritage and Hellenism: The Reinvention of Jewish Tradition. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1998Google Scholar
Gruenwald, I.Qiddush ha-Shem: An Examination of a Term” (Hebrew). Molad 1 (1968), 476–484Google Scholar
Gruenwald, I. “Intolerance and Martyrdom: From Socrates to Rabbi Aqiva.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 7–29. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutman, J. “The Mother and Her Seven Sons in the Aggadah and the Second and Fourth Books of the Hasmoneans” (Hebrew). In Commentationes Iudaico-Hellenisticae in memoriam Iohannis Lewy. Ed. Schwabe, M. and Gutman, J., 25–37. Jerusalem, 1949Google Scholar
Guttmann, A.The Significance of Miracles for Talmudic Judaism.” Hebrew Union College Annual 20 (1974), 364–406Google Scholar
Guttmann, A.Rabbinic Judaism in the Making: A Chapter in the History of the Halakha from Ezra to Judah I. Detroit, 1979Google Scholar
Habermann, A. M.A History of Hebrew Liturgical and Secular Poetry (Hebrew). 2 vols. Rmat-Gan, 1972Google Scholar
Habermann, A. M.Rabbenu Gershom the Light of the Exile. Jerusalem, 1944Google Scholar
Habicht, C.2 Makkabäerbuch,” Jüdische Schriften aus hellenistisch-röischer Zeit. Vol. 1 Historische und legendarische Erzählugen. Gütersloh, 1976bGoogle Scholar
Hacker, J.About the Persecutions during the First Crusade” (Hebrew). Zion 31 (1966), 225–231Google Scholar
Hacker, J. “Was Qiddush ha-Shem Transferred to the Spiritual Discipline?” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 221–232. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Hacker, J.‘If We Forgot Our Lord's Name and Opened Our Palms to a Foreign God’: The Evolving of Interpretation against the Background in Spain in the Middle Ages” (Hebrew). Zion 57 (1992), 247–274Google Scholar
Hadas, M.Hellenistic Culture: Fusion and Diffusion. New York, 1959Google Scholar
Hagenmeyer, H.Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100. Innsbruck, 1901Google Scholar
Halbertal, M. “Coexisting with the Enemy: Jews and Pagans in the Mishnah.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 159–172. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halbwachs, M.The Causes of Suicide. Tr. H. Goldblatt. New York, 1978Google Scholar
Halkin, A., and Hartman, D.Epistles of Maimonides: Crisis and Leadership. Philadelphia and Jerusalem, 1993Google Scholar
Hallamish, M.Kabbalah: In Liturgy, Halakhah and Customs (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Hanhart, R. “Zun Text des 2. und 3. Makkabäerbuches: Probleme der Überlieferung, der Auslegung und der Ausgabe,” Nachrichten von der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen; Philologisch-Historische Klasse, 427–478. Göttingen, 1961Google Scholar
Hankoff, D. L. “Judaic Origins of the Suicide Prohibition.” In Suicide: Theory and Clinical Aspects. Ed. Hankoff, D. L. and Einsidler, B.. Litteleton, 1979Google Scholar
Harrington, D. J.The Maccabean Revolt: Anatomy of a Biblical Revolution. Wilmington, 1971Google Scholar
Hartman, F. L., and DiLella, A. A.The Book of Daniel. Doubleday, 1978Google Scholar
Hasan-Rokem, G.Web of Life: Folklore and Midrash in Rabbinic Literature. Tr. B. Stein. Stanford, 2000Google Scholar
Hauerwas, S. “Christian Ethics in Jewish Terms: A Response to David Novak.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 135–140. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Haverkamp, A. “Baptised Jews in German Lands during the Twelfth Century.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Michael, M. A., Signer, A., and Engen, John, 255–310. Notre Dame, 2001Google Scholar
Haverkamp, E. “‘Persecutio’ und ‘Gezerah’ in Trier während des Ersten Kreuzzuges.” In Juden und Christen zur Zeit der Kreuzzüge. Ed. Haverkamp, A., 35–71. Sigmaringen, 1999Google Scholar
Heaton, E. W.The Book of Daniel. London, 1956Google Scholar
Hengel, M.Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early Hellenistic Period. 2 vols. Tr. J. Bowden. Philadelphia, 1974Google Scholar
Hengel, M.Jews, Greeks and Barbarian: Aspects of the Hellenization of Judaism in the Pre-Christian Period. Philadelphia, 1980Google Scholar
Herford, R. T.Christianity in Talmud and Midrash. New York, 1978Google Scholar
Herr, M. D. “Persecutions and Martyrdom in Hadrian's Days.” In Milhemet Kodesh u-Martirologiah, 76–83. Jerusalem, 1967
Herr, M. D.The Question of Halakhot of War on Sabbath” (Hebrew). Tarbitz 30 (1971), 242–56; 341–356Google Scholar
Herr, M. D. “Persecutions and Martyrdom in Hadrian's Days.” Studies and History. Ed. Asheri, D. and Shatzman, I.. Scripta Hierosolymitana, 23, 85–125. Jerusalem, 1972Google Scholar
Hirschberg, H. Z. “The Almohade Persecutions and the India Trade: A Letter from the Year 1148.” In Yitzhak F. Baer Jubilee Volume. Ed. Ettinger, S.. 134–153. Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Hirschler, M.Midrash Asarah Harugei Malkhut” (Hebrew), Sinai 71 (1974), 218–228Google Scholar
Hoener, H. W.Herod Antipas. Cambridge, 1972Google Scholar
Hoenig, S.Maccabbees, Zealots, and Josephus – Second Commonwealth Parallelism,” Jewish Quarterly Review 49 (1958/1959), 75–80Google Scholar
Hoenig, S.The Sicarii in Masada-Glory or Infamy?” Tradition 11 (1970), 5–30Google Scholar
Holtz, A. “Kiddush and Hillal Hashm.” In Faith and Reason: Essays in Judaism. Ed. Gordis, R. and Waxman, R. B., 79–86. New York, 1973Google Scholar
Horowitz, E. “Medieval Jews Face the Cross” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 118–140. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Housley, H. “Crusades against Christians: Their Origins and Early Development, c. 1000–1216.” Crusade and Settlement. Ed. Edbury, W. P., 17–36. Cardiff Press, 1985Google Scholar
Hyman, A.The History of the Tannaim and the Amoraim (Hebrew). 3 vols. Jerusalem, 1964Google Scholar
Idel, M.Kabbalah: New Perspectives. New Haven and London, 1988Google Scholar
Idel, M. “In the Light of Life: A Study in Kabbalistic Eschatology” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 191–211. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Idelsohn, A. Z.Jewish Liturgy and Its Development. New York, 1932Google Scholar
Isaac, B.Judea after A.D. 70.” Journal of Jewish Studies, 34–35 (1984), 44–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaac, B. “The Revolt of Bar Kokhva as Described by Cassius Dio and Other Revolts against the Romans in Greek and Latin Literature.” In The Bar-Kokhva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 106–112. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Jacobs, L.How Much of the Babylonian Talmud is Pseudepigraphic?” Journal of Jewish Studies, 28–29 (1977), 46–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, S.Wild Justice: The Evolution of Revenge. New York, 1983Google Scholar
Jellinek, A., Ed. Bet ha-Midrah. 6 vols. in 2. Jerusalem, 1967Google Scholar
Jenkins, R.Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries A.D. 610–1071. New York, 1966Google Scholar
Jordan, W. C.The French Monarchy and the Jews: From Philip Augustus to the Last Capetians. Philadelphia, 1989CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, W. C. “Adolescence and Conversion in the Middle Ages: A Research Agenda.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Michael, M. A., Signer, A., and Engen, John, 77–93. Notre Dame, 2001Google Scholar
Kaegi, W.Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge, 1992CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahanah, A.Ha-Sepharim Ha-Hitzoniim (Hebrew). 2 vols. Tel Aviv, 1956Google Scholar
Kalmin, R.Christians and Heretics in Rabbinic Literature of Late Antiquity.” Harvard Theological Review 87:2 (April 1994), 155–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kampen, J.The Hasideans and the Origin of Pharisaism. Atlanta, 1988Google Scholar
Kanarfogel, E.Jewish Education and Society in the High Middle Ages. Detroit, 1993Google Scholar
Kanarfogel, E.Peering through the Lattices: Mystical, Magical, and Pietistic Dimensions in the Tosafist Period. Detroit, 2000Google Scholar
Kanarfogel, E.Halakhah and Mezi'ut (Realia) in Medieval Ashkenaz: Surveying the Parameters and Defining the Limits.” Jewish Law Annual 14 (2003), 193–224Google Scholar
Kanfo, H. “Manifestations of Divine Providence in the Gloom of the Holocaust.” In I Will Be Sanctified: Religious Responses to the Holocaust. Ed. Fogel, Y., and Tr. E. Levin, 15–23. Northvale, Jerusalem, 1998Google Scholar
Kaplan, Y. “Jewish Refugees from Germany and Poland–Lithuania in Amsterdam during the Thirty Years War” (Hebrew). In Culture and Society in Medieval Jewry: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson. Ed. Ben-Sasson, M., Bonfil, R., and Hacker, J. R., 587–622. Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
Kasher, A. “The Causes and the Circumstantial Background of the Jewish War Against Rome.” In Ha-Mered Ha-Gadol: ha-Sibot veha-Nesibot li-Feritsato. Ed. Kasher, A., 9–92. Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Kasher, A.Edom, Arabia, and Isreal (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1988Google Scholar
Katz, J.Even Though He Sinned, He Remains a Jew.” Tarbitz 27 (1958), 204–217Google Scholar
Katz, J. “Martyrdom in the Middle Ages and in 1648–9” (Hebrew). In Sefer Yovel le-Yitzhak F. Baer. Ed. Ettinger, S.., 318–337. Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Katz, J.Exclusiveness and Tolerance: Studies in Jewish–Gentile Relations in Medieval and Modern Times. Oxford, 1961Google Scholar
Katz, P.The Text of 2 Maccabees Reconsidered,” Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft, 51 (1960), 10–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz. P. “Eleazar's Martyrdom in 2 Maccabees: The Latin Evidence for a Point of the Story.” Studia Patristica 4.2. Ed. Cross, F. L., 118–124. Berlin, 1961Google Scholar
Kaufman, D.Liste de rabbins dressee par Azriel Trabotto.” Revue des études Juives, 24 (1882), 208–225Google Scholar
Keller, J. E.Gonzalo De Berceo. New York, 1972Google Scholar
Kellermann, U.Auferstanden in den Himmel: 2 Makkabäer 7 und die Auferstehung der Märtyrer (SBS 95). Stuttgart, 1979Google Scholar
Kellermann, U. “Das Danielbuch und die Märtyretheologie der Auferstehung.” In Die Enstehung der Jüdischen Martyrologie. Ed. Henten, J. W., 51–75. Leiden, 1989Google Scholar
Kennard, J. S.Judas of Galilee and his Clan.” Jewish Quarterly Review 36 (1945/1946), 281–286CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimelman, R. “Birkat Ha-Minim and the Lack of Evidence for an Anti-Christian Jewish Prayer in Late Antiquity.” In Jewish and Christian Self-Definition. Ed. Sanders, E. P.., 2:226–244; 391–403. Philadelphia, 1980Google Scholar
King, M. H.The Life of Christina of St-Trond by Thomas of Cantipré. Saskatoon, 1986Google Scholar
Kisch, G.The Jews in Medieval Germany. Chicago, 1949Google Scholar
Klauck, H.-J. “Brotherly Love in Plutarch and 4 Maccabees.” In Greeks, Romans, and Christians: Essays in Honor of A. J. Malherbe. Ed. Balch, D. L., Ferguson, E. and Meeks, W. A., 144–156. Minneapolis, 1990Google Scholar
Klausner, J.The History of the Second Temple (Heberw). 2d ed., 5 vols. Jerusalem, 1950Google Scholar
Kloner, A. “Hideout-Complexes from the Period of Bar Kochva in the Judean Plain.” In The Bar-Kokhva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 153–171. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Krauss, S.Ten Martyrs” (Hebrew). In ha-Shilloach 44 (1925), 10–22, 106–117, 221–223Google Scholar
Krauss, S.Un nouveau texte pour l'histoire judeo-byzantin.” Revue des études juives 87 (1929), 1–7Google Scholar
Krauss, S.Un document sur l'histoire de Juifs en Italie.” Revue des études juives 67 (1920), 40–43Google Scholar
Krey, C. A., Ed. and Tr. The First Crusade. Gloucester, 1985Google Scholar
Kupfer, A.Toward a Geneology of the Family of R. Moses bar Yom Tov (“The Knight of the World”) of London” (in Hebrew). Tarbiz 40 (1971), 385–387Google Scholar
Lacocque, A.The Book of Daniel. Atlanta, 1979Google Scholar
Ladouceur, D. J. “Josephus and Masada.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 95–113. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Lambert, M.Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from Bogomil to Hus. New York, 1976Google Scholar
Landes, R.Relics, Apocalypse and the Deceits of History: Adémar of Chabannes, 989–1034. Cambridge, 1995Google Scholar
Landes, R. “The Massacres of 1010: On the Origins of Popular Anti-Jewish Violence in Western Europe.” In From Witness to Witchcraft: Jews and Judaism in Medieval Christian Thought. Ed. Cohen, J., 79–112. Harrassowitz, 1996Google Scholar
Langmuir, I. G.The Knight's Tales of Young Hugh of Lincoln.” Speculum 47 (1972), 459–482CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langmuir, I. G. “Tanquam Servi: The Change in Jewish Status in French Law about 1200.” In Les Juifs dans l'Histoire de France. Ed. Yardeni, M., 25–54. Leiden, 1980Google Scholar
Langmuir, I. G.Toward a Definition of Antisemitism. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1990Google Scholar
Langmuir, I. G. “At the Frontiers of Faith.” In Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Ed. Abulafia, A. S., 138–156. New York, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, M. A.The Essene Heritage. New York, 1967Google Scholar
Laupot, E.Tacitus' Fragment 2: The Anti-Roman Movement of the Christiani and the Nazoreans.” Vigiliae Christianae 54:3 (2000), 233–247Google Scholar
Blant, E.Le Persecuteurs et les martyrs aux premiers siecles de notre ere. Paris, 1893Google Scholar
Lensky, M.The Life of the Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Leon, J.The Jews of Ancient Rome. Philadelphia, 1960Google Scholar
Lester, Gene, and Lester, David. Suicide: The Gamble with Death. New Jersey, 1971Google Scholar
Levenson, D. J.The Death and the Resurrection of the Beloved Son. New Haven and London, 1993Google Scholar
Levi, I.Le Martyre des Sept Macchabees dans La Pesikta Rabbati.” Revue de études Juives 54 (1907), 138–141Google Scholar
Levi, I.L'Apocalypse de Zerubabel.” Revue de études Juives 68 (1914), 131–150Google Scholar
Levien, L. I.The Jewish–Greek Conflict in First Century Caesarea.” Journal of Jewish Studies, 24–25, (1974) 381–397CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levinger, J.Daniel in the Lions' Den: A Model of National Literature of Struggle.” Beth Mikra 70 (1977), 329–333; 394–395Google Scholar
Lewinska, P.Twenty Months in Auschwitz. New York, 1968Google Scholar
Lewis, B.Paltiel, A Note.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 30 (1967), 177–181CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Licht, J.Taxo or the Apocalyptic Doctrine of Vengeance.” Journal of Jewish Studies 12, 3 and 4, (1961), 95–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, S.The Martyrs of Caesarea.” Anuaire de L'Institut de Philologie et d'Historie Orientales et Slaves 7 (1939–1944), 395–446Google Scholar
Lieberman, S.Palestine in the Third and Fourth Centuries.” Jewish Quarterly Review 36 (1945–1946), 329–370 and 37 (1946–1947), 239–253CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, S. “The Publication of the Mishnah.” Hellenism in Jewish Palestine: Studies in the Literary Transmission, Belief, and Manners of Palestine in the I Century C. E, 83–99. New York, 1950Google Scholar
Lieberman, S. “On Persecution of the Jewish Religion” (Hebrew). In Salo W. Baron Jubilee Volume. Ed. Liberman, S., Heb. vol., 213–245. 3 vols. New York, 1974Google Scholar
Lieberman, S.Tosefta Ki-Fshutah: A Comprehensive Commentary on the Tosefta (in Hebrew). 10 vols. New York, 1955–1988Google Scholar
Lieu, J. M. “Accusations of Jewish Persecution in Early Christian Sources, with Particular Reference to Justin Martyr and the Martyrdom of Polycarp.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 279–295. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linder, A.Roman Imperial Legislation of the Jews. Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Loftus, F.The martyrdom of the Galilean Troglodytes.” Jewish Quarterly Review, 66 (1976), 213–223Google Scholar
Loftus, F.The Anti-Roman Revolts of the Jews and the Galileans,” JQR, 68 (1977), 78–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luz, M.Eleazar's Second Speech on Masada and Its Literary Precedents,” Rheinisches Museum für Philologie NF 126 (1983), 25–43Google Scholar
Maccoby, H.The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity. San Francisco, 1987Google Scholar
Malinowski, B.Crime and Custom in Savage Society. New York, 1926Google Scholar
Malkin, A., and Hartman, D.Epistles of Maimonides: Crisis and Leadership. Philadelphia and Jerusalem, 1993Google Scholar
Malone, E.The Monk and the Martyr. Washington, DC, 1950Google Scholar
Mamigliano, A. D.Giudea Romana – Richerche sull' organizazione della Giudea sotto il dominio romano (63 A.C.–70 D.C.). Amsterdam 1967 (Bologna 1973)Google Scholar
Mango, C.Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome. New York, 1980Google Scholar
Mango, C.The Life of St. Andrew the Fool Reconsidered.” Revista di Studi Bizantini e Slavi 11 (1982), 297–313Google Scholar
Mango, C.Constantinople, ville sainte.” Critique 48 (1992), 625–633Google Scholar
Mann, J.Changes in the Divine Service of the Synagogue due to Religious Persecutions.” Hebrew Union College Annual 4 (1927), 252–259Google Scholar
Mann, J.The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphs. 2 Vols. New York, 1970Google Scholar
Mantel, D. H. “Ha-Menne'em le-Merd Bar-Kokhva.” In Milhemet Qodesh u-Martirologiah, 35–57. Jerusalem, 1967
Mantel, D. H.The Men of the Great Synagogue (Hebrew). Tel Aviv, 1983Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.The Politics and Ethics of Pietism in Judaism: The Hasidim of Medieval Germany.” The Journal of Religious Ethics 8:2 (1980), 227–258Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Piety and Society: The Jewish Pietiests of Medieval Germany. Leiden, 1981Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.From Politics to Martyrdom: Shifting Paradigms in the Hebrew Narratives of the 1096 Crusading Riots.” Prooftexts 2 (1982), 40–52Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G. “Hasidei Ashkenaz Private Penitentials: An Introduction and Descriptive Catalogue of their Manuscripts and Early Editions.” In Studies in Jewish Mysticism. Ed. Dan, J. and Talmage, F., 57–84. Cambridge, 1982Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Sefer Hasidim: MS. Parma H 3280 (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1985Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Hierarchies, Religious Boundaries and Jewish Spirituality in Medieval Germany.” Jewish History 1:2 (Fall 1986), 7–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Mothers, Martyrs, and Moneymakers: Some Jewish Women in Medieval Europe.” Conservative Judaism, 38:3 (Spring 1986), 34–45Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Review of European Jewry and the First Crusade by R. Chazan. Speculum 64 (1989), 685–688CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, I. G.History, Story and Collective Memory: Narrativity in Early Ashkenazic Culture.” Prooftexts 10:3 (Fall 1990), 365–388Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G. “Qiddush ha-Shem in Ashkenaz and in the Story of R. Amnon of Mainz” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 131–147. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Une communauté pieuse et le doute: Qiddush ha-Chem (mourir pour la sanctification du nom) chez les juifs d'Europe du Nord et l'histoire de rabbi Amnone de Mayence.” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales 5 (September–October 1994), 1031–1047Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Jews and Christians Imagining the Other in Medieval Europe.” Prooftexts 15 (September 1995), 209–226Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Rituals of Childhood: Jewish Acculturation in Medieval Europe. New Haven and London, 1996Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.The Representation of Reality in the Sources of the 1096 Anti-Jewish First Crusade Riots.” Jewish History 13:2 (Fall 1999), 37–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, I. G. “From ‘Deus Vult’ to the ‘Will of the Creator’”: Extremist Religious Ideologies and Historical Reality in 1096 and Hasidei Ashkenaz” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 92–100. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G. “The Dynamics of Jewish Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Signer, M. A. and Engen, J., 27–45. Indiana, 2001Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G. “A Jewish-Christian Symbiosis: The Culture of Early Ashkenaz.” In Cultures of the Jews: A New History. Ed. Biale, D., 449–516. New York, 2002Google Scholar
Marcus, J. R.The Jew in the Medieval World: A Sources Book: 315–1791. New York, 1981Google Scholar
Martin, M. R. “Suicide and Self-Sacrifice.” In Suicide. Ed. M. P. Battin and D. Mayo, 1980
Mason, A. J.The Historic Martyrs of The Primitive Church. Longmans, 1905Google Scholar
Mayer, E. H.The Crusades. Tr. J. Gillingham. Oxford, 1988Google Scholar
Melik, E. “ ‘He Shall Live by Them’: The Way of the Belzer Rebbe, Aaron Roke'ah, in the Holocaust.” In I Will Be Sanctified: Religious Responses to the Holocaust. Ed. Fogel, Y. and Tr. E. Levin, 183–210. Northvale, Jerusalem, 1998Google Scholar
Menninger, A. K.Man Against Himself. New York, 1938Google Scholar
Merchavia, Ch.The Church Versus Talmudic and Midrashic Literature [500–1248]. Jerusalem, 1970Google Scholar
Milano, A.Storia degli Ebrei in Italia. Roma, 1963Google Scholar
Milano, A.Il Ghetto di Roma. Roma, 1988Google Scholar
Milik, J. T.Ten Years of Discovery on the Wilderness of Judean. London, 1957Google Scholar
Miller, F.The Background to the Maccabean Revolution: Reflections on Martin Hengel's ‘Judaism and Hellenism.’Journal of Jewish Studies 29 (1978), 1–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minty, M.Qiddush ha-Shem in German Christian Eyes in the Middle Ages” (Hebrew). Zion 59 (1994), 209–266Google Scholar
Mintz, A.The Russian Pogroms in Hebrew Literature and the Subversion of the Martyrological Ideal.” In Association for Jewish Studies Review 7–8 (1982–1983), 263–300Google Scholar
Mirsky, A.Ha'piyut. Jerusalem, 1990Google Scholar
Mizugaki, W. “Origen and Josephus.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 325–337. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Mollaret, H. H. and Borssolet, J.La Peste, Source Méconnue d'Inspiration Artistique. Paris, 1965Google Scholar
Momigliano, A.Richerche sull' organizazione della Giudea sotto il dominio romano (63 A.C.–70 D.C.). (Reprint of the edition Bologna 1934). Amsterdam, 1967Google Scholar
Momigliano, A.Prime linee di storia della tradizione Maccabaica (Turino, 1931), 2d ed. Amsterdam, 1968Google Scholar
Moore, G. F.Judaism in The First Centuries of the Christian Era: The Age of the Tannaim. 3 vols. Cambridge, 1927–1930CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, R.Origins of European Dissent. Oxford, 1985Google Scholar
Mor, M.The Bar-Kochba Revolt: Its Extent and Effect (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1991Google Scholar
Morgan, M. L.Dilemmas in Modern Jewish Thought. Bloomington, 1992Google Scholar
Musurillo, H.The Acts of the Pagan Martyrs: Acta Alexandrinorum. Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Nahon, G. “From the Rue aux Juifs to the Chemin du Roy: The Classical Age of French Jewry, 1108–1223.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Signer, M. A. and Engen, J., 311–339. Notre Dame, 2001Google Scholar
Najman, H. “The Writings and Reception of Philo of Alexandria.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Naor, G. “A Difference of Opinion among Poskim Regarding the Parameters of Kiddush Hashem.” In I Will Be Sanctified: Religious Responses to the Holocaust. Ed. Fogel, Y. and Tr. E. Levin, 89–104. Northvale, Jerusalem, 1998Google Scholar
Neubauer, A.Literary Gleanings VIII.” Jewish Quarterly Review (old series) 5 (1892–1893), 713–714CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neusner, J.The Rabbinic Traditions about the Pharisees before A.D. 70: The Problem of Oral Transmission.” Journal of Jewish Studies 21–23 (1971), 1–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neusner, J.From Exegesis to Fable in Rabbinic Traditions about the Pharisees.” Journal of Jewish Studies 4–25 (1974), 263–269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neusner, J.From Politics to Piety: The Emergence of Pharisaic Judaism. New York, 1979Google Scholar
Neusner, J.Ancient Israel after Catastrophe. Charlottesville, 1983Google Scholar
Neusner, J.Israel after Calamity: The Book of Lamentation (Valley Forge, 1995)Google Scholar
Neusner, J. “Josephus' Pharisees: A Complete Repertoire,” Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 274–292. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Neusner, J.The Incarnation of God: The Character of Divinity in Formative Judaism. Philadelphia, 1988Google Scholar
Nickelsburg, G. W. E.Resurrection, Immortality, and Eternal Life in Intertestamental Judaism. Cambridge, 1972Google Scholar
Nickelsburg, G. W. E.Studies on the Testament of Moses. Cambridge, 1973Google Scholar
Nickelsburg, G. W. E.Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah. Philadelphia, 1981Google Scholar
Nickelsburg, G. W. E., and Stone, M. E.Faith and Piety in Early Judaism. Philadelphia, 1983Google Scholar
Nikiprowetzky, V. “La mort d'Eleazar fils de Jaïre et les courants apologétiques dans le De bello judaicode Flavius Josèphe.” In Hommages à André Dupont-Sommer. Ed. Caquot, A. and Philonenko, M., 461–490. Paris, 1971Google Scholar
Nikiprowetzky, V. “Josephus and the Revolutionary Parties.” In Josephus the bible, and history. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G.. Detroit, 1989Google Scholar
Nirenberg, D.Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages. Princeton, 1996Google Scholar
Noble, S. “The Jewish Woman in Medieval Martyrology.” In Studies in Jewish Bibliography History and Literature in Honor of I. Edward Kiev. Ed. Berlin, C., 347–355. New York, 1971Google Scholar
Novak, D. “Mitsvah.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 115–126. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Oesterley W. O. E., and Box, G. H. “I Maccabees, Sirach.” In The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Ed. Charles, R. H., 1:59–124. Oxford, 1913Google Scholar
O'Hagan, A.The Martyr in the Fourth Book of Maccabees.” Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber Annuus 24 (1974), 94–120Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, A.Oral Law in the Books of Maccabees.” Immanuel 6 (1976), 34–42Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, A. “The Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom in the Wake of Bar Kokhba's Rebellion” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 85–97. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Oron, M.Parallel Versions of the Story of the Ten Martyrs and of the Book of Hekhalot Rabbti” (Hebrew). Eshel be'er Sheva 2 (1980), 81–95Google Scholar
Ostrogorsky, G.History of the Byzantine Sate. Tr. J. M. Hussey. New Brunswick, 1969Google Scholar
Parkes, J.The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue: A Study in the Origins of Antisemitism. London, 1934Google Scholar
Parkes, J.The Jew in the Medieval Community: A Study of His Political and Economic Stiutation. London, 1938Google Scholar
Paxton, F. S.Christianizing Death: The Creation of a Ritual Process in Early Medieval Europe. Ithaca and London, 1990Google Scholar
Peers, A. E.Ramon Lull, A Biography. London, 1929Google Scholar
Perowne, S.The Life and Times of of Herod's the Great. London, 1956Google Scholar
Perowne, S.The Later Herods. London, 1958Google Scholar
Peters, E.Christian Society and the Crusades. Philadelphia, 1971Google Scholar
Peters, E., Ed. Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe: Documents in Translation. Philadelphia, 1980CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, E., Ed. and Tr. The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and other Source Materials. Philadelphia, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petroff, E. A.Medieval Women's Visionary Literature. New York, Oxford, 1986Google Scholar
Pfeifer, R. H.History of New Testament Times with an Introduction to the Apocrypha. New York, 1941Google Scholar
Porteous, N. W.Daniel: A Commentary. Philadelphia, 1965Google Scholar
Prawer, A. J. “The Autobiography of Obadyah the Norman: A Convert to Judaism at the Time of the First Crusade.” In Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature. Ed. Twersky, I., 110–132. Cambridge, 1979Google Scholar
Prawer, A. J.The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Oxford, 1988Google Scholar
Pritz, R. A.Nazarene Jewish Christianity: From the End of the New Testament Period until Its Disappearance in the Fourth Century. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Rabello, A. M. “The Edicts on Circumcision as a Factor in the Bar Kochva Revolt.” In The Bar-Kokhva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 27–46. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, M. Z.Ginzei Midrash (Hebrew). Tel Aviv, 1976Google Scholar
Rajak, T.The Jewish Dialogue with Greek and Rome: Studies in Cultural and Social Interaction. Leiden, Boston, Köln, 2001Google Scholar
Rajak, T. “Greeks and Barbarians in Josephus.” In Hellenism in the Land of Israel. Ed. Collins, J. J. and Sterling, G. E., 246–262. Indiana, 2001Google Scholar
Rappaport, U.Relationships between Jews and Non-Jews in the Land of Israel and the Great Revolt Against Rome.” Tarbiz 47 (1978), 1–14Google Scholar
Rappaport, U. “Comments on the Period of Antiochus' Decrees with Relation to the Book of Daniel” (Hebrew). In The Seleucid Period in the Land of Israel. Ed. Bar Kochva, B., 65–83. Tel Aviv, 1980Google Scholar
Rauch, J. “Apocalypse in the Bible.” In Journal of Jewish Lore and Philosophy. Ed. D. Neumark. 1919
Rhoads, D. M.Israel in Revolution: 6–74 C.E. A Political History Based on the Writings of Josephus. Philadelphia, 1976Google Scholar
Riddle, D.The Martyrs: A Study in Social Control. Chicago, 1931Google Scholar
Riley-Smith, J.Crusading as an Act of Love.” History vol. 65 (n. 214) (June 1980), 177–192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley-Smith, J.An Approach to Crusading Ethics.” Reading Medieval Studies 6 (1980), 3–19Google Scholar
Riley-Smith, J.The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia, 1986Google Scholar
Riley-Smith, J. “Christian Violence and the Crusades.” In Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Ed. Abulafia, A. S., 3–20. New York, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley-Smith, L., and Riley-Smith, J. S. C.The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274. London, 1981Google Scholar
Rives, J. B.Religion and Authority in Roman Carthage from Augustus to Constantine. Oxford, 1995Google Scholar
Robert, L.Epigrammes d'Aphrodisias.” Hellenica 4 (1984), 127–135Google Scholar
Robert, L. Le Martyre de Pionios, Prêtre de Smyrne. Ed. Bowersock, G. W. and Jones, C. P., 105–111, Washington, DC, 1994Google Scholar
Robertson, D.The Medieval Saints' Lives: Spiritual Renewal and Older French Literature. Lexington, 1995Google Scholar
Roos, L. “‘God Wants It!’: The Ideology of Martyrdom of the Hebrew Crusade Chronicles and Its Jewish and Christian Background.” Ph.D. dissertation. Uppsala, 2003
Rophe, A.The Prophetical Stories (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1982Google Scholar
Rose, J. H. “Suicide.” In Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Ed. Hastings, J., 12:21–24. New York, 1925Google Scholar
Roskies, D. G.The Literature of Destruction: Jewish Responses to Catastrophe. Philadelphia, New York, Jerusalem, 1988Google Scholar
Rosner, F.Suicide in Biblical, Talmudic, and Rabbinic Writings.” Tradition: A Jurnal of Ortodox Thought, 11:3, 1970–1971
Ross, S. A. “Embodiment and Incarnation: A Response to Elliot Wolfson.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 262–268. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Rost, L.Judaism Outside the Hebrew Canon: An Introduction to the Documents. Tr. D. E. Green. Nashville, 1976Google Scholar
Roth, C.The Feast of Purim and the Origins of the Blood Accusation.” Speculum 4 (1933), 520–526CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, C.History of the Jews in England. Oxford, 1942Google Scholar
Roth, C.A Hebrew Elegy on the Martyrs of Toledo, 1391.” Jewish Quarterly Review 34 (1948), 127–129, 137–141Google Scholar
Roth, C.European Jewry in the Dark Ages: A Revised Picture.” Hebrew Union College Annual 23 (1950–1951), 151–169Google Scholar
Roth, C.The Jews in Medieval Oxford. Oxford, 1951Google Scholar
Roth, C.The History of the Jews of Italy. Philadelphia, 1964Google Scholar
Rowland, C.Radical Christianity: A Reading of Recovery. New York. 1988Google Scholar
Rsahkover, R. “The Christian Doctrine of the Incarnation.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 254–261. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Rubin, M.Gentile Tales: The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews. New Haven and London, 1999Google Scholar
Rubinstein, A.In Praise of the Bạal Shem Tov [Shivhei ha-Besht] (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1991Google Scholar
Runciman, S.A History of the Crusades. 3 vols. Cambridge, 1951–1954Google Scholar
Rushing, A. W. “Individual Behavior and Suicide.” In Suicide. Ed. Gibbs, J. P., 96–112. London, 1968Google Scholar
Russell, J. B.Dissent and Reform in the Early Middle Ages. New York, 1965Google Scholar
Safrai, S.The Pharisees and the Hasidim.” Sidic 10 (1977), 12–16Google Scholar
Safrai, S.Qiddush ha-Shem in the Teachings of the Tannaim” (Hebrew). Zion 44 (1979), 28–42Google Scholar
Safrai, S.Be Shilhe ha-Bayit ha-Sheni uvi-Tekufat ha-Mishnah. Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Safrai, S.The Hasidim and the Men of Deeds” (Hebrew). Zion 50 (1985), 133–154Google Scholar
Salzman, M.The Chronicle of Ahimaatz. Columbia, 1942Google Scholar
Sandmel, S.Judaism and Christian Beginnings. New York, 1978Google Scholar
Sanders, E. P.Paul, the Law, and the Jewish People. Philadelphia, 1983Google Scholar
Sanders, E. P.Judaism: Practice and Belief 63 BCE–66 CE. London and Philadelphia, 1992Google Scholar
Saperstein, M. “A Sermon on the Akeda from the Generation of the Expulsion and its Implication for 1391.” In Exile and Diaspora: Studies in the History of the Jewish People Presented to Professor Haim Beinart. Ed. Mirsky, A.., 103–124. Jerusalem, 1991Google Scholar
Septimus, B. “Narboni and Shem Tov on Martyrdom.” In Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature. Vol. 2. Ed. Twersky, I., 447–455. Cambridge and London, 1984Google Scholar
Schäfer, P. “The Causes of the Bar Kokhba Revolt.” In Studies in Aggadah, Targum and Jewish Liturgy in Memory of Joseph Hinemann. Ed. Petuchowski, J. J. and Fleischer, E., 74–94. Jerusalem, 1981Google Scholar
Schäfer, P.The Ideal of Piety of the Ashkenazi Hasidim and Its Roots in Jewish Tradition.” Jewish History 4 (1990), 199–211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schäfer, P.The History of the Jews in Antiquity: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest. Luxembourg, 1995Google Scholar
Schatkin, M.The Maccabean Martyrs.” Vigilae Christianae 28 (1974), 97–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheiber, A. “The Epistle of Meshullam ben Kalonymus ben Moses the Elder to Constantinople Regarding the Karaties.” Sefer ha-Yovel le -R. Mahler, 19–23. Tel Aviv, 1974Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H. “At the Crossroads: Tannaitic Perspectives on the Jewish–Christian Schism.” In Jewish and Christian Self-definition. Ed. Sanders, E. P., Baumgaten, A. I., and Mendelson, A., 2:115–156. Philadelphia, 1980Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H. “Jewish Sectarianism in Second Temple Times.” In Great Schisms in Jewish History. Ed. Jospe, R. and Wagner, S. M., 1–46. New York, 1981Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H.Who Was a Jew? Rabbinic and Halakhic Perspectives on the Jewish–Christian Schism. New Jersey, 1985Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H. “The Conversion of the Royal House of Adiabene in Josephus and Rabbinic Sources.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 293–312. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H.The Eschatological Community of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Atlanta, 1989Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H.Law, Custom, and Messianism in the Dead Sead Sect (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1993Google Scholar
Scholem, G.New Examinations of R. Abraham ben Eliezer ha-Levi” (Hebrew). Kiryat Sefer 7 (1931), 152–155Google Scholar
Scholem, G. The Origins of Kabbalah. 1948
Scholem, G.Jewish Gnosticisim, Merkabah Mysticism and Talmudic Tradition. New York, 1960Google Scholar
Scholem, G.Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. New York, 1961Google Scholar
Scholem, G.Kabbalah. New York, 1974Google Scholar
Schreckenberg, H. “The Works of Josephus and the Early Christian Church.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 315–324. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Schubert, K.The Dead Sea Community: Its Origin and Teachings. New York, 1959Google Scholar
Schürer, E. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.–A.D. 135), 3 vols. Ed. Vermes, G. and Millar, F.. Edinburgh, 1979Google Scholar
Schwartz, D. “What Should He Answer? And He Should Live by Them” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 69–83. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Schwartz, D. “The Bravery of Masada and the Martyrs of the Holocaust” (Hebrew). In Ets Avot: Qiddush ha-Shem in the Holocaust in Thought, Halakhah, and Agadah. Ed. Schwartz, D., and Hakelman, I., 201–217. Jerusalem, 1993Google Scholar
Schwartz, J. “Judea in the Wake of The Bar Kochva Revolt.” The Bar Kochva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 215–223. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Schwartz, S.Imperialism And Jewish Society, 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E.Princeton and Oxford, 2001Google Scholar
Schwarzfuchs, S. “France under the Early Capets.” In The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe, 711–1096. Ed. Roth, C., 157–160. Rutgers, 1966Google Scholar
Schwarzfuchs, S. “France and Germany under the Carolingians.” In The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe, 711–1096. Ed. Roth, C., 122–142. Rutgers, 1966Google Scholar
Schwarzfuchs, S. “L'opposition Tsarfat-Provence: la Formation du Judaisme du Nord de la France.” In Hommage à Georges Vajda: Études d'histoire et de pensée juives. Ed. Nahon, G. and Touati, C., 135–150. Louvain, 1980Google Scholar
Schwarzfuchs, S. “The Place of the Crusades in Jewish History” (Hebrew). In Culture and Society in Medieval Jewish History: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson. Ed. Ben-Sasson, M., Bonfil, R., and Hacker, J. R., 251–268. Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
Seeley, D.The Noble Death: Graeco-Roman Martyrology and Paul's Concept of Salvation [Journal for the Study of the New Testament, Supplement Series 28]. Sheffield, 1990Google Scholar
Setton, K. A.History of the Crusades. 5 vols. Madison, 1969–1984Google Scholar
Shahar, S. “The Relationship between Kabbalism and Catharism in the South of France.” In Les Juifs dans l'Histoire de France. Ed. Yardeni, M., 55–62. Leiden, 1980Google Scholar
Shallit, A.Herods The King – The Man and his Deeds (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Sharf, A.Heraclius and Mahomet.” Past & Present 9 (1956), 1–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharf, A.Byzantine Jewry: From Justinian to the Fourth Crusade. New York, 1971Google Scholar
Sharf, A.Shabbettai Donnolo as a Byzantine-Jewish Figure.” Bulletin of the Institute of Jewish Studies 3 (1975), 1–18Google Scholar
Sharf, A.The Universe of Shabbetai Donnolo. Watminster, 1976Google Scholar
Sharf, A.Jews and Other Minorities in Byzantium. Jerusalem, 1995Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J.L' Inquisition et les juifs de Provence au XIIIe siècle.” Provence Historique 23 (1973), 327–338Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J.Les juifs de Provence pendant la pest noire.” Revue des études juives 133.3–4 (July–December, 1974), 457–480Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J. “Jews ‘Separated from the Communion of the Faithful in Christ’ in the Middle Ages.” Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature. Ed. Twersky, I., 307–314. Cambridge and London, 1979Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J.Desecrating the Cross: A Rare Medieval Accusation” (Hebrew). In Studies in the History of the Jewish People and the Land of Israel (1980), 5:159–173Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J. “Paulus Christiani, un aspect de son activité anti-juive.” In Hommage à Georges Vajda: Études d'histoire et de pensée juives. Ed. Nahon, G. and Touati, C., 203–217. Louvain, 1980Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J.Doctors and Medical Practice in Germany around the Year 1200: The Evidence of Sefer Hasidim.” Journal of Jewish Studies 33 (1982), 583–593CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shatzmiller, J.A Provencal Chronography in the Lost Account of Shem Tov Shantzulo” (Hebrew). Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 52 (1985), 43–61Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J. “The Albigensian Heresy as Reflected in the Eyes of Contemporary Jewry” (Hebrew). In Culture and Society in Medieval Jewry: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson. Ed. Ben-Sasson, M., Bonfil, R., and Hacker, J. R., 333–352, Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J.Shylock Reconsidered: Jews, Moneylending, and Medieval Society. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, 1990Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J. La Deuxième Controverse de Paris: Un Chapitre dans la polémique entre Chrétiens et Juifs au Moyen Âge. Ed. Shtzmiller, J., 15–22, Collection de la Revue des études juives. Paris, 1994Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J. “Jewish Converts to Christianity in Medieval Europe: 1200–1500.” In Cross-Cultural Convergences in the Crusader Period: Essay Presented to Aryeh Grabois on his Sixty-fifth Birthday. Ed. Goodich, M., Menache, S., and Schein, S., 297–318. New York, 1995Google Scholar
Shepkaru, S.From after Death to Afterlife: Martyrdom and Its Recompence.” Association for Jewish Studies Review 24.1 (1999), 1–44Google Scholar
Shepkaru, S.To Die for God: Parallel Images of Martyrs' Afterlife in Hebrew and Latin Crusading Accounts.” Speculum 77:2 (2002), 311–341CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepkaru, S.Death Twice Over: Dualism of Metaphor and Realia in 12th-Century Hebrew Crusading Accounts.” Jewish Quarterly Review 93.1–2 (July–October 2002), 217–256Google Scholar
Sherwin-Whit, N. “Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted? An Amendment.” Studies in Ancient Society. Ed. Finley, M. I., Past and Present Series, 250–255. London and Boston, 1974Google Scholar
Shillat, I.Targum Bilti Yaduah Shel Iggert ha-Shemad la-RMBM.” Sinai 95, 154–164
Shirman, H.Mivhar ha-Shirah ha-Ivrit be-Italyah. Berlin, 1934Google Scholar
Shlusberg, A.Rambam's Approach to Islam.” Peamim 42 (1990), 38–60Google Scholar
Shmeruk, C.Yiddish Literature and Collective Memory: The Case of the Chmielnitzky Massacres” (Hebrew). Zion 53 (1986), 371–389Google Scholar
Shneidman, S. E.Definition of Suicide. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, 1985Google Scholar
Shneidman, S. E.Preventing Suicide.” American Journal of Nursing 65: 5 (1965), 10–15Google ScholarPubMed
Sievers, J. “The Role of Women in the Hasmonean Dynasty.” In Josephus, the Bible, and History. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 132–146. Detroit, 1989Google Scholar
Sievers, J.The Hasmoneans and Their Supporters: From Mattathias to the Death of John Hyrcanus I. Atlanta, 1990Google Scholar
Silving, H. “Suicide and the Law.” Clues to Suicide. Ed. Shneidman, S. and Farberow, L. N., 79–94. New York, 1957Google Scholar
Simon, M.Recherche d'Histoire Judéo-Chrétienne. Paris, 1962Google Scholar
Simon, M.Versu Israel: A Study of the Relations between Christians and Jews in the Roman Empire (135–425). Tr. H. McKeating. Oxford, 1986Google Scholar
Smallwood, E. M.Some Comments on Tacitus Annales XII.” Latomus 18 (1959), 560–567Google Scholar
Smallwood, E. M.The Jews under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian. Leiden, 1976Google Scholar
Smallwood, E. M. “High Priest and Politics in Roman Palestine.” Ha-Mered Ha-Gadol: ha-Sibot veha-Nesibot li-Feritsato. Ed. Kasher, A., 231–253. Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Smallwood, E. M. “Philo and Josephus as Historians of the Same Events.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 114–129. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Smith, M. “Palestinian Judaism in the First Century.” In Israel: Its Role in Civilization. Ed. Davis, M., 75–81. New York, 1956Google Scholar
Smith, M.Palestinian Parties and Politics That Shaped the Old Testament. New York and London, 1971Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H.Three Themes in Sefer Hasidim.” Association for Jewish Studies Review 1 (1976), 325–339Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H.Halakhah, Economy, and Self-Image. Jerusalem, 1985Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H.Religious Law and Change: The Medieval Ashkenazic Example.” In Association for Jewish Studies Review 8:2 (1987), 205–221Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H. “Concerning the Date of Sefer-Hasidim” (Hebrew). In Culture and Society in Medieval Jewry: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson. Ed. Ben-Sasson, M., Bonfil, R., and Hacker, J. R., 383–388, Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H.The Use of Responsa as a Historical Source (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1990Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H. “Between Arav and Edom” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 149–152. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H.Catastrophe and Halakhic Creativity: Ashkenaz – 1096, 1242, 1306 and 1298.” Jewish History 12:1 (1998), 171–185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Somerville, R.The Councils of Urban II, Vol. 1: Decreta Claromontensia. Amsterdam, 1972Google Scholar
Sonne, , “Nouvel examen des trois rélations hebräiques sur les persécutions de 1096.” Revue des études juives 96 (1933), 137–152Google Scholar
Sonne, . “Which Is the Earlier Account of the Persecutions of 1096?” (Hebrew). Zion 12 (1947–1948), 74–81Google Scholar
Southern, W. R.Saint Anselm and His Biographer. Cambridge, 1963Google Scholar
Spero, S.In Defense of the Defenders of Masada,” Tradition 11 (1970), 31–43Google Scholar
Spiegel, G.History, Historicism, and the Social Logic of the Text in the Middle Ages.” Speculum 65 (1990), 59–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spiegel, S. “From the Legends of the Aqedah” (Hebrew). Sefer ha-Yovel le A. Marx. Ed. Lieberman, S., 471–537. New York, 1950Google Scholar
Spiegel, S. “In Monte Dominus Videbitur: The Martyrs of Blois and the Renewal of the Accusations of Ritual Murder” (Hebrew). In The Mordecai M. Kaplan Jubilee (Hebrew vol.), 267–287. New York, 1953
Spiegel, S.The Last Trial: On the Legends and Lore of the Command to Abraham to Offer Isaac as a Sacrific: The Akedah. Tr. J. Goldin. New York, 1993Google Scholar
Stacey, R.Parliamentary Negotiation and the Expulsion of the Jews from England.” Thirteenth Century England, vol. 6 (Woodbridge, 1997), 77–101Google Scholar
Stanton, G. N. “Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho: Group Boundaries, ‘Proselytes’ and ‘God-Fearers.’ ” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 263–278. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starr, J.Le mouvement messianique au début du VIII siècle.” Revue de études Juives 102 (1937), 81–92Google Scholar
Starr, J.The Jews in the Byzantine Empire. New York, 1939Google Scholar
Stemberger, G. “The Maccabees in Rabbinic Traditions.” In The Scriptures and The Scrolls: Studies in Honour of A. S. Van Der Woude on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Ed. Martinez, F. G., Hilhorst, A., and Labuschagne, C. J., 193–203. Leiden, New York, Köln, 1992CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, M. “The Books of the Maccabees” (Hebrew). In Biblical Encyclopaedia. Vol. 5, 286–303, Jerusalem, 1958
Stern, M. “The Reign of Herod.” The Herodian Period, World History of the Jewish People. Ed. Avi-Yonah, M., 7. Jerusalem, 1975Google Scholar
Stern, M.Herod's Policy and the Jewish Society in the End of the Second Temple.” Tarbiz 35 (1976), 235–253Google Scholar
Stern, M.The Suicide of Eleazar Ben Yaer and His Men in Masada” (Hebrew). Zion 47 (1982), 367–398Google Scholar
Stern, M. “The Status of the Province of Judaea and Its Principates during the Juliu-Claudian Empire.” In Ha-Mered Ha-Gadol: ha-Sibot veha-Nesibot li-Feritsato. Ed. Kasher, A., 93–101. Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Stern, M. “Josephus and the Roman Empire as Reflected in The Jewish War.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 71–80. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Stow, R. K, The “1007 Anonymous” and Papal Sovereignty: Jewish Perceptions of the Papacy and Papal Policy in the High Middle Ages. In The Hebrew Union College Annual Supplements 4. Cincinnati, 1984
Stow, R. K. “A Tale of Uncertainties: Converts in the Roman Ghetto.” In Festschrift Shelomo Simonsohn. Ed. Carpi, D.. Tel Aviv, 1992Google Scholar
Stow, R. K.Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe. Cambridge, London, 1994Google Scholar
Stroumsa, G. G. “Tertullian and the Limits of Tolerance.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 173–184. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Synan, E. A.The Popes and the Jews in the Middle Ages. New York, London, 1967Google Scholar
Tamar, D.Chapters on the History of the Sages of the Land of Israel and Italy and their Literature” (Hebrew). In Kiryat Sefer 33 (1958), 376–380Google Scholar
Tamar, D.More on the Opinion of Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg on the Issue of Kiddush ha-Shem.” Kiryat Sefer 34 (1959), 376–377Google Scholar
Tamarin, A. H.Revolt in Judea: The Road to Masada. New York, 1968Google Scholar
Ta-Shma, I.Sefer ha-Maskil: An Unknown French Jewish Composition from the End of the Thirteenth Century” (Hebrew). Mehqerei-yerushalayyim be-mahshevet yisrael 2.3 (1982–1983), 416–438Google Scholar
Ta-Shma, I. “The Source and Place of the Prayer ‘aleinu le-shabeah” (Hebrew). In Frank Talmage Memorial Volume. Ed. Walfish, B., 1:85–88 (Hebrew section). Haifa, 1993Google Scholar
Ta-Shma, I. “The Attitude of Medieval German Halakhists to Aggadic Sources” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 150–156. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Taverski, I. “Qiddush ha-Shem and Qiddush ha-Hayyim – Aspects of Holiness in the Teaching of Maimonides” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 167–190. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Tcherikover, V.Antiochia in Jerusalem” (Hebrew). Tarbiz, 20 (1949), 61–67Google Scholar
Tcherikover, V.Antiochus' Decrees and Their Problems” (Hebrew). Eshcholot, 1 (1954), 86–109Google Scholar
Tcherikover, V.The Decline of the Jewish Diaspora in Egypt in the Roman Period.” Journal of Jewish Studies 13–15 (1963), 1–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tcherikover, V.Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews. Fifth Printing. Tr. S. Applebaum. New York, 1979Google Scholar
Teixdor, J.The Pagan God. Princeton, 1977Google Scholar
Tellenbach, G.Church State and Christian Society at the Time of the Investiture Contest. Tr. R. F. Bennett. Oxford, 1970Google Scholar
Tellenbach, G.The Church in Western Europe from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century. Tr. T. Reuter. Cambridge, 1993CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Standard Jewish Encyclopedia. 2 vols. (Hebrew Edition). Jerusalem, 1969
Thielman, F.From Plight to Solution: A Jewish Framework for Understanding Paul's View of the Law in Galatians and Romans. Leiden, 1989CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tudor, H.Political Myth. New York, Washington, London, 1972CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urbach, E. E. “Ascesis and Suffering in Talmudic and Midrashic Sources.” Yitzhak F. Baer Jubilee Volume. Ed. Ettinger, S., et al., 48–68. Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Urbach, E. E. “The Tradition of Mysticism in the Period of the Tanni'm” (Hebrew). In Studies in Mysticism and Religion Presented to Gershom G. Scholem on His Seventieth Birthday. Ed. Werblowsky, R. J. Z.., 1–28. Jerusalem, 1967Google Scholar
Urbach, E. E.The Sages, Their Concepts and Beliefs. 2 vols. Tr. I. Abrahams. Jerusalem, 1975Google Scholar
Urbach, E. E.The Tosaphists: Their History, Writings and Methods (Hebrew). 2 vols. Jerusalem, 1986Google Scholar
Horst, P. W.Ancient Jewish Epitaphs: An Introductory Survey of a Millenium of Jewish Funerary Epigraphy (300 BCE–700 CE). Kampen, 1991Google Scholar
Henten, J. W.The Maccabean Martyrs as Saviours of the Jewish People: A Study of 2 and 4 Maccabees. Leiden, New York, Köln, 1997Google Scholar
Van Henten, J. W. “Antiochus IV as a Typhonic Figure in Daniel 7.” In The Book of Daniel in the Light of New Findings. Ed. Woude, A. S., 223–243, Leuven, 1993Google Scholar
Hooff, A. J. L.From Autothanasia to Suicide: Self-Killing in Classical Antiquity. London and New York, 1990CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasiliev, A. A.Byzantium and Islam. Madison, 1928Google Scholar
Vasiliev, A. A.The History of the Byzantine Empire. Madison, 1952Google Scholar
Vermes, G.Scripture and Tradition in Judaism: Haggadic Studies. Leiden, 1983Google Scholar
Versnel, H. S.Two Types of Roman Devotio.” Mnemosyne 29 (1976), 365–410CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Versnel, H. S. “Self-Sacrifice, Compensation and the Anonymous Gods.” In Le sacrifice dans l'antiquité. Ed. Reverdin, O. and Grange, B., 135–194. Genève, 1981Google Scholar
Wakefield, L. W., and Evans, A. P.Heresies of the High Middle Ages. New York, 1991Google Scholar
Wachtel, D. “The Ritual and Liturgical Commemoration of Two Medieval Persecutions.” Master's thesis. Columbia University, 1995
Weiner, E., and Weiner, A.The Martyr's Conviction: A Sociological Analysis. Atlanta, 1990Google Scholar
Weinstein, D., and Bell, R. M.Saints and Society: The Two Worlds of Western Christendom, 1000–1700. Chicago and London, 1982Google Scholar
Weiss, D. H.Biblical History and Medieval Historiography: Rationalizing Strategies in Crusader Art.” Modern Language Notes 108 (1993), 710–737Google Scholar
Wesselius, J. W.Language and Style in Biblical Aramaic: Observations on the Unity of Daniel II-VI.” Vetus Testamentum 38 (1988), 194–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittow, M.The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Los Angeles, 1996CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiesel, E.The Oath. New York, 1973Google Scholar
Williams, D. S.The Structure of 1 Maccabees. Washington, 1999Google Scholar
Williams, G.The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law. New York, 1974Google Scholar
Williams, J.The Will to Believe. “Is Life Worth Living?”New York, 1927Google Scholar
Wills, L. M.The Jew in the Court of the Foreign King: Ancient Jewish Court Legends (Harvard Dissertations in Religion 26; Minneapolis, 1990)Google Scholar
Wilson, E.On Human Nature. Cambridge and London, 1975Google Scholar
Wilson, K. M.The Dramas of Hrotsvit of Gandersheim. Saskatoon, 1985Google Scholar
Wilson, S., Ed. Saints and Their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Folklore and History. Cambridge, 1983Google Scholar
Wolf, K. B.Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain. Cambridge, 1988Google Scholar
Wolfson, R. E.The Theosophy of Shabbetai Donnolo, with Special Emphasis on the Doctrine of Sefirot in His Sefer Hakhmoni. Jewish History 6:1–2 (1992), 281–316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfson, R. E.Through a Speculum That Shines: Vision and Imagination in Medieval Jewish Mysticism. Princeton, 1994Google Scholar
Wolfson, R. E. “Judaism and Incarnation: The Imaginal Body of God.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 239–254. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Wolfson, R. E. “Martyrdom, Eroticism, and Asceticism in Twelfth-Century Ashkenazi Piety.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Signer, M. A. and Engen, J., 171–220. Indiana, 2001Google Scholar
Yadin, Y.Masada. Tel Aviv, 1966Google Scholar
Yassif, E.Folktales in Megillat Ahimaatz” (Hebrew). Mekharim Yerushalayyim be-sifruth ivrit 4 (1984), 18–42Google Scholar
Yassif, E.The Hebrew Narrative Anthology in the Middle Ages.” Prooftexts 17 (1997), 153–175Google Scholar
Yerushalmi, Y. H.Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory. Seattle and London, 1982Google Scholar
Young, R. D. “The ‘Woman with the Soul of Abraham’: Traditions about the Mother of the Maccabean Martyrs.” In ‘Women Like This’: New Perspectives on Jewish Women in the Greco-Roman World. Ed. Levine, A.-J., 67–81. Atlanta, 1991Google Scholar
Yuval, I. J.Vengeance and Damnation, Blood and Defamation: From Jewish Martyrdom to Blood Libel Accusations” (Hebrew). Zion 58 (1993), 33–90Google Scholar
Yuval, I. J. “The Language and Symbols of the Hebrew Chronicles of the Crusades” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 101–117. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Yuval, I. J.“Two Nations in Your Womb”: Perceptions of Jews and Christians (Hebrew). Tel Aviv, 2000Google Scholar
Yuval, I. J. “ ‘They Tell Lies: You Ate the Man’: Jewish Reaction to Ritual Murder Accusations.” In Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Ed. Abulafia, A. S., 86–106. New York, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zambelli, M. “La composizione del secondo libro di Maccabei e la nuova cronologia di Antioco IV Epifane,” Miscellanea greca e romana (Studi pubblicati dall'Istituto italiano per la storia antica 16, Rome, 1965), 195–299
Zeitlin, S.Josephus on Jesus: With Particular Reference to the Slavonic Josephus and the Hebrew Josippon. Philadelphia, 1931Google Scholar
Zeitlin, S.The Book of Jubilees, Its Character and Its Significance. Philadelphia, 1939Google Scholar
Zeitlin, S.The Legend of the Ten Martyrs and Its Apocalyptic Origins.” Jewish Quarterly Review 36 (1945–1946), 1–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeitlin, S.The Names Hebrew, Jew and Israel: A Historical Study,” Jewish Quarterly Review 43 (1952–1953), 369–379Google Scholar
Zeitlin, S.Masada and the Sicarii: The Occupants of Masada.” Jewish Quarterly Review 55 (1965), 314–317Google Scholar
Zetnick, K.The Clock Overhead (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Ziegler, P.The Black Death. New York, 1969Google Scholar
Ziesler, A. J. “Luke and the Pharisees.” In Nusner, J., From Politics to Piety: The Emergence of Pharisaic Judaism, 161–172. New York, 1979Google Scholar
Zimmer, E. “The Persecutions of 1096 as Reflected in Medieval and Modern Minhag Books.” In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 157–170. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Zimmerman, F.The Aramaic Origin of Daniel 8–12.” Journal of Biblical Literature 57 (1938), 255–272CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziolkowski, J. M. “Put in No-Man's-Land: Guibert of Nogent's Accusations against a Judaizing and Jew-Supporting Christian.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Signer, M. A. and Engen, J., 110–122. Indiana, 2001Google Scholar
Zuckerman, A. J.The Nasi of Frankland in the Ninth Century and Colaphus Judaeorum in Toulouse.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 33 (1965), 51–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aaron ha-Cohen of Lunel. Orhot hayyim. Ed. Shlezinger, M. B. E.. Berlin, 1899Google Scholar
Abelard, Peter. Dialogus inter Philosophum Judaem et Christianum. In Ed. Migne, J. P., Patrologia Latina, Paris, 178
Adémar of Chabannes. Chronique. In Collection de textes pour servir a l'etude et a l'enseignement de l'histoire, 20. Ed. Chavanon, J.. Paris, 1897Google Scholar
Agus, I. A., Ed. Responsa of the Tosafists (Hebrew). New York, 1954Google Scholar
Albert of Aix. “Liber Christianae expeditionis.” In Recueil des historiens des croisades, historiens occidentaux, 4
Annales Ephordenses. In Munumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 16
Annales Herbipolenses. In Munumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 16
Annales Quedinburgenses. In Munumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 3
Annales Wirziburgenses. In Munumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 2
Anselm of Canterbury. Cure Deus Homo? Ed. and tr. Hopkins, J. and Richardson, H.. Toronto and New York, 1976Google Scholar
Anselm of Canterbury. Monologion. Ed. Hopkins, J.. A New Interpretive Translation of St. Anselm's Monologion and Proslogion. Minneapolis, 1986Google Scholar
Appian of Alexandria. Roman History. In The Loeb Classical History. Tr. White, H.. London, New York, 1912–1913Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. Selected Writings. Ed. and Tr. McInerny, R.. Penguin Classics, 1998Google Scholar
Asaf, S.Sources for the History of Education in Israel (Hebrew). 4 vols. Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, 1925–1943Google Scholar
Assaf, S., Ed. Sefer ha-Miqtsoot. Jerusalem, 1947Google Scholar
The Assumption of Moses: A Critical Edition with Commentary. Ed. Tromp, J.. Leiden, 1993Google Scholar
Augustine, Bishop of Hippo. De civitate Dei. In The Loeb Classical Library
Avot de-Rabbi Nathan. Ed. Schechter, S.. Vienna, 1887Google Scholar
Baldric of Dol. “Historia Jerosolimitana.” In Recueil des historiens des croisades, historiens occidentaux, 4
Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Ed. Colgrave, B. and Mynors, R. A. B.. Oxford, 1969Google Scholar
ben Abraham, Zedekiah. Sefer Shibbolei ha-Leket. Ed. Hasidah, A. Y.. Jerusalem, 1987Google Scholar
ben Azriel, Abraham. Arugat ha-Bosem. Ed. Urbach, E. E., 4 vols. Jerusalem, 1939–1963Google Scholar
ben Joseph of Corbeil, Isaac. Sefer Mitsvot Qatan. Satmor, 1935 [reprinted, Jerusalem, 1987]
ben Meir Tam, Jacob. Sefer ha-Yashar. Ed. Rosenthal, S.. Berlin, 1898Google Scholar
ben Moses, Isaac. Or Zarua. Ed. Lehrn, A. 4 vols. in 2. Zhitomir, 1862–1890Google Scholar
ben Moses Halevi Möllin, Jacob. Sefer Maharil, Minhagim. Ed. Shpizer, S. J.. Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
ben Zadok, Shimshon. Tashbetz. Cremona, 1557Google Scholar
Berliner, A., ed. The Memorial Book of the Worms Community(Hebrew). 1887Google Scholar
Berliner, A., ed. Sefer Rashi. Frankfort, 1905Google Scholar
Bernard of Clairvaux. To the English People. Tr. S. James in The Letters of St. Bernard of Clairvaux. Chicago, 1953
Bernold of St. Blasien, “Chronicon.” Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 5
Blau, J., Ed. Teshuvot ha-Rambam. 4 vols. Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Bouquet, M., Ed. Recueil des Histories des Gaules et de la France. 24 vols. Paris, 1737–1904Google Scholar
Brody, H., and Wiener, M., Eds. Mivhar ha-Shirah ha-Ivrit. Leipzig, 1922Google Scholar
Buber, S., Ed. Lamentations Rabbah (Hebrew). Vilna, 1899Google Scholar
Buber, S., Ed. Midrash Mishle. Jerusalem, 1964–1965Google Scholar
Cassius Dio. Roman History. In The Loeb Classical Library, 9 vols. Ed. Cary, E.. Cambridge, London, 1914–1927Google Scholar
Charles, H. R., Ed. and Tr. The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. London, 1908Google Scholar
Charles, H. R., Ed. The Book of Jubilees. In The Apocrypha and Pseudopigrapha of the Testament. 2 vols. Oxford, 1913Google Scholar
Charles, H. R., Ed. “The Testament of Moses,” or “The Assumption of Moses.” In The Apocrypha and Pseudopigrapha of the Testament. 2 vols. Oxford, 1913Google Scholar
Charlesworth, J., Ed. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. Garden City, 1983–85Google Scholar
Cheruel, A., Ed. Normanniae nova chronica. Caen, 1850Google Scholar
Clark, E., Ed. The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond: A Picture of Monastic Life in the Days of Abbot Samson. London, 1903Google Scholar
Crispin, G. Gislebert Crispini disputatio judei et christiani. Ed. Blumenkranz, B.. Utrecht, 1961Google Scholar
Daat Zekanim me-Rabbenu Baalei ha-Tosafot. Ed. Nunez-Vaez, I. J.. Livorno, 1783Google Scholar
Daniel. Translation and commentary by Goldwurm, H., with an overview by Nosson Scherman. New York, 1979Google Scholar
David, Y., Ed. The Poems of Amittay (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1975Google Scholar
Davidson, I., Ed. Otzar ha-Shirah ve-ha-Piyyut. New York, 1925–1933Google Scholar
Bruyne, D., and Sodar, B., Eds. Les Anciennes Traductions Latines Des Machabées [Anecdota Maredsolana, vol. 4]. Abbaye de Maredsous, 1932Google Scholar
Donnolo, Shabbettai, Sefer Hakhmoni. Ed. Casteli, D., Il commento di Sabbetai Donnolo sullibro creazione. Florence, 1880Google Scholar
Eidelberg, S. Tr. The Jews and the Crusaders. Hoboken, 1971Google Scholar
Ekkehard of Aura. “Hierosolymita.” In Recueil des historiens des croisade, historiens occidentaux. 5
Ekkehard of Aura. “Chronicon universale.” In Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 6
Elhanan ben Isaac. Tosafot al Massekhet Avodah Zarah le-Rabbenu Elhanan. Ed. Frankel, D.. Husatyn, 1901Google Scholar
Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn. Sefer Zechirah. In Sefer Gezerot Ashkenaz ve-Zarfat. Ed. Habermann, A.. Jerusalem, 1945Google Scholar
Eusebius, , History of the Church From Christ to Constantine. Tr. G. A. Williamson. New York, 1965Google Scholar
Eusebius. The Ecclesiastical History. In Loeb Classical Library. 2 vols. London, New York, 1926–1932
Eybeschuets, David Solomon. Arvie Nahal. Vol. II, Piotrkow, 1888Google Scholar
The First Book of the Maccabees. Tr. Tedesche, S. with the commentary of S. Zeitlin. New York, 1950Google Scholar
Flavius, Josephus, Jewish Antiquities. In The Loeb Classical Library. 9 vols. Ed. Wikgren, A.. Cambridge, 1926–1965Google Scholar
Flavius, Josephus. Jewish War. In The Loeb Classical Library, 3 vols. Tr. H. St. J. Thackeray. Cambridge, 1926–1965
Flavius, Josephus. Against Apion. In The Loeb Classical Library. Tr. H. St. J. Thackeray. Cambridge, 1926
Fleisher, E., Ed. The Poems of Solomon ha-Bavli. Jerusalem, 1973Google Scholar
Flusser, D., Ed. Sefer Yosippon. 2 vols. Jerusalem, 1981Google Scholar
Friedmann, M., Ed. (Meir Ish-Shalom). Seder Eliyahu Rabbah ve-Seder Eliyahu Zuta. Vienna, 1904Google Scholar
Fontes rerum germanicarum. Ed. Boehmer, J. F.. Stuttgart, 1868Google Scholar
Fulcher of Chartres. Historia Hierosolymitana. Ed. Hagenmeyer, H.. Heidelberg, 1913Google Scholar
Galant, Moses. Kehillat Yaacov, Safed 1578. Jerusalem, 1977Google Scholar
Gaon, Natronai. Gates of Righteousness, Responsa of the Geonim. Salonika, 1972Google Scholar
Gellis, J., Ed. Sefer Tosafot ha-Shalem: Commentary on the Bible. 5 vols. Jerusalem, 1982Google Scholar
Gerhon of Reichersberg. De Investigatione Antichristi. In Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 3
Geoffrey of Breuil, “Chronica.” In Recueil des Histories des Gaules et de la France, 12
Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolymytanorum. Ed. Hill, R. M.. London, 1962Google Scholar
Gesta Romanorum: Entertaining Stories. Tr. C. Swan. London, New York, 1925
Gesta Treverorum. In Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum (Hanover, 1848), 8
Glaber, R. Le cinq liver de ses histoires. In Collection de textes pour servir a l'etude et a l'enseignement de l'histore. Vol. I. Ed. Prou, M.. Paris, 1886Google Scholar
Berceo, Gonzalo, Miracles of Our Lady. Tr. R. T. Mount and A. G. Cash. Lexington, 1997Google Scholar
Gregory of Tours: Gloria Martyrium. Tr. R. Van Dam. Liverpool, 1988
Gudemann, M.Sefer Huke ha-Torah ha-Kadmonim (The Book of the Early Laws of the Torah). Printed in Sefer ha-Torah veha-Hayim be-Artsot ha-Maarav bi-Yeme ha-Benim (Geschichte des Erziehungswesens und der Cultur der abendländischen Juden, während des Mittelalters). 3 vols. Jerusalem, 1971Google Scholar
Gudemann, M. Tanna de-rabbi Eliyahu. In Sefer Ha-Torah veha-Hayim. 3 vols. Jerusalem, 1972
Guibert of Nogent. Histoire de sa vie. Ed. Bourgin, G.. Paris, 1907Google Scholar
Guibert of Nogent. De Vita Sua. Ed. Labande, E. R.. Paris, 1981Google Scholar
Guibert of Nogent. Treatise on Relics. Tr. Coulton, G. G., Life in the Middle Ages. New York, Cambridge, 1931Google Scholar
Guibert of Nogent. “Gesta Dei per Francos.” In Recueil des historiens des croisades, historiens occidentaux, 4
Guibert of Nogent. Self and Society in Medieval France. Tr. J. Benton. New York, 1970
Guillaume de Nangis, Chronique latine de Guillaume de Nangis de 1113 à 1300 avec les continuations de cette chronique de 1300 à 1368. Ed. Géraud, H.. Paris, 1843Google Scholar
Habermann, A., Ed. The Poems of Rabbi Shimon bar Isaac (Hebrew). Berlin and Jerusalem, 1938Google Scholar
Habermann, A. Ed. Selihot u-Pizmonim le-Rabbenu Gershom Me'or ha-Golah. Jerusalem, 1944Google Scholar
Habermann, A. Ed. Sefer Gezerot Ashkenaz ve-Zarfat. Jerusalem, 1945Google Scholar
ha-Bavli, Solomon. Selihah. Ed. Habermann, A., A History of Heberw Liturgical and Secular Poetry. 2 vols. Massada, 1972Google Scholar
ha-Cohen, Joseph. Emeq ha-Bachah. Ed. Letteris, M.. Cracow, 1895Google Scholar
Hadas, M., Ed. and Tr. The Third and Fourth Maccabees. New York, 1953Google Scholar
Hai ben Sherira Gaon. In Teshuvoth ha-Geonim. Ed. Harkavy, A., Zikkaron la-rishonim we-gam la-ahronim. Berlin, 1887Google Scholar
ha-Levi, Judah. The Kuzari. Tr. H. Hirschfeld. New York, 1964Google Scholar
Harkavy, A., Ed. Teshuvoth ha-Geonim. Zikkaron la-Rishonim we-Gam la-Ahronim. Berlin, 1887Google Scholar
Crescas, Hasdai, Sefer Or Adonai. Ferrara edition, 1555, republished by Gregg International Publisher. Westmead, Farnborough, Hants, 1969Google Scholar
Ha-Semak mi-Zurich. Ed. Rosenberg, I.. Jerusalem, 1973Google Scholar
Heinricus de Diessenhoven. In Fontes Rerum Germanicarum, 4. Ed. Boehmer, . Stuttgart, 1868Google Scholar
Higger, M., Ed. Semahot. New York, 1932Google Scholar
Historiatum Libri Ouingue, Ed. and Tr. France, J.. Oxford, 1989Google Scholar
Horovitz, S., and Finkelstein, L., Eds. Sifre on Deuteronomy. New York, 1969Google Scholar
Horowitz, H. S., and Rabin, D. A., Eds. Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael. Jerusalem, 1970Google Scholar
Hidushei ha-Ritva al Avodah Zarah. Eds. Goldshtain, M. and Metsger, D.. Jerusalem, 1978Google Scholar
Howlet, R., Ed. Chronicles of the Reign of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I. 4 vols. London, 1884–1889Google Scholar
Hugh of Flavigny, “Chronicon.” In Recueil des Histories des Gaules et de la France, 12
Ibn Daud, Abrahahm. The Book of Tradition. Ed. Cohen, D. G.. Philadelphia, 1967Google Scholar
ibn Verga, Solomon. Shevet Yehudah. Piatrakov edition, 1904
ibn Verga, Solomon. Shevet Yehudah. Ed. Shohet, Azriel. Jerusalem, 1947Google Scholar
ibn Verga, Solomon. Shevet Yehudah. Reprinted by the Bnei Issakhar Institute. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Jacobs, J., Ed. and Tr. The Jews of Angevin England. London, 1983Google Scholar
Voragine, Jacobus. The Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints. 2 vols. Tr. W. G. Ryan. Princeton, 1993Google Scholar
Jean de Venette, The Chronicle of Jean de Venette. Tr. J. Birdsall. Ed. Newhall, R. A.. New York, 1953Google Scholar
Jellinek, A., Ed. Bet ha-Midrash. 6 vols. in 2. 2d ed. Jerusalem, 1938Google Scholar
Klar, B., Ed. The Chronicle of Ahimaatz. Jerusalem, 1974Google Scholar
Knighton, Henry. Chronicon. 2 vols. (Series 92) Ed. Lumby, J. R.. London, 1889Google Scholar
Levin, B. M., Ed. Sherira Gaon's Epistles (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1972Google Scholar
Livy, with an English translation. In The Loeb Classical Library. London, New York, 1919–1959
Luria, Solomon. Sefer Yam Shel Shlomoh: al Masekhet Bava Qama. Vol. 13. Jerusalem, 1994Google Scholar
Maimonides, Moses. Iggeret ha-Shemad. In Igrot ha-RMBM. Ed. Shillat, I.. Jerusalem, 1976Google Scholar
Mann, J., Ed. Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature. 2 vols. Cincinnati, 1931Google Scholar
Mansi, J. D.., Eds. Sanctorum Conciliorum Collectio. 53 vols. in 60. Graz and Verlagsanstalt, 1960–1961Google Scholar
Margaliot, R., Ed. Sefer Hasidim. Jerusalem, 1957Google Scholar
Martyr, Justin. The Dialogue with Trypho, tr. W. A. Lukyn. London, New York, 1930Google Scholar
Migne, J. P., Ed. Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina. 221 vols. Paris, 1844–1864Google Scholar
Migne, J. P., Ed. Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Graeco-latina. 28 vols. Paris, 1857–1887Google Scholar
Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum. 32 vols. Hanover, 1826–1934
Muller, J., Ed. The Responses of the Geonim of East and West (Hebrew). Berlin, 1888Google Scholar
Neubauer, A., and Stern, M., Eds. Hebraische Berichte uber die Judenverfolgungen wahrend der Kreuzzuge. Berlin, 1892Google Scholar
Orderic Vitalis. Historia aecclesiastica. Ed. Chibnall, M.. Oxford, 1969Google Scholar
Otto of Freising. Gesta Frideric I Imperatoris. Ed. Simson, B.. Hanover, 1912Google Scholar
The Oxford Book of Medieval Latin Verse. Ed. Raby, F. J. E.. Oxford, 1959Google Scholar
Paul of St. Peter of Chartres, Vetus Aganon. Ed Benjamin-Edme-Charles Guerard, in Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Peter de Chartres (Collection des cartulaires de France, vol. 1 in Collection de documents inedits sur l'histoire de France, ser. 1: Historia Politique.), 2 vols. Paris, 1840
Peter the Venerable. The Letters of Peter the Venerable. Ed. Constable, G.. 2 vols. Cambridge, 1967Google Scholar
Peter of Zittau. Die Königsaaler Geschichts-Quellen mit den Zusätzen und der Fortsetzung des Domherrn Franz Von Prag. Ed. Loserth, J. (Fontes Rerum Austriacarum). Vienna, 1875Google Scholar
Philo of Alexandria. The Embassy to Gaius. In The Loeb Classical Library. Tr. F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitasker. Cambridge, London, New York, 1962
Philo of Alexandria. On Josephus. In The Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 6. Tr. F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitasker. Cambridge, London, New York, 1962
Philo of Alexandria. Every Good Man is Free. In The Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9. Tr. F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitasker. Cambridge, London, New York, 1962
Pliny the Elder, Natural History. In The Loeb Classical History. Tr. H. Rackham. Cambridge and London, 1967
Plutarch. Agis and Cleomenes. In The Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 10. Tr. B. Perrin. London and New York, 1916
Pseudo-Cyprian. Adversus Judaeos. In Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum. Vol. 3. Vindobonae, 1868–1871
Ralph of Diceto. Imagines Historiarum. In Rerum Britannicarum Medii Eavi Scriptores. Ed. Stubbes, W.. 2 vols. London, 1876Google Scholar
Raymond of Aguilers. Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem in Le Liber De Raymond D'Aguiler, pubilié par John Hugh Hill et Laurita Hill. Paris, 1969
Recueil des Histories des Gaules et de la France. 24 vols. Paris, 1868–1904
Reeg, G.Die Geschichte von den Zehn Märtyren: Synoptische Edition mit Übersetzung und Einleitung. Tübingen, 1985Google Scholar
Richard of Devizis. Chroncon Ricardi Divisensis de Regis Gestis Riccardi Primi. Ed. Appleby, J. T.. London et al., 1963Google Scholar
Richard of Poitiers. “Chronicon.” In Recueil des Histories des Gaules et de la France, 12
Robert of Rheims. “Historia Hierosoylimitana.” In Recueil des historiens des croisades, historiens occidentaux, 3
Roger of Hoveden. Chronica. In Rerum Britannicarum Medii Eavi Scriptores. Ed. Stubbs, W.. Vols. 1–4. London and Oxford, 1868–1871Google Scholar
Salfeld, S., Ed. Das Martyrologium des Nürnberger Memorbuches. Berlin, 1898Google Scholar
Schechter, S., Ginzberg, L., and Davidson, I., Eds. The Vision of Daniel (Hebrew). In Ginze Schechter. 3 vols. New York, 1927–1929
Schirmann, H. A.Selection of the Hebrew Poems of Italy (Hebrew). Berlin, 1934Google Scholar
Sefer ha-Demaot: Meoraot ha-Gezerot veha-Redifot ve-Hashmadot. Ed. Bernfeld, S.. 3 vols. Berlin, 1923–1926Google Scholar
Sefer ha-Yashar le-Rabenu Tam. Ed. Rosenthal, F.. Berlin, 1989Google Scholar
Sigebert of Gembloux, “Chronica.” In Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, 6
Simocatta, Theophylactus. The History of Theophlyact Simocatta. Tr. M. Whitby and M. Whitby. Oxford, 1986Google Scholar
Solomon ben Isaac of Troyes (Rashi). Piyute Rashi. Ed. Habermann, A.. Jerusalem, 1941Google Scholar
Strabo. Geography. Tr. J. L. Horace. London, New York, 1917–1933
Tacitus, C. The History. Tr. A. J. Church and W. S. Brodribb. Ed. Hadas, Moses. New York, 1942Google Scholar
Tedesche, S., Tr. and Zeltlin, S., Ed. The Second Book of Maccabees. New York, 1954Google Scholar
Tertullian. Ad Martyras. In The Writings of Tertullian (Ante-Nicene Christian Library). 3 vols. Edinburgh, 1870
Tertullian, Antidute for the Scorpion's Sting. In The Writings of Tertullian (Ante-Nicene Christian Library). 3 vols. Edinburgh, 1870
Tertullian. Ad Martyras. “To Scapula,” in Apologetical Works. In The Fathers of the Church, 19 vols. New York, 1950
Teshuvot, Pesakim, u-Minhagim. Ed. Cahana, I. Z.. 3 vols. Jerusalem, 1957–1962Google Scholar
Teshuvot Rashi. Ed. Elfenbein, I.. New York, 1943Google Scholar
Theodor, J., and Albeck, C., Eds. Midrash Bereshit Rabbah. 3 vols. Jerusalem, 1965Google Scholar
Theophanaes, The Chronicle of Theophanes. Tr. H. Turtledove. Philadelphia, 1982
Tosafists. Commentary on the Talmud. Printed in all standard editions of Talmud
Tosafotal Massekhet Avodah Zarah le-Rabbenu Elhanan. Ed. Fränkel, D.. Husatyn, 1901Google Scholar
Tov Ellem, Joseph. Teshovot Geonim Kadmonim. Ed. Kasle, D.. Berlin, 1848Google Scholar
Tudebodes, Peter. Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere, publié par John Hugh Hill et Laurita Hill. Paris, 1977Google Scholar
William of Tyre. In Recueil des historiens des croisade, historiens occidentaux. Vol I
William of Newbury. Historia rerum anglicarum. 2 vols. Ed. Hamilton, H. C.. London, 1856Google Scholar
Winterbottom, M., Ed. Three Lives of English Saints. Toronto, 1972Google Scholar
Wistinetzki, J., Ed. Sefer Hasidim. Frankfort, 1924Google Scholar
Zlotnick, D., Ed. Semahot. New Haven, 1966Google Scholar
Abel, F.-M.Les Livres des Maccabées. Paris, 1949Google Scholar
Abel, F.-M. and Starcky, J.Les livres de Maccabées. Paris, 1961Google Scholar
Aberbach, M.The Roman-Jewish War (66–70 A.D.): Its Origins and Consequences. London, 1966Google Scholar
Abrahams, I.Jewish Life in the Middle Ages. Philadelphia and Jerusalem, 1993Google Scholar
Abulafia, A. S.The Interrelationship between the Hebrew Chronicles of the First Crusade.” Journal of Semitic Studies 27 (1982), 221–239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abulafia, A. S. “Invectives against Christianity in the Hebrew Chronicles of the First Crusade.” Crusade and Settelement. Ed. Edbury, P. W., 66–72. Cardiff, 1985Google Scholar
Abulafia, A. S.Christians and Jews in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance. London, New York, 1995CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abulafia, A. S. “The Intellectual and Spiritual Quest for Christ and Central Medieval Persecution of Jews.” In Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Ed. Abulafia, A. S., 61–85. New York, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adinolfi, P. M.Elogia di l'autore di I Macc. 6.43–46; il gesto di Eleazaro?,” Antonianum 39 (1964), 177–186Google Scholar
Agus, A.The Binding of Isaac and Messiah. Albany, 1988Google Scholar
Agus, I. A.Urban Civilization in Pre-Crusade Europe. 2 vols. New York, 1965Google Scholar
Agus, I. A. “Rabbinic Scholarship in Northern Europe.” In The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe, 711–1096. Ed. Roth, C., 189–209. Rutgers, 1966Google Scholar
Agus, I. A. “Rashi and His School.” In The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe, 711–1096. Ed. Roth, C., 210–248. Rutgers, 1966Google Scholar
Agus, I. A.The Heroic Age of Franco-German Jewry. New York, 1969Google Scholar
Agus, I. A.Democracy in the Communities of the Early Middle Ages.” Jewish Quarterly Review 43 (1952–1953), 155–176Google Scholar
Alexander, P. S. “‘The Parting of the Ways’ from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism.” In Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways A.D. 70 to 135. Ed. Dunn, J. D. G., 1–25. Tübingen, 1993Google Scholar
Aibeshits, Y.In Holiness and Bravery (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1993Google Scholar
Alfasi, E. “Three Topics in the Laws of Martyrdom.” In I Will Be Sanctified: Religious Responses to the Holocaust. Ed. Fogel, Y. and Tr. E. Levin, 105–114. Northvale, Jerusalem, 1998Google Scholar
Allon, G.The History of the Jews in the Land of Israel in the Time of the Mishnah and Talmud (Hebrew). 2 vols. Tel Aviv, 1966Google Scholar
Allon, G.Studies in the History of Israel (Hebrew). 2 vols. Ha-Kibutz Ha-Meuchad, 1967Google Scholar
Alvarez, A.The Savage God: A Study of Suicide. New York, 1972Google Scholar
Alvarez, A. “The Background.” In Suicide. Ed. Battin, M. P. and Mayo, D. J., 7–32. New York, 1980Google Scholar
Amari, M. Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia. 2 vols. 1933–1935
Amir, Y.The Term IOUDAISMOS, A Study in Jewish-Hellenistic Self-Identification,” Immanuel 14 (1982), 34–41Google Scholar
Arlow, J. A.Ego Psychology and the Study of Mythology.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 9 (1961), 371–393CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, T. W.The Preaching of Islam. New York, 1913Google Scholar
Aronius, J.Regesten zur Geschichte der Juden in fränkischen und deutschen Reiche. Berlin, 1902Google Scholar
Ashtor, E.The History of the Jews in Muslim Spain (Hebrew). 2 vols. Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Atkinson, M. J.Discovering Suicide. Pittsburg, 1978Google Scholar
Bachrach, B. S.Early Medieval Jewish Policy in Western Europe. Minneapolis, 1977Google Scholar
Baeck, L.The Essence of Judaism. New York, 1948Google Scholar
Baer, S., Ed. Seder Avodat Yisrael. Redelheim, 1848Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.The Religious and Social Tendency of Sefer Hasidim” (Hebrew). Zion 3 (1938), 1–50Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.Rashi and the Historical Reality of His Time” (Hebrew). Tarbiz 20 (1948), 320–332Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A. “The Hebrew Sefer Yosippon” (Hebrew). In Sefer Dinaburg. Ed. Dinur, Ben Z. and Baer, Y., 178–205. Jerusalem, 1949Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.The Origins of the Organization of the Jewish Community of the Middle Ages” (Hebrew). Zion 15 (1950), 1–41Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A. “The Persecution of 1096” (Hebrew). In Sefer Asaf. Ed. Cassuto, M. D.., 126–140. Jerusalem, 1953Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.Israel Among the Nations (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1955Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A. “Israel, the Christian Church, and the Roman Empire from the Time of Septimius Severus to the Edict of Toleration of A.D. 313.” In Studies in History. Ed. Fuks, A. and Halpern, I.. Scripta Hierosolymitana 7, 79–147. Jerusalem, 1961Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.The Persecution of the Monotheistic Religion by Antiochus Epiphanes” (Hebrew). Zion 38 (1971), 32–47Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.Galut (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1980Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.Studies and Essays in the History of the Jewish People (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1985Google Scholar
Baer, Y. A.A History of the Jews in Christian Spain. Tr. L. Schoffman, 2 vols. Philadelphia, Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Baras, Z. “The Testimonium and Martyrdom of James.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 338–348. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Bar-Kochva, B.The Battels of the Hasmoneans: The Times of Judas Maccabaeus. Jerusalem, 1980Google Scholar
Bar-Kochva, B.Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle against the Seleucids. Cambridge, New York, 1989CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Kochva, B.Pseudo-Hecataeus on the Jews: Legitimizing the Jewish Diaspora. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1996Google Scholar
Barclay, J. M. G.Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 B. C. E.–117 C. E.). Edinburgh, 1996Google Scholar
Barkum, M.Disasters and the Millennium. London, 1974Google Scholar
Barnes, T.Tertullian's Scoriace.” Journal of Theological Studies 20:1 (April, 1969), 105–132Google Scholar
Baron, S. W.The Jewish Community. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1948Google Scholar
Baron, S. W.A Social and Religious History of the Jews. 18 vols. 2d ed. New York, 1952–1983Google Scholar
Barrett, A. A.Caligula: The Corruption of Power. New Haven, London, 1989CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, J. R.The First and Second Books of the Maccabees. Cambridge, 1973Google Scholar
Bartlett, J. R.Jews in the Hellenistic World: Josephus, Aristeas, The Sibylline Oracles, Eupolemus. Cambridge, New York, 1985CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baschet, J.Medieval Abraham: Between Fleshly Patriarch and Divine Father.” Modern Language Notes 108 (1993), 738–758Google Scholar
Batnitzky, L. “On the Suffering of God's Chosen: Christian Views in Jewish Terms.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 203–220. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Battin, P. M.Ethical Issues in Suicide. New Jersey, 1991Google Scholar
Baumgarten, A. I.The Flourishing of Jewish Sects in the Maccabean Era: An Interpretation. Leiden, New York, Köln, 1997Google Scholar
Baumgarten, A. I. “Invented Traditions of the Maccabean Era,” Geschichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festchrift für Martin Hengel Zum 70. Geburtstag. Ed. Cancik, H., Lichtenberger, H., and Schäfer, P., 1:197–210, Tüsbingen, 1996Google Scholar
Beinart, H. “Castilian Jewry.” In Moreshet Sepharad: The Sephardi Legacy. Ed. Beinart, H., 11–35. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Ben-Haim, Trifon, D. “Some Aspects of Internal Politics Connected with the Bar Kochva Revolt” (Hebrew). In The Bar-Kokhva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 13–26. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Ben-Sasson, M. “Italy and 'Ifriqua from the 9th to the 11th Century.” In Les Relations intercommunautaires juives en Méditerranée occidentale XIVe-XXe siècles, ed. Miège, J. L., 34–50. Paris, 1984Google Scholar
Ben-Sasson, M. “The Prayers of the Anusim” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 153–166. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Ben Shalom, I. “Events and Ideology of the Yavneh Period As Indirect Causes of the Bar Kochva Revolt” (Hebrew). In The Bar-Kokhva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 1–12. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Ben Shalom, R.Qiddush ha-Shem and Jewish Martyrdom in Aragon and Castille in 1391” (Hebrew). Tarbits 70:2 (2001), 227–282Google Scholar
Ben Zevi, I.The Exiled and the Redeemed. Tr. I. Abbady. Philadelphia, 1957Google Scholar
Beachler, J.Suicide. New York, 1979Google Scholar
Bell, A. A., Jr., “Josephus and Pseudo-Hegesippus.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 349–361. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Bendict, B. Z.The Torah Center in Provanse. Jerusalem, 1985Google Scholar
Bentzen, A. “Daniel 6: Ein Versuch zur Vorgeschichte der Märtyrerlegende.” In Festschrift A. Bertholet. Ed. Baumgartner, W., Eissfeldt, O., Elliger, K., and Rust, L., 58–64. Tübingen, 1950Google Scholar
Berger, D.Mission to the Jews and Jewish–Christian Contacts in the Polemical Literature of the High Middle Ages.” American Historical Review 91 (1986), 576–591CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, D. “From Crusade to Blood Libels to Expulsions: Some New Approaches to Medieval Antisemitism.” Second Annual Lecture of the V. J. Selmanowitz Chair of Jewish History, Touro College, Graduate School of Jewish Studies. New York, 1997Google Scholar
Berger, D. “On the Image and Destiny of Gentiles in Ashkenazic Polemical Literature” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 74–91, Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Berger, D. “Jacob Katz on Jews and Christians in the Middle Ages.” In The Pride of Jacob: Essay on Jacob Katz and His Work. Ed. Harris, J. M., 41–63. Cambridge and London, 200.Google Scholar
Bettelheim, B.The Informed Heart: Autonomy in a Mass Age. Illinois, 1960Google Scholar
Bevan, E. R.The House of Seleucus. 2 vols. London, 1902Google Scholar
Bickerman, E. “The Date of Fourth Maccabees.” In Louis Ginzberg Jubilee Volume, 115–112. New York, 1945. Reprinted in Studies in Jewish and Christian History, 1:276–281. Leiden, 1976
Bickerman, E.The God of the Maccabees. Tr. H. R. Moehring. Leiden, 1979Google Scholar
Bilde, P.The Roman Emperor Gaius Caligula's Attempt to Erect His Statue in the Temple in Jerusalem.” Studia Theologica 32 (1978), 67–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, M.The Middle Ages. Boston, 1987Google Scholar
Blanchetière, F. “The Threefold Christian anti-Judaism” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 185–210. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blank, S. H.The Death of Zechariah in Rabbinic Literature.” Hebrew Union College Annual 12-13 (1937–1938), 327–346Google Scholar
Bloch, P. “Rom und die Mystiker der Merkaba.” In Festschrift zum siebzigsten Geburtstage Jakob Guttmanns. Ed. Philippson, M., 113–124. Leipzig, 1915Google Scholar
Blumenkranz, B.Juifs et Chrétiens Dans Le Monde Occidental 430–1096. Paris, 1960Google Scholar
Blumenkranz, B.Les auteurs chrétiens latins du moyen age sur les juifs et le judaisme. Paris, 1963Google Scholar
Blumenkranz, B. “The Roman Church and the Jews.” In The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe, 711–1096. Ed. Roth, C., 69–99. Rutgers, 1966Google Scholar
Blumenthal, “Tselem: Toward an Anthropopathic Theology of Image.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 337–347. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Bond, H. K.Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonfil, R.The Image of Judaism in Raymond Martini's Pugio Fidei” (Hebrew). Tarbiz 40 (1971), 360–375Google Scholar
Bonfil, R. “Tra due mondi, Prospettive di ricerca sulla storia culturale degli Ebrei dell ‘Italia meridionale nell ’alto Medioevo,” Italia Judaica. Atti del I Convegno internazionale, Bari 18-22 maggio 1981 (Rome, 1983), 135–158Google Scholar
Bonfil, R.Between the Land of Israel and Babylon: A Study of the Jewish Culture in Southern Italy and in Christian Europe in the Early Middle Ages.” Shalem 5 (1987), 1–30Google Scholar
Bonfil, R. “Myth, Rhetoric, History? A Study in the Chronicle of Ahima'az” (Hebrew). In Culture and Society in Medieval Jewry: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson. Ed. Ben-Sasson, M., Bonfil, R., and Hacker, J. R., 99–135. Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
Bonfil, R. “Can Medieval Storytelling Help Understanding Midrash? The Story of Paltiel: A Preliminary Study on History and Midrash.” In The Midrashic Imagination: Jews, Exegesis, Thought, and History. Ed. Fishbane, M., 228–254. Albany, 1993Google Scholar
Borgen, R. “Emperor Worship and Persecution in Philo's In Flaccum and De Legatione ad Gaium and the Revelation of John.” In Geschichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festchrift für Martin Hengel Zum 70. Geburtstag. Ed. Cancik, H., Lichtenberger, H., and Schäfer, P., 3:493–509. Tübingen, 1996Google Scholar
Boswell, J. Life of Johnson. Ed. Hill, G. B.. 6 vols. Oxford, 1887Google Scholar
Bouman, C. “The Immaculate Conception in the Liturgy.” In The Dogma of the Immaculate Conception: History and Significance. Ed. O'Connor, E. D., 113–159. Notre Dame, 1958Google Scholar
Bowersock, W. G.Martyrdom and Rome. Cambridge, 1995CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, S.The Jews of Byzantium 1204-1453. Alabama Press, 1985Google Scholar
Bowman, S. “Sefer Yosippon: History and Midrash. In The Midrashic Imagination: Jews, Exegesis, Thought, and History. Ed. Fishbane, M., 280–294. Albany, 199
Bowman, S.‘Yosippon’ and Jewish Nationalism.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 61 (1995), 23–51Google Scholar
Boyarin, D.Intertextuality and the Reading of Midrash. Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1990Google Scholar
Boyarin, D.Dying For God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism. Stanford, 1999Google Scholar
Brandon, S. G. F.Jesus and the Zealots: A Study of the Political Factor in Primitive Christianity. Manchester, 1967Google Scholar
Brelich, A. “Symbol of a Symbol.” In Myth and Symbols. Ed. Kitagawa, J. M. and Long, C. H., 195–208. Chicago and London, 1969Google Scholar
Breuer, M. “Women in Jewish Martyrology” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 141–149. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Bronwnlee, W. H. “Maccabees, Books of,” Anchor Bible Dictionary. Ed. Freedman, D. N., 3:201–215, New York, London, 1992Google Scholar
Brown, P.The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. Chicago, 1981Google Scholar
Browning, R.The Byzantine Empire. New York, 1980Google Scholar
Brundage, J. A. “Holy War and the Medieval Lawyers.” In The Holy War. Ed. Murphy, T. P., 99–140. Columbus, 1976Google Scholar
Bruce, F. F. “The Book of Daniel and the Qumran Community.” In Neotestamentica et Semitica: Studies in Honor of Matthew Black. Ed. Ellis, E. E. and Wilcox, M., 221–235. Edinburg, 1969Google Scholar
Brundage, A. “Holy War and the Medieval Lawyers.” The Holy War. Ed. Murphy, T. P., 9–32. Columbus, 1976Google Scholar
Brunt, P. A. “Charges of Provincial Maladministration under the Principate.” In Ha-Mered Ha-Gadol: ha-Sibot veha-Nesibot li-Feritsato. Ed. Kasher, A., 103–141. Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Butler, A. H., Thurston, S. J., and Attwater, D., Eds. Butler's Lives of the Saints, 4 vols. New York, 1968Google Scholar
Campbell, J.The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton, 1973Google Scholar
Cassuto, U. “Una lettera ebraica de secolo X.” In Giornale della Societa Asiatica Italiana, 29, 97–110
Chadwick, H. Oxford History of Christianity. Ed. McManner, J.. Oxford, 1990Google Scholar
Chalandon, F.Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile. 2 vols. New York, 1960Google Scholar
Charles, R. H.The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Vol. 2. Oxford, 1913Google Scholar
Charles, R. H.A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel. Oxford, 1929Google Scholar
Charles, R. H.Eschatology: The Doctrine of a Future Life in Israel, Judaism and Christianity. New York, 1970Google Scholar
Charlesworth, J. El. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. Garden City, 1983–1985Google Scholar
Chavasse, A.Le Sacramentaire Gelasie. Strasborg, 1958Google Scholar
Chazan, R.The Blois Incident of 1171: A Study in Jewish Intercommunal Organization.” Proceedings of the American for Jewish Research 36 (1968), 13–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.The Bray Incident of 1192: Realpolitik and Folk Slander.” Proceedings of the American for Jewish Research 37 (1969), 1–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R. “The Persecution of 992.” Revue des études juives 129 (1970), 217–221Google Scholar
Chazan, R.Emperor Frederick I, the Third Crusade, and the Jews.” Viator 8 (1970), 83–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.1007–1012: Initial Crisis For Northern European Jewry.” Proceedings of the American for Jewish Research 38–39 (1970–1971), 101–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.Medieval Jewry in Northern France. Baltimore and London, 1973Google Scholar
Chazan, R.R. Ephraim of Bonn's Sefer Zechirah.” Revue des études juives 132.1–2 (1973), 119–126Google Scholar
Chazan, R.The Hebrew First Crusade Chronicles.” Revue des études juives 133 (1974), 235–254Google Scholar
Chazan, R.The Hebrew Chronicles: Frurther Reflections.” Association for Jewish Studies Review 3 (1978), 79–98Google Scholar
Chazan, R.Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages. New York, 1980Google Scholar
Chazan, R.The Deeds of the Jewish Community of Cologne.” Journal of Jewish Studies 35 (1984), 185–195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.The Early Developments of Hasidut Ashkenaz.” Jewish Quarterly Review 75:3 (1985), 199–211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.Review of K. Stow, The ‘1007 Anonymous’ and Papal Sovereignty.” Speculum 62 (1987), 728–731CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.European Jewry and the First Crusacde. Los Angeles, London, 1987Google Scholar
Chazan, R.Daggers of Faith. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1989Google Scholar
Chazan, R.The Facticity of Medieval Narrative: A Case Study of the Hebrew First Crusade Narratives.” Association for Jewish Studies Review 16 (1991), 31–56Google Scholar
Chazan, R.Barcelona and Beyond: The Disputation of 1263 and Its Aftermath. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, 1992Google Scholar
Chazan, R.Ephraim ben Jacob's Compilation of Twelfth-Century Persecutions.” Jewish Quarterly Review 84 (1993–1994), 397–416CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R.Medieval Stereotypes and Modern Antisemitism. Berkeley, 1997Google Scholar
Chazan, R. “Jerusalem as Christian Symbol during the First Crusade: Jewish Awareness and Response.” In Jerusalem: Its Sanctity and Centrality to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Ed. Levine, L. I., 382–392. New York, 1999Google Scholar
Chazan, R.God, Humanity and History: The Hebrew First Crusade Narratives. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 2000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, R. “From the First Crusade to the Second: Evolving Perceptions of the Christian–Jewish Conflict.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Signer, M. A. and Engen, J., 46–62. Indiana, 2001Google Scholar
Chazan, R. “The Anti-Jewish Violence of 1096: Perpetrator and Dynamics.” In Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Ed. Abulafia, A. S., 21–43. New York, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chilton, B., and Neusner, J.Comparing Spiritualities: Formative Christianity and Judaism on Finding Life and Meeting Death. Harrisburg, 2000Google Scholar
Choron, J.Suicide. New York, 1972Google Scholar
Coggins, A. J.Samaritans and Jews. Oxford, 1975Google Scholar
Cohen, G. D. “The Story of Hannah and Her Seven Sons in Hebrew Literature” (Hebrew). In Mordecai M. Kaplan Jubilee Volume. Ed. Davis, M., 109–122. New York, 1953Google Scholar
Cohen, G. D. “Esau as Symbol in Early Medieval Thought.” In Jewish Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Ed. Altmann, A., 19–48. Cambridge, 1967CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, G. D. “Messianic Postures of Ashkenazim and Sepharadim.” In Studies of the Leo Baeck Institute. Ed. Kreutzberger, M., 117–156. New York, 1967Google Scholar
Cohen, G. D. “The Hebrew Crusade Chronicles and the Ashkenazic Tradition.” Minhah le-Nahum: Biblical and Other Studies in Honor of Nahum M. Sarna. Ed. Fishban, M. and Brettler, M., 36–53. Sheffield, 1993Google Scholar
Cohen, H. H.Suicide in Jewish Law.” In Encyclopaedia Judaica Vol. 15, 1972Google Scholar
Cohen, J.Roman Imperial Policy toward the Jews from Constantine until the End of the Palestinian Patriarchate (ca. 429).” Byzantine Studies 3 (1976), 1–29Google Scholar
Cohen, J.The Friars and the Jews: The Evolution of Medieval Anti-Judaism. Ithaca, 1982Google Scholar
Cohen, J.The Jews as the Killers of Christ in the Latin Tradition, from Augustine to the Friars.” Tradition 39 (1983), 3–27Google Scholar
Cohen, J. “Recent Historiography on the Medieval Church and the Decline of European Jewry.” In Pope Teachers and Canon Law in the Middle Ages. Ed. Sweeney, J. B. and Chodorow, S., 251–262. Ithaca and London, 1989Google Scholar
Cohen, J.The Persecution of 1096: The Sociocultural Context of the Narratives of Martyrdom” (Hebrew). Zion 59 (1994), 169–208Google Scholar
Cohen, J.Living Letters of the Law: Ideas of the Jews in Medieval Christianity. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1999Google Scholar
Cohen, J. “The Hebrew Crusade Chronicles in Their Christian Cultural Context.” In Juden und Christen zur Zeit Der Kreuzzüge. Ed. Haverkamp, A., 17–34. Sigmaringen, 1999Google Scholar
Cohen, J.Between Martyrdom and Apostasy: Doubt and Self-Definition in Twelfth-Century Ashkenaz.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 29:3 (Fall 1999), 431–473Google Scholar
Cohen, J. “From History to Historiography: The Study of the Persecutions and Constructions of their Meaning” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 16–31. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Cohen, J. “A 1096 Complex? Constructing the First Crusade in Jewish Historical Memory, Medieval and Modern.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Michael, M. A. and Signer, A. and Engen, John, 9–25. Notre Dame, 2001Google Scholar
Cohen, J. “Christian Theology and Anti-Jewish Violence in the Middle Ages: Connections and Disjunctions.” In Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Ed. Abulafia, A. S., 44–60. New York, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. D. S.Josephus in Galilee and Rome. Leiden, 1979Google Scholar
Cohen, J. D. S. “Ioudaios: ‘Judaean’ and ‘Jews’ in Susanna, First Maccabees, and Second Maccabees.” In Geschichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festchrift für Martin Hengel Zum 70. Geburtstag. Ed. Cancik, H., Lichtenberger, H., Schäfer, P., 1:211–219. Tüsbingen, 1996Google Scholar
Cohen, J. D. S.The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1999Google Scholar
Cohen, R. M.Under Crescent and Cross. Princeton, 1994Google Scholar
Cohn, N.The Pursuit of the Millennium. New York, Oxford, 1970Google Scholar
Coles, R. A.Reports of Proceedings in Papyri. Bruxelles, 1966Google Scholar
Collins, J. J.Apocalyptic Eschatology as the Transcendence of Death.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 36 (1974), 21–43Google Scholar
Collins, J. J.The Court-Tales of Daniel and the Development of Apocalyptic.” Journal of Biblical Commentary 94 (1975), 218–234CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, J. J.The Apocalyptic Vision of the Book of Daniel. Atlanta, 1977Google Scholar
Collins, J. J.Daniel, First Maccabees, Second Maccabees: Old Testament Message. Vol. 15. Wilmington, 1981Google Scholar
Collins, J. J.Daniel. Minneapolis, 1993Google Scholar
Coope, J. A.The Martyrs of Cordoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion. Lincoln, 1995Google Scholar
Corbishley, T.The Cronology of the Reign of Herod the Great.” Journal of Theological Studies 36 (1935), 22–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulton, G. G.Life in the Middle Ages. 4 vols. in 1. New York, Cambridge, 1931Google Scholar
Cowdrey, H. E. J.The Epistolae Vagantes of Pope Gregory VII. Oxford, 1972Google Scholar
Cowdrey, H. E. J. “The Genesis of the Crusades.” In The Holy War. Ed. Murphy, T. P., 9–32. Columbus, 1976Google Scholar
Cowdrey, H. E. J. “Martyrdom and the First Crusade.” In Crusade and Settlement. Ed. Edbury, W. P., 46–56. Cardiff, 1985Google Scholar
Cross, F. N. Jr.The Library of Ancient Qumran. Garden City, 1961Google Scholar
Daly, R. J.The Soteriological Significance of the Sacrifice of Isaac,” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 39 (1977), 45–75Google Scholar
Daly, R. J.Christian Sacrifice: The Judaeo Christian Background before Origin. Washington, 1978Google Scholar
Da Milano, I.L'eresia popolare del secolo XI nell' Europa Occidentale.” Studi Gregoriani 2 (1947), 43–89Google Scholar
Dan, J. “The Beginnings of Jewish Mysticism in Europe.” In The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe, 711–1096. Ed. Roth, C., 282–290. Rutgers, 1966Google Scholar
Dan, J.Esoteric Theology of Ashkenazi Hasidism (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1968Google Scholar
Dan, J. “The Problem of Sanctification of the Name in the Speculative Teaching of the German Hasidim” (Hebrew). In Milhemet Qodesh u-Martirologiah, 121–129. Jerusalem, 1967
Dan, J. “The Importance and Meaning of the Story of the Ten Martyrs” (Hebrew). Studies in Literature Presented to Simon Halkin. Ed. Fleischer, E., 15–22. Jerusalem, 1973Google Scholar
Dan, J.The Hebrew Story in the Middle Ages (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1974Google Scholar
Dan, J.Pirqe Hekhalot u-Ma'aseh Aseret Haruge Malkhut.” Eshel Be'er Sheva 2 (1980), 63–80Google Scholar
Dan, J.The Ancient Jewish Mysticism. Tel Aviv, 1993Google Scholar
Dan, J.Jewish Mysticism, 4 vols. Northvale and Jerusalem, 1998Google Scholar
Dancy, J. C.A commentary on I Maccabees. Oxford, 1954Google Scholar
Daniell, C.Death and Burial in Medieval England, 1066–1550. London, New York, 1997Google Scholar
Darmesteter, L.L'Autodafe de Troyes (24 avril 1288).” Revue des études juives 2 (1881), 199–247Google Scholar
Daube, D.The Linguistics of Suicide.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1, no. 4 (1972), 437–487Google Scholar
David, A. “Stories on the Persecutions in Germany in the Middle Ages” (Hebrew). In A. M. Habermann Jubilee Volume: Studies in Medieval Hebrew Literature. Ed. Malachi, Z., 69–83. Jerusalem, 1977Google Scholar
David, A. “Historical Records of the Persecutions during the First Crusade in Hebrew Works and Hebrew Manuscripts” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 193–205. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Davies, P.Hasidim in the Maccabean Period.” Journal of Jewish Studies, 28–29 (1977), 127–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, W. D.A Note on Josephus, Antiquities 15:136.” Harvard Theological Review 47/3 (1954), 135–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Boer, M. C. “The Nazoreans: Living at the Boundary of Judaism and Christianity.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 239–262. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iongh, D. C.Byzantine Aspects of Italy. New York, 1967Google Scholar
De Jonge, M. “Jesus' death for others and the death of the Maccabean martyrs.” In Text and Testimony: Essays on New Testament and Apocryphal Literature in Honour of A. F. J. Klijn. Ed. Baarda, T., Hilhorst, A., Luttikhuizen, G. P., and Woude, A. S., 142–151. Kampen, 1988Google Scholar
De Jonge, M. “Test. Benjamin 3:8 and the Picture of Joseph as ‘A Good and Holy Man’.” In Die Entstehung Der Jüdishen Martyrologie. Ed. Henten, J. W., 204–214, Leiden, New York, Köln, 1989Google Scholar
De Jonge, M. “Jesus' Role in the Final Breakthrough of God's Kingdom.” In Geshichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festchrift für Martin Hengel Zum 70. Geburtstag. Ed. Cancik, H., Lichtenberger, H., and Schäfer, P., 3:265–286, Tübingen, 1996Google Scholar
Delcor, , Le Livre de Daniel. Paris, 1971Google Scholar
Delehaye, H.Passio sanctorum sexaginta martyrum,” Analecta Bollandiana 28 (1904), 289–307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delehaye, H.The Legends of the Saints, tr. by D. Attwater. New York, 1962Google Scholar
Delooz, P. “Towards a Sociological Study of Canonized Sainthood.” In Saints and their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Folklore and History. Ed. Wilson, S., 189–216. Cambridge, 1983Google Scholar
Derfler, S. L.The Hasmonean Revolt: Rebellion or Revolution. Lewiston, Lampeter, Queenston, 1990Google Scholar
Croix, Ste, “Aspects of the ‘Great’ Persecutions.” Harvard Theological Review 47 (1954), 75–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Ste Croix. “Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?” In Studies in Ancient Society: Past and Present Series. Ed. Finley, M. I., 210–249. London and Boston, 1974Google Scholar
De Ste Croix. “Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted? A Rejoinder.” In Studies in Ancient Society: Past and Present Series. Ed. Finley, M. I., 256–262. London and Boston, 1974Google Scholar
Dihle, A. “C. Judaism: I. Hellenistic Judaism.” In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Ed. Kittel, G. and Fridrich, G., 9:632–635. Eerdmans, 1974Google Scholar
Dinur, B. Z. Ed. Israel ba-Golah. 2 vols. in 8. 2d ed. Tel Aviv, 1958–1972Google Scholar
Dols, M.The Black Death in the Middle East. Princeton, 1977Google Scholar
Doran, R.2 Maccabees and ‘Tragic History,’Hebrew Union College Annual 50 (1979), 110–114Google Scholar
Doran, R. “The Martyrs: A Synoptic View of the Mother and her Seven Sons.” In Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism: Profiles and Paradigms. Ed. G. W. E. Nickelsburg and J. J. Collins. Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and Cognate Studies 12 (1980), 189–221
Doran, R.Temple Propaganda: The Purpose and Character of 2 Maccabees. Catholic Biblical Association of America. Washington, DC, 1981Google Scholar
Dorff, E. N. “Another Jewish View of Ethics, Christian and Jewish.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 127–134. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Douglas, J.The Social Meanings of Suicide. Princeton, 1967Google Scholar
Dozy, R.Spanish Islam. London, 1972Google Scholar
Droge, A. J., and Tabor, J. D.A Noble Death: Suicide and Martyrdom among Christians and Jews in Antiquity. San Francisco, 1992Google Scholar
Dublin, I. L.Suicide. A Sociological and Statistical Study. New York, 1963Google Scholar
Dublin, I. L.To Be or Not To Be: A Study of Suicide. New York, 1933CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubois, D.La mort de Zacharie: mémoire juive et mémoire chrétienne.” Revue des études Augustinennes 40 (1994), 23–38Google Scholar
Duchett, E.Death and Life in the Tenth Century. Michigan, 1967Google Scholar
Dunn, J. D. G. “Two Covenants or One? The Interdependence of Jewish and Christian Identity,” Geschichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festchrift für Martin Hengel Zum 70. Geburtstag. Ed. Cancik, H., Lichtenberger, H., and Schäfer, P., 3:107–113, Tübingen, 1996Google Scholar
DuPont-Sommer, A.Le Quatrième Livre des Machabées: Introd., traduction et notes. Paris, 1939Google Scholar
Durkheim, E.Suicide: A Study in Sociology. 6th ed. New York, 1966Google Scholar
Edwards, P. “The Meaning and Value of Life” Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Edwards, P.. New York, 1967Google Scholar
Efron, J. “Holy War and Redemption in the Period of the Hasmoneans” (Hebrew). In Milhemet Kodesh u-Martirologiah, 7–34. Jerusalem, 1967
Efron, J. “Bar Kochva in the Light of the Palestinian and the Babylonian talmudic Tradition.” In The Bar Kochva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 47–105. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Efron, J.Studies on the Hasmonean Period. Leiden, New York, 1987Google Scholar
Eidelberg, S.The Community of Troyes before the Time of Rashi” (Hebrew). Sura 1 (1953–1954), 48–57Google Scholar
Eidelberg, S.The Jews and the First Crusade. Madison, 1977Google Scholar
Einbinder, L. S.Pucellina of Blois: Romantic Myths and Narrative Conventions.” Jewish History 12.1 (1998), 29–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einbinder, L. S.The Troyes Elegies: Jewish Martyrology in Hebrew and Old French.” Viator 30 (1999), 201–230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einbinder, L. S. “The Jewish Martyrs of Blois, 1171.” In Medieval Hagiography: A Sourcebook. Ed. Head, T., 537–560. New York, London, 2000Google Scholar
Einbinder, L. S.Beautiful Death: Jewish Poetry and Martyrdom in Medieval France. Princeton and Oxford, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elbogen, I. Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive History. Ed. Heinmann, J.. Philadelphia, Jerusalem, New York, 1993Google Scholar
Eliade, M.Myth and Reality. Tr. W. R. Trask. New York, 1968Google Scholar
Eliade, M.Images and Symbols. Tr. P. Mairet. New York, 1969Google Scholar
Eliav, M. (ed.) I Believe: Testimonies on the Lives and Deaths of People of Faith during the Holocaust (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1965Google Scholar
Elukin, J. M. “The Discovery of the Self: Jews and Conversion in the Twelfth Century.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Michael, M. A.Signer, A. and Engen, John, 63–76. Notre Dame, 2001Google Scholar
Epstein, J. N.Introduction to Tannaitic Literature: Babylonian Talmud and Yerushalmi (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1957Google Scholar
Erdmann, C.The Origin of the Idea of the Crusade. Tr. M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart. Princeton, 1977Google Scholar
Fackenheim, E. L.The Jewish Return into History: Reflection in the Age of Auschwitz and a New Jerusalem. New York, 1978Google Scholar
Farberow, L. N., and Shneidman, E. S., Eds. The Cry for Help. New York, 1961Google Scholar
Farmer, W. R.Maccabees, Zealots, and Josephus: An Inquiry into Jewish Nationalism in the Greco-Roman Period. New York, 1956Google Scholar
Feldman, L. H. “Masada: A Critique of Recent Scholarship.” Christianity Judaism and other Greco-Roman Cults Studies for Morton Smith Sixty, Part Three:Judaism berofr 70, 218–248. Leiden, 1975Google Scholar
Feldman, L. H.Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937–1980). Berlin, 1984CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, L. H. “Josephus' Jewish Antiquities and Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities.” In Josephus, the Bible, and History. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 59–80. Detroit, 1989Google Scholar
Ferorelli, N.Gli Ebrei Nell'Italia Meridionale. Bologna, 1966Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L.Jewish Self-Government in the Middle Ages. New York, 1924Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L. “The Ten Martyrs.” In Essays and Studies in Memory of Linda R. Miller. Ed. Davidson, I., 29–55. New York, 1938Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L.Mavo le-Masekhtot Avot ve-Avot de-Rabbi Natan. New York, 1950Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L.The Pharisees: The Sociological Background of their Faith. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1962Google Scholar
Finkelstein, L.Akiva: Scholar, Saint and Martyr. London, 1990Google Scholar
Fischel, H. A.Martyrs and Prophets.” Jewish Quarterly Review 37 (1946–1947), 265–280CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishbane, M.The Kiss of God: Spiritual and Mystical Death in Judaism. Seattle and London, 1994Google Scholar
Fletcher, J.“Euthanasis: Our Right to Die.”Morals and Medicine. 1954Google Scholar
Flusser, D. “Jewish Origin of Christianity” (Hebrew). In Y. Baer Jubilee Volume, 75–98. Jerusalem, 1960
Flusser, D. “Jewish Sources of Christian Martyrdom and Their Influence on Its Fundamental Concepts” (Hebrew). In Milhemet Kodesh u-Martirologiah, 61–71. Jerusalem, 1967
Flusser, D.The Author of Sefer Yosippon, His Character and His Period” (Hebrew). Zion 18 (1953), 109–126Google Scholar
Flusser, D.He Has Planted It [i.e., the Law] as Eternal Life in Our Midst” (Hebrew). Tarbiz 58 (1988–9), 147–53Google Scholar
Focillon, H.The Year 1000. New York, 1969Google Scholar
Foe, A.The Jews of Europe after the Black Death. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 2000Google Scholar
Fox, L. R.Pagans and Christians. New York, 1986Google Scholar
Frend, W. H. C.Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church: A Study of a Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus. Garden City, 1967Google Scholar
Frend, W. H. C. “The Failure of the Persecutions in the Roman Empire.” In Studies in Ancient Society. Ed. Finley, M. I., Past and Present Series, 263–287. London and Boston, 1974Google Scholar
Frey, R. G. “Did Socrates Commit Suicide?” In Suicide. Ed. Battin, M. P. and Mayo, D. J.. New York, 1980Google Scholar
Fulimer, W. E.The Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great.” Jewish Theological Seminary 17 (1966), 283–298Google Scholar
Funkenstein, A.Changes in the Patterns of Christian Anti-Jewish Polemics in the 12th Century” (Hebrew). Zion 33 (1968), 125–144Google Scholar
Gafni, I. M. “Josephus and I Maccabees.” In Josephus, the Bible, and History. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G.. Detroit, 1989Google Scholar
Gafni, I. M. “Babylonian Rabbinic Culture.” In Cultures of the Jews: A New History. Ed. Biale, D., 238–239. New York, 2002Google Scholar
Gaston, L.Paul and the Torah. Vancouver, 1987Google Scholar
Gay, J.L'Italie meridionale et l'empire byzantin, 867–1071. Paris, 1904Google Scholar
Geiger, J.The History of Judas Maccabaeus: One Aspect of Hellenistic Historiography” (Hebrew). Zion 49 (1984), 1–8Google Scholar
Gero, S.Byzantine Imperial Prosopgraphy in a Medieval Hebrew Text.” Byzantion 47 (1977), 157–162Google Scholar
Gibbs, P. J. Ed., Suicide. New York, Evanston, London, 1968Google Scholar
Gibbs, R. “Suspicions of Suffering.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 221–229, Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Gies, F.The Knight in History. New York, 1987Google Scholar
Gilat, Y. D. R.Eliezer Ben Hyrcanus: A Scholar Outcast. Ramat Gan, 1984Google Scholar
Gilchrist, J. “The Erdmann Thesis and the Canon Law.” Crusade and Settlemen. Ed. Edbury, W. P., 35–45. Cardiff Press, 1985Google Scholar
Ginzburg, C.Ecstasies Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath. New York, 1991Google Scholar
Girard, R.Violence and the Sacred. Tr. P. Gregory. Baltimore, 1977Google Scholar
Goitein, D.Obadyah, a Norman Proselyte.” The Journal of Jewish Studies 4 (1953), 80–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golb, N.New Light on the Persecution of French Jews at the Time of the First Crusade.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 34 (1966), 1–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golb, N.History and Culture of the Jews of Rouen in the Middle Ages. Tel Aviv, 1976Google Scholar
Golb, N.The Jews in Medieval Normandy: A Social and Intellectual History. Cambridge, 1998Google Scholar
Golb, N., and Pritsak, O.Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Ithaca and London, 1982Google Scholar
Goldenberg, R. “The Jewish Sabbath in the Roman World up to the Time of Constantine the Great.” In Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, II, vol. 19.1 (Berlin, 1979), 414–447
Goldenberg, R. “Talmud.” In Judaism: A People and Its History. Religion, History, and Culture: Selections from the Encyclopaedia of Religion. Ed. Seltzer, R. M., 102. New York, London, 1989Google Scholar
Goldin, J.The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan. New Haven, 1995Google Scholar
Goldin, S.The Socialisation for Kiddush ha-Shem among Medieval Jews.” Journal of Medieval History, vol. 23, no. 2 (1997), 117–138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldin, S.The Ways of Jewish Martyrdom (Hebrew). Lodd, 2002Google Scholar
Goldschmidt, D. E.On Jewish Liturgy: Essays on Prayer and Religious Poetry (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1978Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. A.1 Maccabees: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB 41. Garden City, 1976Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. A.2 Maccabees: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB 41a. Garden City, 1983Google Scholar
Goldstein, S.Suicide in Rabbinic Literature. New Jersey, 1989Google Scholar
Goodich, M. “The Politics of Canonization in the Thirteenth Century: Lay and Mendicant Saints.” In Saints and Their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Folklore and History. Ed. Wilson, S., 169–187. Cambridge, 1983Google Scholar
Gottfried, R. S.The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe. London, 1983Google Scholar
Grabar, A.Martyrium: Recherches sur le culte de reliques et l'art chrétien antique. 2 vols. London, 1972Google Scholar
Grabbe, L. L.Judaism from Cyrus to Hadrian. 2 vols. [with continuing pagination]. Minneapolis, 1992Google Scholar
Grabbe, L. L. “Sadducees and Pharisees.” In Judaism in Late Antiquity: Part 3. Where We Stand: Issues and Debates in Ancient Judaism. Ed. Avery-Peck, A. J. and Neusner, J., 1:35–62. Leiden and Brill, 1999Google Scholar
Grabbe, L. L.Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period. London and New York, 2000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabbe, L. L. “Eschatology in Philo and Josephus.” In Judaism in Late Antiquity: Part 4, Death, Life-after-Death, Resurrection and the World-to-Come in the Judaism of Antiquity. Ed. Avery-Peck, A. J. and Neusner, J., 163–185. Leiden and Brill, 2000Google Scholar
Grabois, A. “Les juifs et leurs seigneurs dans la France Septentrionale aux Xie et XIIe siècles.” In Les Juifs Dans L'Histoire de France. Ed. Yardeni, M., 11–23. Leiden, 1980Google Scholar
Grabois, A. “The Leadership of the Parnasim in the Northern French Communities in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries: the ‘Boni Viri’ and the Elders of the Cities'” (Hebrew). In Culture and Society in Medieval Jewish History: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson. Ed. Ben-Sasson, M., Bonfil, R., and Hacker, J. R., 303–314. Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
Graetz, H.History of the Jews. 6 vols. Philadelphia, 1891–1898Google Scholar
Grayzel, S.The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century. 2d ed. New York, 1965Google Scholar
Grisé, Y.Le Suicide Dans La Rome Antique. Paris, 1982Google Scholar
Gross, A.The Ashkenazic Syndrom of Qiddush ha-Shem in Portugal in 1497.” Tarbitz 64 (1995), 83–114Google Scholar
Gross, A. “Historical and Halakhic Aspects of the Mass Martyrdom in Mainz: An Integrative Approach.” In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 171–192. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Gross, H.Gallia Judaica dictionnaire geographique de la France déprès les sources rabbiniques. Paris, 1897Google Scholar
Grossman, A.The Immigration of the Kalonymide Family from Italy to Germany” (Hebrew). Zion 40 (1975), 154–185Google Scholar
Grossman, A.The Early Sages of Ashkenaz (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1988Google Scholar
Grossman, A. “The Roots of Qiddush ha-Shem in Early Ashkenaz” (Hebrew). In The Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 99–130. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Grossman, A. “The Connections between Spanish Jewry and Ashkenazic Jewry in the Middle Ages” (Hebrew). In Moreshet Sepharad: The Sephardi Legacy. Ed. Beinart, H., 174–189. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Grossman, A.The Early Sages of France: Their Lives, Leadership and Works (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1995Google Scholar
Grossman, A.Qiddush ha-Shem in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries: Between Ashkenaz and the Islamic Countries” (Hebrew). Peamim 75 (1998), 27–46Google Scholar
Grossman, A. “The Cultural and Social Background of Jewish Martyrdom in 1096” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 55–73. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Gruen, E. S.Heritage and Hellenism: The Reinvention of Jewish Tradition. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1998Google Scholar
Gruenwald, I.Qiddush ha-Shem: An Examination of a Term” (Hebrew). Molad 1 (1968), 476–484Google Scholar
Gruenwald, I. “Intolerance and Martyrdom: From Socrates to Rabbi Aqiva.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 7–29. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutman, J. “The Mother and Her Seven Sons in the Aggadah and the Second and Fourth Books of the Hasmoneans” (Hebrew). In Commentationes Iudaico-Hellenisticae in memoriam Iohannis Lewy. Ed. Schwabe, M. and Gutman, J., 25–37. Jerusalem, 1949Google Scholar
Guttmann, A.The Significance of Miracles for Talmudic Judaism.” Hebrew Union College Annual 20 (1974), 364–406Google Scholar
Guttmann, A.Rabbinic Judaism in the Making: A Chapter in the History of the Halakha from Ezra to Judah I. Detroit, 1979Google Scholar
Habermann, A. M.A History of Hebrew Liturgical and Secular Poetry (Hebrew). 2 vols. Rmat-Gan, 1972Google Scholar
Habermann, A. M.Rabbenu Gershom the Light of the Exile. Jerusalem, 1944Google Scholar
Habicht, C.2 Makkabäerbuch,” Jüdische Schriften aus hellenistisch-röischer Zeit. Vol. 1 Historische und legendarische Erzählugen. Gütersloh, 1976bGoogle Scholar
Hacker, J.About the Persecutions during the First Crusade” (Hebrew). Zion 31 (1966), 225–231Google Scholar
Hacker, J. “Was Qiddush ha-Shem Transferred to the Spiritual Discipline?” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 221–232. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Hacker, J.‘If We Forgot Our Lord's Name and Opened Our Palms to a Foreign God’: The Evolving of Interpretation against the Background in Spain in the Middle Ages” (Hebrew). Zion 57 (1992), 247–274Google Scholar
Hadas, M.Hellenistic Culture: Fusion and Diffusion. New York, 1959Google Scholar
Hagenmeyer, H.Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100. Innsbruck, 1901Google Scholar
Halbertal, M. “Coexisting with the Enemy: Jews and Pagans in the Mishnah.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 159–172. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halbwachs, M.The Causes of Suicide. Tr. H. Goldblatt. New York, 1978Google Scholar
Halkin, A., and Hartman, D.Epistles of Maimonides: Crisis and Leadership. Philadelphia and Jerusalem, 1993Google Scholar
Hallamish, M.Kabbalah: In Liturgy, Halakhah and Customs (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Hanhart, R. “Zun Text des 2. und 3. Makkabäerbuches: Probleme der Überlieferung, der Auslegung und der Ausgabe,” Nachrichten von der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen; Philologisch-Historische Klasse, 427–478. Göttingen, 1961Google Scholar
Hankoff, D. L. “Judaic Origins of the Suicide Prohibition.” In Suicide: Theory and Clinical Aspects. Ed. Hankoff, D. L. and Einsidler, B.. Litteleton, 1979Google Scholar
Harrington, D. J.The Maccabean Revolt: Anatomy of a Biblical Revolution. Wilmington, 1971Google Scholar
Hartman, F. L., and DiLella, A. A.The Book of Daniel. Doubleday, 1978Google Scholar
Hasan-Rokem, G.Web of Life: Folklore and Midrash in Rabbinic Literature. Tr. B. Stein. Stanford, 2000Google Scholar
Hauerwas, S. “Christian Ethics in Jewish Terms: A Response to David Novak.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 135–140. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Haverkamp, A. “Baptised Jews in German Lands during the Twelfth Century.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Michael, M. A., Signer, A., and Engen, John, 255–310. Notre Dame, 2001Google Scholar
Haverkamp, E. “‘Persecutio’ und ‘Gezerah’ in Trier während des Ersten Kreuzzuges.” In Juden und Christen zur Zeit der Kreuzzüge. Ed. Haverkamp, A., 35–71. Sigmaringen, 1999Google Scholar
Heaton, E. W.The Book of Daniel. London, 1956Google Scholar
Hengel, M.Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early Hellenistic Period. 2 vols. Tr. J. Bowden. Philadelphia, 1974Google Scholar
Hengel, M.Jews, Greeks and Barbarian: Aspects of the Hellenization of Judaism in the Pre-Christian Period. Philadelphia, 1980Google Scholar
Herford, R. T.Christianity in Talmud and Midrash. New York, 1978Google Scholar
Herr, M. D. “Persecutions and Martyrdom in Hadrian's Days.” In Milhemet Kodesh u-Martirologiah, 76–83. Jerusalem, 1967
Herr, M. D.The Question of Halakhot of War on Sabbath” (Hebrew). Tarbitz 30 (1971), 242–56; 341–356Google Scholar
Herr, M. D. “Persecutions and Martyrdom in Hadrian's Days.” Studies and History. Ed. Asheri, D. and Shatzman, I.. Scripta Hierosolymitana, 23, 85–125. Jerusalem, 1972Google Scholar
Hirschberg, H. Z. “The Almohade Persecutions and the India Trade: A Letter from the Year 1148.” In Yitzhak F. Baer Jubilee Volume. Ed. Ettinger, S.. 134–153. Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Hirschler, M.Midrash Asarah Harugei Malkhut” (Hebrew), Sinai 71 (1974), 218–228Google Scholar
Hoener, H. W.Herod Antipas. Cambridge, 1972Google Scholar
Hoenig, S.Maccabbees, Zealots, and Josephus – Second Commonwealth Parallelism,” Jewish Quarterly Review 49 (1958/1959), 75–80Google Scholar
Hoenig, S.The Sicarii in Masada-Glory or Infamy?” Tradition 11 (1970), 5–30Google Scholar
Holtz, A. “Kiddush and Hillal Hashm.” In Faith and Reason: Essays in Judaism. Ed. Gordis, R. and Waxman, R. B., 79–86. New York, 1973Google Scholar
Horowitz, E. “Medieval Jews Face the Cross” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 118–140. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Housley, H. “Crusades against Christians: Their Origins and Early Development, c. 1000–1216.” Crusade and Settlement. Ed. Edbury, W. P., 17–36. Cardiff Press, 1985Google Scholar
Hyman, A.The History of the Tannaim and the Amoraim (Hebrew). 3 vols. Jerusalem, 1964Google Scholar
Idel, M.Kabbalah: New Perspectives. New Haven and London, 1988Google Scholar
Idel, M. “In the Light of Life: A Study in Kabbalistic Eschatology” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 191–211. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Idelsohn, A. Z.Jewish Liturgy and Its Development. New York, 1932Google Scholar
Isaac, B.Judea after A.D. 70.” Journal of Jewish Studies, 34–35 (1984), 44–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaac, B. “The Revolt of Bar Kokhva as Described by Cassius Dio and Other Revolts against the Romans in Greek and Latin Literature.” In The Bar-Kokhva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 106–112. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Jacobs, L.How Much of the Babylonian Talmud is Pseudepigraphic?” Journal of Jewish Studies, 28–29 (1977), 46–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, S.Wild Justice: The Evolution of Revenge. New York, 1983Google Scholar
Jellinek, A., Ed. Bet ha-Midrah. 6 vols. in 2. Jerusalem, 1967Google Scholar
Jenkins, R.Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries A.D. 610–1071. New York, 1966Google Scholar
Jordan, W. C.The French Monarchy and the Jews: From Philip Augustus to the Last Capetians. Philadelphia, 1989CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, W. C. “Adolescence and Conversion in the Middle Ages: A Research Agenda.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Michael, M. A., Signer, A., and Engen, John, 77–93. Notre Dame, 2001Google Scholar
Kaegi, W.Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge, 1992CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahanah, A.Ha-Sepharim Ha-Hitzoniim (Hebrew). 2 vols. Tel Aviv, 1956Google Scholar
Kalmin, R.Christians and Heretics in Rabbinic Literature of Late Antiquity.” Harvard Theological Review 87:2 (April 1994), 155–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kampen, J.The Hasideans and the Origin of Pharisaism. Atlanta, 1988Google Scholar
Kanarfogel, E.Jewish Education and Society in the High Middle Ages. Detroit, 1993Google Scholar
Kanarfogel, E.Peering through the Lattices: Mystical, Magical, and Pietistic Dimensions in the Tosafist Period. Detroit, 2000Google Scholar
Kanarfogel, E.Halakhah and Mezi'ut (Realia) in Medieval Ashkenaz: Surveying the Parameters and Defining the Limits.” Jewish Law Annual 14 (2003), 193–224Google Scholar
Kanfo, H. “Manifestations of Divine Providence in the Gloom of the Holocaust.” In I Will Be Sanctified: Religious Responses to the Holocaust. Ed. Fogel, Y., and Tr. E. Levin, 15–23. Northvale, Jerusalem, 1998Google Scholar
Kaplan, Y. “Jewish Refugees from Germany and Poland–Lithuania in Amsterdam during the Thirty Years War” (Hebrew). In Culture and Society in Medieval Jewry: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson. Ed. Ben-Sasson, M., Bonfil, R., and Hacker, J. R., 587–622. Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
Kasher, A. “The Causes and the Circumstantial Background of the Jewish War Against Rome.” In Ha-Mered Ha-Gadol: ha-Sibot veha-Nesibot li-Feritsato. Ed. Kasher, A., 9–92. Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Kasher, A.Edom, Arabia, and Isreal (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1988Google Scholar
Katz, J.Even Though He Sinned, He Remains a Jew.” Tarbitz 27 (1958), 204–217Google Scholar
Katz, J. “Martyrdom in the Middle Ages and in 1648–9” (Hebrew). In Sefer Yovel le-Yitzhak F. Baer. Ed. Ettinger, S.., 318–337. Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Katz, J.Exclusiveness and Tolerance: Studies in Jewish–Gentile Relations in Medieval and Modern Times. Oxford, 1961Google Scholar
Katz, P.The Text of 2 Maccabees Reconsidered,” Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft, 51 (1960), 10–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz. P. “Eleazar's Martyrdom in 2 Maccabees: The Latin Evidence for a Point of the Story.” Studia Patristica 4.2. Ed. Cross, F. L., 118–124. Berlin, 1961Google Scholar
Kaufman, D.Liste de rabbins dressee par Azriel Trabotto.” Revue des études Juives, 24 (1882), 208–225Google Scholar
Keller, J. E.Gonzalo De Berceo. New York, 1972Google Scholar
Kellermann, U.Auferstanden in den Himmel: 2 Makkabäer 7 und die Auferstehung der Märtyrer (SBS 95). Stuttgart, 1979Google Scholar
Kellermann, U. “Das Danielbuch und die Märtyretheologie der Auferstehung.” In Die Enstehung der Jüdischen Martyrologie. Ed. Henten, J. W., 51–75. Leiden, 1989Google Scholar
Kennard, J. S.Judas of Galilee and his Clan.” Jewish Quarterly Review 36 (1945/1946), 281–286CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimelman, R. “Birkat Ha-Minim and the Lack of Evidence for an Anti-Christian Jewish Prayer in Late Antiquity.” In Jewish and Christian Self-Definition. Ed. Sanders, E. P.., 2:226–244; 391–403. Philadelphia, 1980Google Scholar
King, M. H.The Life of Christina of St-Trond by Thomas of Cantipré. Saskatoon, 1986Google Scholar
Kisch, G.The Jews in Medieval Germany. Chicago, 1949Google Scholar
Klauck, H.-J. “Brotherly Love in Plutarch and 4 Maccabees.” In Greeks, Romans, and Christians: Essays in Honor of A. J. Malherbe. Ed. Balch, D. L., Ferguson, E. and Meeks, W. A., 144–156. Minneapolis, 1990Google Scholar
Klausner, J.The History of the Second Temple (Heberw). 2d ed., 5 vols. Jerusalem, 1950Google Scholar
Kloner, A. “Hideout-Complexes from the Period of Bar Kochva in the Judean Plain.” In The Bar-Kokhva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 153–171. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Krauss, S.Ten Martyrs” (Hebrew). In ha-Shilloach 44 (1925), 10–22, 106–117, 221–223Google Scholar
Krauss, S.Un nouveau texte pour l'histoire judeo-byzantin.” Revue des études juives 87 (1929), 1–7Google Scholar
Krauss, S.Un document sur l'histoire de Juifs en Italie.” Revue des études juives 67 (1920), 40–43Google Scholar
Krey, C. A., Ed. and Tr. The First Crusade. Gloucester, 1985Google Scholar
Kupfer, A.Toward a Geneology of the Family of R. Moses bar Yom Tov (“The Knight of the World”) of London” (in Hebrew). Tarbiz 40 (1971), 385–387Google Scholar
Lacocque, A.The Book of Daniel. Atlanta, 1979Google Scholar
Ladouceur, D. J. “Josephus and Masada.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 95–113. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Lambert, M.Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from Bogomil to Hus. New York, 1976Google Scholar
Landes, R.Relics, Apocalypse and the Deceits of History: Adémar of Chabannes, 989–1034. Cambridge, 1995Google Scholar
Landes, R. “The Massacres of 1010: On the Origins of Popular Anti-Jewish Violence in Western Europe.” In From Witness to Witchcraft: Jews and Judaism in Medieval Christian Thought. Ed. Cohen, J., 79–112. Harrassowitz, 1996Google Scholar
Langmuir, I. G.The Knight's Tales of Young Hugh of Lincoln.” Speculum 47 (1972), 459–482CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langmuir, I. G. “Tanquam Servi: The Change in Jewish Status in French Law about 1200.” In Les Juifs dans l'Histoire de France. Ed. Yardeni, M., 25–54. Leiden, 1980Google Scholar
Langmuir, I. G.Toward a Definition of Antisemitism. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1990Google Scholar
Langmuir, I. G. “At the Frontiers of Faith.” In Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Ed. Abulafia, A. S., 138–156. New York, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, M. A.The Essene Heritage. New York, 1967Google Scholar
Laupot, E.Tacitus' Fragment 2: The Anti-Roman Movement of the Christiani and the Nazoreans.” Vigiliae Christianae 54:3 (2000), 233–247Google Scholar
Blant, E.Le Persecuteurs et les martyrs aux premiers siecles de notre ere. Paris, 1893Google Scholar
Lensky, M.The Life of the Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Leon, J.The Jews of Ancient Rome. Philadelphia, 1960Google Scholar
Lester, Gene, and Lester, David. Suicide: The Gamble with Death. New Jersey, 1971Google Scholar
Levenson, D. J.The Death and the Resurrection of the Beloved Son. New Haven and London, 1993Google Scholar
Levi, I.Le Martyre des Sept Macchabees dans La Pesikta Rabbati.” Revue de études Juives 54 (1907), 138–141Google Scholar
Levi, I.L'Apocalypse de Zerubabel.” Revue de études Juives 68 (1914), 131–150Google Scholar
Levien, L. I.The Jewish–Greek Conflict in First Century Caesarea.” Journal of Jewish Studies, 24–25, (1974) 381–397CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levinger, J.Daniel in the Lions' Den: A Model of National Literature of Struggle.” Beth Mikra 70 (1977), 329–333; 394–395Google Scholar
Lewinska, P.Twenty Months in Auschwitz. New York, 1968Google Scholar
Lewis, B.Paltiel, A Note.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 30 (1967), 177–181CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Licht, J.Taxo or the Apocalyptic Doctrine of Vengeance.” Journal of Jewish Studies 12, 3 and 4, (1961), 95–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, S.The Martyrs of Caesarea.” Anuaire de L'Institut de Philologie et d'Historie Orientales et Slaves 7 (1939–1944), 395–446Google Scholar
Lieberman, S.Palestine in the Third and Fourth Centuries.” Jewish Quarterly Review 36 (1945–1946), 329–370 and 37 (1946–1947), 239–253CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, S. “The Publication of the Mishnah.” Hellenism in Jewish Palestine: Studies in the Literary Transmission, Belief, and Manners of Palestine in the I Century C. E, 83–99. New York, 1950Google Scholar
Lieberman, S. “On Persecution of the Jewish Religion” (Hebrew). In Salo W. Baron Jubilee Volume. Ed. Liberman, S., Heb. vol., 213–245. 3 vols. New York, 1974Google Scholar
Lieberman, S.Tosefta Ki-Fshutah: A Comprehensive Commentary on the Tosefta (in Hebrew). 10 vols. New York, 1955–1988Google Scholar
Lieu, J. M. “Accusations of Jewish Persecution in Early Christian Sources, with Particular Reference to Justin Martyr and the Martyrdom of Polycarp.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 279–295. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linder, A.Roman Imperial Legislation of the Jews. Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Loftus, F.The martyrdom of the Galilean Troglodytes.” Jewish Quarterly Review, 66 (1976), 213–223Google Scholar
Loftus, F.The Anti-Roman Revolts of the Jews and the Galileans,” JQR, 68 (1977), 78–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luz, M.Eleazar's Second Speech on Masada and Its Literary Precedents,” Rheinisches Museum für Philologie NF 126 (1983), 25–43Google Scholar
Maccoby, H.The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity. San Francisco, 1987Google Scholar
Malinowski, B.Crime and Custom in Savage Society. New York, 1926Google Scholar
Malkin, A., and Hartman, D.Epistles of Maimonides: Crisis and Leadership. Philadelphia and Jerusalem, 1993Google Scholar
Malone, E.The Monk and the Martyr. Washington, DC, 1950Google Scholar
Mamigliano, A. D.Giudea Romana – Richerche sull' organizazione della Giudea sotto il dominio romano (63 A.C.–70 D.C.). Amsterdam 1967 (Bologna 1973)Google Scholar
Mango, C.Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome. New York, 1980Google Scholar
Mango, C.The Life of St. Andrew the Fool Reconsidered.” Revista di Studi Bizantini e Slavi 11 (1982), 297–313Google Scholar
Mango, C.Constantinople, ville sainte.” Critique 48 (1992), 625–633Google Scholar
Mann, J.Changes in the Divine Service of the Synagogue due to Religious Persecutions.” Hebrew Union College Annual 4 (1927), 252–259Google Scholar
Mann, J.The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine under the Fatimid Caliphs. 2 Vols. New York, 1970Google Scholar
Mantel, D. H. “Ha-Menne'em le-Merd Bar-Kokhva.” In Milhemet Qodesh u-Martirologiah, 35–57. Jerusalem, 1967
Mantel, D. H.The Men of the Great Synagogue (Hebrew). Tel Aviv, 1983Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.The Politics and Ethics of Pietism in Judaism: The Hasidim of Medieval Germany.” The Journal of Religious Ethics 8:2 (1980), 227–258Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Piety and Society: The Jewish Pietiests of Medieval Germany. Leiden, 1981Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.From Politics to Martyrdom: Shifting Paradigms in the Hebrew Narratives of the 1096 Crusading Riots.” Prooftexts 2 (1982), 40–52Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G. “Hasidei Ashkenaz Private Penitentials: An Introduction and Descriptive Catalogue of their Manuscripts and Early Editions.” In Studies in Jewish Mysticism. Ed. Dan, J. and Talmage, F., 57–84. Cambridge, 1982Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Sefer Hasidim: MS. Parma H 3280 (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1985Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Hierarchies, Religious Boundaries and Jewish Spirituality in Medieval Germany.” Jewish History 1:2 (Fall 1986), 7–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Mothers, Martyrs, and Moneymakers: Some Jewish Women in Medieval Europe.” Conservative Judaism, 38:3 (Spring 1986), 34–45Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Review of European Jewry and the First Crusade by R. Chazan. Speculum 64 (1989), 685–688CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, I. G.History, Story and Collective Memory: Narrativity in Early Ashkenazic Culture.” Prooftexts 10:3 (Fall 1990), 365–388Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G. “Qiddush ha-Shem in Ashkenaz and in the Story of R. Amnon of Mainz” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 131–147. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Une communauté pieuse et le doute: Qiddush ha-Chem (mourir pour la sanctification du nom) chez les juifs d'Europe du Nord et l'histoire de rabbi Amnone de Mayence.” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales 5 (September–October 1994), 1031–1047Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Jews and Christians Imagining the Other in Medieval Europe.” Prooftexts 15 (September 1995), 209–226Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.Rituals of Childhood: Jewish Acculturation in Medieval Europe. New Haven and London, 1996Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G.The Representation of Reality in the Sources of the 1096 Anti-Jewish First Crusade Riots.” Jewish History 13:2 (Fall 1999), 37–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, I. G. “From ‘Deus Vult’ to the ‘Will of the Creator’”: Extremist Religious Ideologies and Historical Reality in 1096 and Hasidei Ashkenaz” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 92–100. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G. “The Dynamics of Jewish Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Signer, M. A. and Engen, J., 27–45. Indiana, 2001Google Scholar
Marcus, I. G. “A Jewish-Christian Symbiosis: The Culture of Early Ashkenaz.” In Cultures of the Jews: A New History. Ed. Biale, D., 449–516. New York, 2002Google Scholar
Marcus, J. R.The Jew in the Medieval World: A Sources Book: 315–1791. New York, 1981Google Scholar
Martin, M. R. “Suicide and Self-Sacrifice.” In Suicide. Ed. M. P. Battin and D. Mayo, 1980
Mason, A. J.The Historic Martyrs of The Primitive Church. Longmans, 1905Google Scholar
Mayer, E. H.The Crusades. Tr. J. Gillingham. Oxford, 1988Google Scholar
Melik, E. “ ‘He Shall Live by Them’: The Way of the Belzer Rebbe, Aaron Roke'ah, in the Holocaust.” In I Will Be Sanctified: Religious Responses to the Holocaust. Ed. Fogel, Y. and Tr. E. Levin, 183–210. Northvale, Jerusalem, 1998Google Scholar
Menninger, A. K.Man Against Himself. New York, 1938Google Scholar
Merchavia, Ch.The Church Versus Talmudic and Midrashic Literature [500–1248]. Jerusalem, 1970Google Scholar
Milano, A.Storia degli Ebrei in Italia. Roma, 1963Google Scholar
Milano, A.Il Ghetto di Roma. Roma, 1988Google Scholar
Milik, J. T.Ten Years of Discovery on the Wilderness of Judean. London, 1957Google Scholar
Miller, F.The Background to the Maccabean Revolution: Reflections on Martin Hengel's ‘Judaism and Hellenism.’Journal of Jewish Studies 29 (1978), 1–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minty, M.Qiddush ha-Shem in German Christian Eyes in the Middle Ages” (Hebrew). Zion 59 (1994), 209–266Google Scholar
Mintz, A.The Russian Pogroms in Hebrew Literature and the Subversion of the Martyrological Ideal.” In Association for Jewish Studies Review 7–8 (1982–1983), 263–300Google Scholar
Mirsky, A.Ha'piyut. Jerusalem, 1990Google Scholar
Mizugaki, W. “Origen and Josephus.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 325–337. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Mollaret, H. H. and Borssolet, J.La Peste, Source Méconnue d'Inspiration Artistique. Paris, 1965Google Scholar
Momigliano, A.Richerche sull' organizazione della Giudea sotto il dominio romano (63 A.C.–70 D.C.). (Reprint of the edition Bologna 1934). Amsterdam, 1967Google Scholar
Momigliano, A.Prime linee di storia della tradizione Maccabaica (Turino, 1931), 2d ed. Amsterdam, 1968Google Scholar
Moore, G. F.Judaism in The First Centuries of the Christian Era: The Age of the Tannaim. 3 vols. Cambridge, 1927–1930CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, R.Origins of European Dissent. Oxford, 1985Google Scholar
Mor, M.The Bar-Kochba Revolt: Its Extent and Effect (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1991Google Scholar
Morgan, M. L.Dilemmas in Modern Jewish Thought. Bloomington, 1992Google Scholar
Musurillo, H.The Acts of the Pagan Martyrs: Acta Alexandrinorum. Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Nahon, G. “From the Rue aux Juifs to the Chemin du Roy: The Classical Age of French Jewry, 1108–1223.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Signer, M. A. and Engen, J., 311–339. Notre Dame, 2001Google Scholar
Najman, H. “The Writings and Reception of Philo of Alexandria.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Naor, G. “A Difference of Opinion among Poskim Regarding the Parameters of Kiddush Hashem.” In I Will Be Sanctified: Religious Responses to the Holocaust. Ed. Fogel, Y. and Tr. E. Levin, 89–104. Northvale, Jerusalem, 1998Google Scholar
Neubauer, A.Literary Gleanings VIII.” Jewish Quarterly Review (old series) 5 (1892–1893), 713–714CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neusner, J.The Rabbinic Traditions about the Pharisees before A.D. 70: The Problem of Oral Transmission.” Journal of Jewish Studies 21–23 (1971), 1–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neusner, J.From Exegesis to Fable in Rabbinic Traditions about the Pharisees.” Journal of Jewish Studies 4–25 (1974), 263–269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neusner, J.From Politics to Piety: The Emergence of Pharisaic Judaism. New York, 1979Google Scholar
Neusner, J.Ancient Israel after Catastrophe. Charlottesville, 1983Google Scholar
Neusner, J.Israel after Calamity: The Book of Lamentation (Valley Forge, 1995)Google Scholar
Neusner, J. “Josephus' Pharisees: A Complete Repertoire,” Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 274–292. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Neusner, J.The Incarnation of God: The Character of Divinity in Formative Judaism. Philadelphia, 1988Google Scholar
Nickelsburg, G. W. E.Resurrection, Immortality, and Eternal Life in Intertestamental Judaism. Cambridge, 1972Google Scholar
Nickelsburg, G. W. E.Studies on the Testament of Moses. Cambridge, 1973Google Scholar
Nickelsburg, G. W. E.Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah. Philadelphia, 1981Google Scholar
Nickelsburg, G. W. E., and Stone, M. E.Faith and Piety in Early Judaism. Philadelphia, 1983Google Scholar
Nikiprowetzky, V. “La mort d'Eleazar fils de Jaïre et les courants apologétiques dans le De bello judaicode Flavius Josèphe.” In Hommages à André Dupont-Sommer. Ed. Caquot, A. and Philonenko, M., 461–490. Paris, 1971Google Scholar
Nikiprowetzky, V. “Josephus and the Revolutionary Parties.” In Josephus the bible, and history. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G.. Detroit, 1989Google Scholar
Nirenberg, D.Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages. Princeton, 1996Google Scholar
Noble, S. “The Jewish Woman in Medieval Martyrology.” In Studies in Jewish Bibliography History and Literature in Honor of I. Edward Kiev. Ed. Berlin, C., 347–355. New York, 1971Google Scholar
Novak, D. “Mitsvah.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 115–126. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Oesterley W. O. E., and Box, G. H. “I Maccabees, Sirach.” In The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Ed. Charles, R. H., 1:59–124. Oxford, 1913Google Scholar
O'Hagan, A.The Martyr in the Fourth Book of Maccabees.” Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber Annuus 24 (1974), 94–120Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, A.Oral Law in the Books of Maccabees.” Immanuel 6 (1976), 34–42Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, A. “The Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom in the Wake of Bar Kokhba's Rebellion” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 85–97. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Oron, M.Parallel Versions of the Story of the Ten Martyrs and of the Book of Hekhalot Rabbti” (Hebrew). Eshel be'er Sheva 2 (1980), 81–95Google Scholar
Ostrogorsky, G.History of the Byzantine Sate. Tr. J. M. Hussey. New Brunswick, 1969Google Scholar
Parkes, J.The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue: A Study in the Origins of Antisemitism. London, 1934Google Scholar
Parkes, J.The Jew in the Medieval Community: A Study of His Political and Economic Stiutation. London, 1938Google Scholar
Paxton, F. S.Christianizing Death: The Creation of a Ritual Process in Early Medieval Europe. Ithaca and London, 1990Google Scholar
Peers, A. E.Ramon Lull, A Biography. London, 1929Google Scholar
Perowne, S.The Life and Times of of Herod's the Great. London, 1956Google Scholar
Perowne, S.The Later Herods. London, 1958Google Scholar
Peters, E.Christian Society and the Crusades. Philadelphia, 1971Google Scholar
Peters, E., Ed. Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe: Documents in Translation. Philadelphia, 1980CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, E., Ed. and Tr. The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and other Source Materials. Philadelphia, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petroff, E. A.Medieval Women's Visionary Literature. New York, Oxford, 1986Google Scholar
Pfeifer, R. H.History of New Testament Times with an Introduction to the Apocrypha. New York, 1941Google Scholar
Porteous, N. W.Daniel: A Commentary. Philadelphia, 1965Google Scholar
Prawer, A. J. “The Autobiography of Obadyah the Norman: A Convert to Judaism at the Time of the First Crusade.” In Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature. Ed. Twersky, I., 110–132. Cambridge, 1979Google Scholar
Prawer, A. J.The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Oxford, 1988Google Scholar
Pritz, R. A.Nazarene Jewish Christianity: From the End of the New Testament Period until Its Disappearance in the Fourth Century. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Rabello, A. M. “The Edicts on Circumcision as a Factor in the Bar Kochva Revolt.” In The Bar-Kokhva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 27–46. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, M. Z.Ginzei Midrash (Hebrew). Tel Aviv, 1976Google Scholar
Rajak, T.The Jewish Dialogue with Greek and Rome: Studies in Cultural and Social Interaction. Leiden, Boston, Köln, 2001Google Scholar
Rajak, T. “Greeks and Barbarians in Josephus.” In Hellenism in the Land of Israel. Ed. Collins, J. J. and Sterling, G. E., 246–262. Indiana, 2001Google Scholar
Rappaport, U.Relationships between Jews and Non-Jews in the Land of Israel and the Great Revolt Against Rome.” Tarbiz 47 (1978), 1–14Google Scholar
Rappaport, U. “Comments on the Period of Antiochus' Decrees with Relation to the Book of Daniel” (Hebrew). In The Seleucid Period in the Land of Israel. Ed. Bar Kochva, B., 65–83. Tel Aviv, 1980Google Scholar
Rauch, J. “Apocalypse in the Bible.” In Journal of Jewish Lore and Philosophy. Ed. D. Neumark. 1919
Rhoads, D. M.Israel in Revolution: 6–74 C.E. A Political History Based on the Writings of Josephus. Philadelphia, 1976Google Scholar
Riddle, D.The Martyrs: A Study in Social Control. Chicago, 1931Google Scholar
Riley-Smith, J.Crusading as an Act of Love.” History vol. 65 (n. 214) (June 1980), 177–192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley-Smith, J.An Approach to Crusading Ethics.” Reading Medieval Studies 6 (1980), 3–19Google Scholar
Riley-Smith, J.The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia, 1986Google Scholar
Riley-Smith, J. “Christian Violence and the Crusades.” In Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Ed. Abulafia, A. S., 3–20. New York, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley-Smith, L., and Riley-Smith, J. S. C.The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274. London, 1981Google Scholar
Rives, J. B.Religion and Authority in Roman Carthage from Augustus to Constantine. Oxford, 1995Google Scholar
Robert, L.Epigrammes d'Aphrodisias.” Hellenica 4 (1984), 127–135Google Scholar
Robert, L. Le Martyre de Pionios, Prêtre de Smyrne. Ed. Bowersock, G. W. and Jones, C. P., 105–111, Washington, DC, 1994Google Scholar
Robertson, D.The Medieval Saints' Lives: Spiritual Renewal and Older French Literature. Lexington, 1995Google Scholar
Roos, L. “‘God Wants It!’: The Ideology of Martyrdom of the Hebrew Crusade Chronicles and Its Jewish and Christian Background.” Ph.D. dissertation. Uppsala, 2003
Rophe, A.The Prophetical Stories (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1982Google Scholar
Rose, J. H. “Suicide.” In Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Ed. Hastings, J., 12:21–24. New York, 1925Google Scholar
Roskies, D. G.The Literature of Destruction: Jewish Responses to Catastrophe. Philadelphia, New York, Jerusalem, 1988Google Scholar
Rosner, F.Suicide in Biblical, Talmudic, and Rabbinic Writings.” Tradition: A Jurnal of Ortodox Thought, 11:3, 1970–1971
Ross, S. A. “Embodiment and Incarnation: A Response to Elliot Wolfson.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 262–268. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Rost, L.Judaism Outside the Hebrew Canon: An Introduction to the Documents. Tr. D. E. Green. Nashville, 1976Google Scholar
Roth, C.The Feast of Purim and the Origins of the Blood Accusation.” Speculum 4 (1933), 520–526CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, C.History of the Jews in England. Oxford, 1942Google Scholar
Roth, C.A Hebrew Elegy on the Martyrs of Toledo, 1391.” Jewish Quarterly Review 34 (1948), 127–129, 137–141Google Scholar
Roth, C.European Jewry in the Dark Ages: A Revised Picture.” Hebrew Union College Annual 23 (1950–1951), 151–169Google Scholar
Roth, C.The Jews in Medieval Oxford. Oxford, 1951Google Scholar
Roth, C.The History of the Jews of Italy. Philadelphia, 1964Google Scholar
Rowland, C.Radical Christianity: A Reading of Recovery. New York. 1988Google Scholar
Rsahkover, R. “The Christian Doctrine of the Incarnation.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 254–261. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Rubin, M.Gentile Tales: The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews. New Haven and London, 1999Google Scholar
Rubinstein, A.In Praise of the Bạal Shem Tov [Shivhei ha-Besht] (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1991Google Scholar
Runciman, S.A History of the Crusades. 3 vols. Cambridge, 1951–1954Google Scholar
Rushing, A. W. “Individual Behavior and Suicide.” In Suicide. Ed. Gibbs, J. P., 96–112. London, 1968Google Scholar
Russell, J. B.Dissent and Reform in the Early Middle Ages. New York, 1965Google Scholar
Safrai, S.The Pharisees and the Hasidim.” Sidic 10 (1977), 12–16Google Scholar
Safrai, S.Qiddush ha-Shem in the Teachings of the Tannaim” (Hebrew). Zion 44 (1979), 28–42Google Scholar
Safrai, S.Be Shilhe ha-Bayit ha-Sheni uvi-Tekufat ha-Mishnah. Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Safrai, S.The Hasidim and the Men of Deeds” (Hebrew). Zion 50 (1985), 133–154Google Scholar
Salzman, M.The Chronicle of Ahimaatz. Columbia, 1942Google Scholar
Sandmel, S.Judaism and Christian Beginnings. New York, 1978Google Scholar
Sanders, E. P.Paul, the Law, and the Jewish People. Philadelphia, 1983Google Scholar
Sanders, E. P.Judaism: Practice and Belief 63 BCE–66 CE. London and Philadelphia, 1992Google Scholar
Saperstein, M. “A Sermon on the Akeda from the Generation of the Expulsion and its Implication for 1391.” In Exile and Diaspora: Studies in the History of the Jewish People Presented to Professor Haim Beinart. Ed. Mirsky, A.., 103–124. Jerusalem, 1991Google Scholar
Septimus, B. “Narboni and Shem Tov on Martyrdom.” In Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature. Vol. 2. Ed. Twersky, I., 447–455. Cambridge and London, 1984Google Scholar
Schäfer, P. “The Causes of the Bar Kokhba Revolt.” In Studies in Aggadah, Targum and Jewish Liturgy in Memory of Joseph Hinemann. Ed. Petuchowski, J. J. and Fleischer, E., 74–94. Jerusalem, 1981Google Scholar
Schäfer, P.The Ideal of Piety of the Ashkenazi Hasidim and Its Roots in Jewish Tradition.” Jewish History 4 (1990), 199–211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schäfer, P.The History of the Jews in Antiquity: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest. Luxembourg, 1995Google Scholar
Schatkin, M.The Maccabean Martyrs.” Vigilae Christianae 28 (1974), 97–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheiber, A. “The Epistle of Meshullam ben Kalonymus ben Moses the Elder to Constantinople Regarding the Karaties.” Sefer ha-Yovel le -R. Mahler, 19–23. Tel Aviv, 1974Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H. “At the Crossroads: Tannaitic Perspectives on the Jewish–Christian Schism.” In Jewish and Christian Self-definition. Ed. Sanders, E. P., Baumgaten, A. I., and Mendelson, A., 2:115–156. Philadelphia, 1980Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H. “Jewish Sectarianism in Second Temple Times.” In Great Schisms in Jewish History. Ed. Jospe, R. and Wagner, S. M., 1–46. New York, 1981Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H.Who Was a Jew? Rabbinic and Halakhic Perspectives on the Jewish–Christian Schism. New Jersey, 1985Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H. “The Conversion of the Royal House of Adiabene in Josephus and Rabbinic Sources.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 293–312. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H.The Eschatological Community of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Atlanta, 1989Google Scholar
Schiffman, L. H.Law, Custom, and Messianism in the Dead Sead Sect (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1993Google Scholar
Scholem, G.New Examinations of R. Abraham ben Eliezer ha-Levi” (Hebrew). Kiryat Sefer 7 (1931), 152–155Google Scholar
Scholem, G. The Origins of Kabbalah. 1948
Scholem, G.Jewish Gnosticisim, Merkabah Mysticism and Talmudic Tradition. New York, 1960Google Scholar
Scholem, G.Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. New York, 1961Google Scholar
Scholem, G.Kabbalah. New York, 1974Google Scholar
Schreckenberg, H. “The Works of Josephus and the Early Christian Church.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 315–324. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Schubert, K.The Dead Sea Community: Its Origin and Teachings. New York, 1959Google Scholar
Schürer, E. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.–A.D. 135), 3 vols. Ed. Vermes, G. and Millar, F.. Edinburgh, 1979Google Scholar
Schwartz, D. “What Should He Answer? And He Should Live by Them” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 69–83. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Schwartz, D. “The Bravery of Masada and the Martyrs of the Holocaust” (Hebrew). In Ets Avot: Qiddush ha-Shem in the Holocaust in Thought, Halakhah, and Agadah. Ed. Schwartz, D., and Hakelman, I., 201–217. Jerusalem, 1993Google Scholar
Schwartz, J. “Judea in the Wake of The Bar Kochva Revolt.” The Bar Kochva Revolt. Ed. Oppenheimer, A. and Rappaport, U., 215–223. Jerusalem, 1984Google Scholar
Schwartz, S.Imperialism And Jewish Society, 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E.Princeton and Oxford, 2001Google Scholar
Schwarzfuchs, S. “France under the Early Capets.” In The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe, 711–1096. Ed. Roth, C., 157–160. Rutgers, 1966Google Scholar
Schwarzfuchs, S. “France and Germany under the Carolingians.” In The Dark Ages: Jews in Christian Europe, 711–1096. Ed. Roth, C., 122–142. Rutgers, 1966Google Scholar
Schwarzfuchs, S. “L'opposition Tsarfat-Provence: la Formation du Judaisme du Nord de la France.” In Hommage à Georges Vajda: Études d'histoire et de pensée juives. Ed. Nahon, G. and Touati, C., 135–150. Louvain, 1980Google Scholar
Schwarzfuchs, S. “The Place of the Crusades in Jewish History” (Hebrew). In Culture and Society in Medieval Jewish History: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson. Ed. Ben-Sasson, M., Bonfil, R., and Hacker, J. R., 251–268. Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
Seeley, D.The Noble Death: Graeco-Roman Martyrology and Paul's Concept of Salvation [Journal for the Study of the New Testament, Supplement Series 28]. Sheffield, 1990Google Scholar
Setton, K. A.History of the Crusades. 5 vols. Madison, 1969–1984Google Scholar
Shahar, S. “The Relationship between Kabbalism and Catharism in the South of France.” In Les Juifs dans l'Histoire de France. Ed. Yardeni, M., 55–62. Leiden, 1980Google Scholar
Shallit, A.Herods The King – The Man and his Deeds (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Sharf, A.Heraclius and Mahomet.” Past & Present 9 (1956), 1–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharf, A.Byzantine Jewry: From Justinian to the Fourth Crusade. New York, 1971Google Scholar
Sharf, A.Shabbettai Donnolo as a Byzantine-Jewish Figure.” Bulletin of the Institute of Jewish Studies 3 (1975), 1–18Google Scholar
Sharf, A.The Universe of Shabbetai Donnolo. Watminster, 1976Google Scholar
Sharf, A.Jews and Other Minorities in Byzantium. Jerusalem, 1995Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J.L' Inquisition et les juifs de Provence au XIIIe siècle.” Provence Historique 23 (1973), 327–338Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J.Les juifs de Provence pendant la pest noire.” Revue des études juives 133.3–4 (July–December, 1974), 457–480Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J. “Jews ‘Separated from the Communion of the Faithful in Christ’ in the Middle Ages.” Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature. Ed. Twersky, I., 307–314. Cambridge and London, 1979Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J.Desecrating the Cross: A Rare Medieval Accusation” (Hebrew). In Studies in the History of the Jewish People and the Land of Israel (1980), 5:159–173Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J. “Paulus Christiani, un aspect de son activité anti-juive.” In Hommage à Georges Vajda: Études d'histoire et de pensée juives. Ed. Nahon, G. and Touati, C., 203–217. Louvain, 1980Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J.Doctors and Medical Practice in Germany around the Year 1200: The Evidence of Sefer Hasidim.” Journal of Jewish Studies 33 (1982), 583–593CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shatzmiller, J.A Provencal Chronography in the Lost Account of Shem Tov Shantzulo” (Hebrew). Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 52 (1985), 43–61Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J. “The Albigensian Heresy as Reflected in the Eyes of Contemporary Jewry” (Hebrew). In Culture and Society in Medieval Jewry: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson. Ed. Ben-Sasson, M., Bonfil, R., and Hacker, J. R., 333–352, Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J.Shylock Reconsidered: Jews, Moneylending, and Medieval Society. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, 1990Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J. La Deuxième Controverse de Paris: Un Chapitre dans la polémique entre Chrétiens et Juifs au Moyen Âge. Ed. Shtzmiller, J., 15–22, Collection de la Revue des études juives. Paris, 1994Google Scholar
Shatzmiller, J. “Jewish Converts to Christianity in Medieval Europe: 1200–1500.” In Cross-Cultural Convergences in the Crusader Period: Essay Presented to Aryeh Grabois on his Sixty-fifth Birthday. Ed. Goodich, M., Menache, S., and Schein, S., 297–318. New York, 1995Google Scholar
Shepkaru, S.From after Death to Afterlife: Martyrdom and Its Recompence.” Association for Jewish Studies Review 24.1 (1999), 1–44Google Scholar
Shepkaru, S.To Die for God: Parallel Images of Martyrs' Afterlife in Hebrew and Latin Crusading Accounts.” Speculum 77:2 (2002), 311–341CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepkaru, S.Death Twice Over: Dualism of Metaphor and Realia in 12th-Century Hebrew Crusading Accounts.” Jewish Quarterly Review 93.1–2 (July–October 2002), 217–256Google Scholar
Sherwin-Whit, N. “Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted? An Amendment.” Studies in Ancient Society. Ed. Finley, M. I., Past and Present Series, 250–255. London and Boston, 1974Google Scholar
Shillat, I.Targum Bilti Yaduah Shel Iggert ha-Shemad la-RMBM.” Sinai 95, 154–164
Shirman, H.Mivhar ha-Shirah ha-Ivrit be-Italyah. Berlin, 1934Google Scholar
Shlusberg, A.Rambam's Approach to Islam.” Peamim 42 (1990), 38–60Google Scholar
Shmeruk, C.Yiddish Literature and Collective Memory: The Case of the Chmielnitzky Massacres” (Hebrew). Zion 53 (1986), 371–389Google Scholar
Shneidman, S. E.Definition of Suicide. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, 1985Google Scholar
Shneidman, S. E.Preventing Suicide.” American Journal of Nursing 65: 5 (1965), 10–15Google ScholarPubMed
Sievers, J. “The Role of Women in the Hasmonean Dynasty.” In Josephus, the Bible, and History. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 132–146. Detroit, 1989Google Scholar
Sievers, J.The Hasmoneans and Their Supporters: From Mattathias to the Death of John Hyrcanus I. Atlanta, 1990Google Scholar
Silving, H. “Suicide and the Law.” Clues to Suicide. Ed. Shneidman, S. and Farberow, L. N., 79–94. New York, 1957Google Scholar
Simon, M.Recherche d'Histoire Judéo-Chrétienne. Paris, 1962Google Scholar
Simon, M.Versu Israel: A Study of the Relations between Christians and Jews in the Roman Empire (135–425). Tr. H. McKeating. Oxford, 1986Google Scholar
Smallwood, E. M.Some Comments on Tacitus Annales XII.” Latomus 18 (1959), 560–567Google Scholar
Smallwood, E. M.The Jews under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian. Leiden, 1976Google Scholar
Smallwood, E. M. “High Priest and Politics in Roman Palestine.” Ha-Mered Ha-Gadol: ha-Sibot veha-Nesibot li-Feritsato. Ed. Kasher, A., 231–253. Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Smallwood, E. M. “Philo and Josephus as Historians of the Same Events.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 114–129. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Smith, M. “Palestinian Judaism in the First Century.” In Israel: Its Role in Civilization. Ed. Davis, M., 75–81. New York, 1956Google Scholar
Smith, M.Palestinian Parties and Politics That Shaped the Old Testament. New York and London, 1971Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H.Three Themes in Sefer Hasidim.” Association for Jewish Studies Review 1 (1976), 325–339Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H.Halakhah, Economy, and Self-Image. Jerusalem, 1985Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H.Religious Law and Change: The Medieval Ashkenazic Example.” In Association for Jewish Studies Review 8:2 (1987), 205–221Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H. “Concerning the Date of Sefer-Hasidim” (Hebrew). In Culture and Society in Medieval Jewry: Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson. Ed. Ben-Sasson, M., Bonfil, R., and Hacker, J. R., 383–388, Jerusalem, 1989Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H.The Use of Responsa as a Historical Source (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1990Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H. “Between Arav and Edom” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 149–152. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Soloveitchik, H.Catastrophe and Halakhic Creativity: Ashkenaz – 1096, 1242, 1306 and 1298.” Jewish History 12:1 (1998), 171–185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Somerville, R.The Councils of Urban II, Vol. 1: Decreta Claromontensia. Amsterdam, 1972Google Scholar
Sonne, , “Nouvel examen des trois rélations hebräiques sur les persécutions de 1096.” Revue des études juives 96 (1933), 137–152Google Scholar
Sonne, . “Which Is the Earlier Account of the Persecutions of 1096?” (Hebrew). Zion 12 (1947–1948), 74–81Google Scholar
Southern, W. R.Saint Anselm and His Biographer. Cambridge, 1963Google Scholar
Spero, S.In Defense of the Defenders of Masada,” Tradition 11 (1970), 31–43Google Scholar
Spiegel, G.History, Historicism, and the Social Logic of the Text in the Middle Ages.” Speculum 65 (1990), 59–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spiegel, S. “From the Legends of the Aqedah” (Hebrew). Sefer ha-Yovel le A. Marx. Ed. Lieberman, S., 471–537. New York, 1950Google Scholar
Spiegel, S. “In Monte Dominus Videbitur: The Martyrs of Blois and the Renewal of the Accusations of Ritual Murder” (Hebrew). In The Mordecai M. Kaplan Jubilee (Hebrew vol.), 267–287. New York, 1953
Spiegel, S.The Last Trial: On the Legends and Lore of the Command to Abraham to Offer Isaac as a Sacrific: The Akedah. Tr. J. Goldin. New York, 1993Google Scholar
Stacey, R.Parliamentary Negotiation and the Expulsion of the Jews from England.” Thirteenth Century England, vol. 6 (Woodbridge, 1997), 77–101Google Scholar
Stanton, G. N. “Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho: Group Boundaries, ‘Proselytes’ and ‘God-Fearers.’ ” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 263–278. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starr, J.Le mouvement messianique au début du VIII siècle.” Revue de études Juives 102 (1937), 81–92Google Scholar
Starr, J.The Jews in the Byzantine Empire. New York, 1939Google Scholar
Stemberger, G. “The Maccabees in Rabbinic Traditions.” In The Scriptures and The Scrolls: Studies in Honour of A. S. Van Der Woude on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Ed. Martinez, F. G., Hilhorst, A., and Labuschagne, C. J., 193–203. Leiden, New York, Köln, 1992CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, M. “The Books of the Maccabees” (Hebrew). In Biblical Encyclopaedia. Vol. 5, 286–303, Jerusalem, 1958
Stern, M. “The Reign of Herod.” The Herodian Period, World History of the Jewish People. Ed. Avi-Yonah, M., 7. Jerusalem, 1975Google Scholar
Stern, M.Herod's Policy and the Jewish Society in the End of the Second Temple.” Tarbiz 35 (1976), 235–253Google Scholar
Stern, M.The Suicide of Eleazar Ben Yaer and His Men in Masada” (Hebrew). Zion 47 (1982), 367–398Google Scholar
Stern, M. “The Status of the Province of Judaea and Its Principates during the Juliu-Claudian Empire.” In Ha-Mered Ha-Gadol: ha-Sibot veha-Nesibot li-Feritsato. Ed. Kasher, A., 93–101. Jerusalem, 1983Google Scholar
Stern, M. “Josephus and the Roman Empire as Reflected in The Jewish War.” In Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 71–80. Detroit, 1987Google Scholar
Stow, R. K, The “1007 Anonymous” and Papal Sovereignty: Jewish Perceptions of the Papacy and Papal Policy in the High Middle Ages. In The Hebrew Union College Annual Supplements 4. Cincinnati, 1984
Stow, R. K. “A Tale of Uncertainties: Converts in the Roman Ghetto.” In Festschrift Shelomo Simonsohn. Ed. Carpi, D.. Tel Aviv, 1992Google Scholar
Stow, R. K.Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe. Cambridge, London, 1994Google Scholar
Stroumsa, G. G. “Tertullian and the Limits of Tolerance.” In Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity. Ed. Stanton, G. N. and Strounsa, G. G., 173–184. Cambridge, 1998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Synan, E. A.The Popes and the Jews in the Middle Ages. New York, London, 1967Google Scholar
Tamar, D.Chapters on the History of the Sages of the Land of Israel and Italy and their Literature” (Hebrew). In Kiryat Sefer 33 (1958), 376–380Google Scholar
Tamar, D.More on the Opinion of Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg on the Issue of Kiddush ha-Shem.” Kiryat Sefer 34 (1959), 376–377Google Scholar
Tamarin, A. H.Revolt in Judea: The Road to Masada. New York, 1968Google Scholar
Ta-Shma, I.Sefer ha-Maskil: An Unknown French Jewish Composition from the End of the Thirteenth Century” (Hebrew). Mehqerei-yerushalayyim be-mahshevet yisrael 2.3 (1982–1983), 416–438Google Scholar
Ta-Shma, I. “The Source and Place of the Prayer ‘aleinu le-shabeah” (Hebrew). In Frank Talmage Memorial Volume. Ed. Walfish, B., 1:85–88 (Hebrew section). Haifa, 1993Google Scholar
Ta-Shma, I. “The Attitude of Medieval German Halakhists to Aggadic Sources” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 150–156. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Taverski, I. “Qiddush ha-Shem and Qiddush ha-Hayyim – Aspects of Holiness in the Teaching of Maimonides” (Hebrew). In Sanctity of Life and Martyrdom. Ed. Gafni, I. M. and Ravitzky, A., 167–190. Jerusalem, 1992Google Scholar
Tcherikover, V.Antiochia in Jerusalem” (Hebrew). Tarbiz, 20 (1949), 61–67Google Scholar
Tcherikover, V.Antiochus' Decrees and Their Problems” (Hebrew). Eshcholot, 1 (1954), 86–109Google Scholar
Tcherikover, V.The Decline of the Jewish Diaspora in Egypt in the Roman Period.” Journal of Jewish Studies 13–15 (1963), 1–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tcherikover, V.Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews. Fifth Printing. Tr. S. Applebaum. New York, 1979Google Scholar
Teixdor, J.The Pagan God. Princeton, 1977Google Scholar
Tellenbach, G.Church State and Christian Society at the Time of the Investiture Contest. Tr. R. F. Bennett. Oxford, 1970Google Scholar
Tellenbach, G.The Church in Western Europe from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century. Tr. T. Reuter. Cambridge, 1993CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Standard Jewish Encyclopedia. 2 vols. (Hebrew Edition). Jerusalem, 1969
Thielman, F.From Plight to Solution: A Jewish Framework for Understanding Paul's View of the Law in Galatians and Romans. Leiden, 1989CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tudor, H.Political Myth. New York, Washington, London, 1972CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urbach, E. E. “Ascesis and Suffering in Talmudic and Midrashic Sources.” Yitzhak F. Baer Jubilee Volume. Ed. Ettinger, S., et al., 48–68. Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Urbach, E. E. “The Tradition of Mysticism in the Period of the Tanni'm” (Hebrew). In Studies in Mysticism and Religion Presented to Gershom G. Scholem on His Seventieth Birthday. Ed. Werblowsky, R. J. Z.., 1–28. Jerusalem, 1967Google Scholar
Urbach, E. E.The Sages, Their Concepts and Beliefs. 2 vols. Tr. I. Abrahams. Jerusalem, 1975Google Scholar
Urbach, E. E.The Tosaphists: Their History, Writings and Methods (Hebrew). 2 vols. Jerusalem, 1986Google Scholar
Horst, P. W.Ancient Jewish Epitaphs: An Introductory Survey of a Millenium of Jewish Funerary Epigraphy (300 BCE–700 CE). Kampen, 1991Google Scholar
Henten, J. W.The Maccabean Martyrs as Saviours of the Jewish People: A Study of 2 and 4 Maccabees. Leiden, New York, Köln, 1997Google Scholar
Van Henten, J. W. “Antiochus IV as a Typhonic Figure in Daniel 7.” In The Book of Daniel in the Light of New Findings. Ed. Woude, A. S., 223–243, Leuven, 1993Google Scholar
Hooff, A. J. L.From Autothanasia to Suicide: Self-Killing in Classical Antiquity. London and New York, 1990CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasiliev, A. A.Byzantium and Islam. Madison, 1928Google Scholar
Vasiliev, A. A.The History of the Byzantine Empire. Madison, 1952Google Scholar
Vermes, G.Scripture and Tradition in Judaism: Haggadic Studies. Leiden, 1983Google Scholar
Versnel, H. S.Two Types of Roman Devotio.” Mnemosyne 29 (1976), 365–410CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Versnel, H. S. “Self-Sacrifice, Compensation and the Anonymous Gods.” In Le sacrifice dans l'antiquité. Ed. Reverdin, O. and Grange, B., 135–194. Genève, 1981Google Scholar
Wakefield, L. W., and Evans, A. P.Heresies of the High Middle Ages. New York, 1991Google Scholar
Wachtel, D. “The Ritual and Liturgical Commemoration of Two Medieval Persecutions.” Master's thesis. Columbia University, 1995
Weiner, E., and Weiner, A.The Martyr's Conviction: A Sociological Analysis. Atlanta, 1990Google Scholar
Weinstein, D., and Bell, R. M.Saints and Society: The Two Worlds of Western Christendom, 1000–1700. Chicago and London, 1982Google Scholar
Weiss, D. H.Biblical History and Medieval Historiography: Rationalizing Strategies in Crusader Art.” Modern Language Notes 108 (1993), 710–737Google Scholar
Wesselius, J. W.Language and Style in Biblical Aramaic: Observations on the Unity of Daniel II-VI.” Vetus Testamentum 38 (1988), 194–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittow, M.The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Los Angeles, 1996CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiesel, E.The Oath. New York, 1973Google Scholar
Williams, D. S.The Structure of 1 Maccabees. Washington, 1999Google Scholar
Williams, G.The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law. New York, 1974Google Scholar
Williams, J.The Will to Believe. “Is Life Worth Living?”New York, 1927Google Scholar
Wills, L. M.The Jew in the Court of the Foreign King: Ancient Jewish Court Legends (Harvard Dissertations in Religion 26; Minneapolis, 1990)Google Scholar
Wilson, E.On Human Nature. Cambridge and London, 1975Google Scholar
Wilson, K. M.The Dramas of Hrotsvit of Gandersheim. Saskatoon, 1985Google Scholar
Wilson, S., Ed. Saints and Their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Folklore and History. Cambridge, 1983Google Scholar
Wolf, K. B.Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain. Cambridge, 1988Google Scholar
Wolfson, R. E.The Theosophy of Shabbetai Donnolo, with Special Emphasis on the Doctrine of Sefirot in His Sefer Hakhmoni. Jewish History 6:1–2 (1992), 281–316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfson, R. E.Through a Speculum That Shines: Vision and Imagination in Medieval Jewish Mysticism. Princeton, 1994Google Scholar
Wolfson, R. E. “Judaism and Incarnation: The Imaginal Body of God.” In Christianity in Jewish Terms. Ed. Frymer-Kensky, T.., 239–254. Colorado and Oxford, 2000Google Scholar
Wolfson, R. E. “Martyrdom, Eroticism, and Asceticism in Twelfth-Century Ashkenazi Piety.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Signer, M. A. and Engen, J., 171–220. Indiana, 2001Google Scholar
Yadin, Y.Masada. Tel Aviv, 1966Google Scholar
Yassif, E.Folktales in Megillat Ahimaatz” (Hebrew). Mekharim Yerushalayyim be-sifruth ivrit 4 (1984), 18–42Google Scholar
Yassif, E.The Hebrew Narrative Anthology in the Middle Ages.” Prooftexts 17 (1997), 153–175Google Scholar
Yerushalmi, Y. H.Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory. Seattle and London, 1982Google Scholar
Young, R. D. “The ‘Woman with the Soul of Abraham’: Traditions about the Mother of the Maccabean Martyrs.” In ‘Women Like This’: New Perspectives on Jewish Women in the Greco-Roman World. Ed. Levine, A.-J., 67–81. Atlanta, 1991Google Scholar
Yuval, I. J.Vengeance and Damnation, Blood and Defamation: From Jewish Martyrdom to Blood Libel Accusations” (Hebrew). Zion 58 (1993), 33–90Google Scholar
Yuval, I. J. “The Language and Symbols of the Hebrew Chronicles of the Crusades” (Hebrew). In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 101–117. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Yuval, I. J.“Two Nations in Your Womb”: Perceptions of Jews and Christians (Hebrew). Tel Aviv, 2000Google Scholar
Yuval, I. J. “ ‘They Tell Lies: You Ate the Man’: Jewish Reaction to Ritual Murder Accusations.” In Religious Violence between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Ed. Abulafia, A. S., 86–106. New York, 2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zambelli, M. “La composizione del secondo libro di Maccabei e la nuova cronologia di Antioco IV Epifane,” Miscellanea greca e romana (Studi pubblicati dall'Istituto italiano per la storia antica 16, Rome, 1965), 195–299
Zeitlin, S.Josephus on Jesus: With Particular Reference to the Slavonic Josephus and the Hebrew Josippon. Philadelphia, 1931Google Scholar
Zeitlin, S.The Book of Jubilees, Its Character and Its Significance. Philadelphia, 1939Google Scholar
Zeitlin, S.The Legend of the Ten Martyrs and Its Apocalyptic Origins.” Jewish Quarterly Review 36 (1945–1946), 1–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeitlin, S.The Names Hebrew, Jew and Israel: A Historical Study,” Jewish Quarterly Review 43 (1952–1953), 369–379Google Scholar
Zeitlin, S.Masada and the Sicarii: The Occupants of Masada.” Jewish Quarterly Review 55 (1965), 314–317Google Scholar
Zetnick, K.The Clock Overhead (Hebrew). Jerusalem, 1960Google Scholar
Ziegler, P.The Black Death. New York, 1969Google Scholar
Ziesler, A. J. “Luke and the Pharisees.” In Nusner, J., From Politics to Piety: The Emergence of Pharisaic Judaism, 161–172. New York, 1979Google Scholar
Zimmer, E. “The Persecutions of 1096 as Reflected in Medieval and Modern Minhag Books.” In Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Ed. Assis, Y. T.., 157–170. Jerusalem, 2000Google Scholar
Zimmerman, F.The Aramaic Origin of Daniel 8–12.” Journal of Biblical Literature 57 (1938), 255–272CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziolkowski, J. M. “Put in No-Man's-Land: Guibert of Nogent's Accusations against a Judaizing and Jew-Supporting Christian.” In Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe. Ed. Signer, M. A. and Engen, J., 110–122. Indiana, 2001Google Scholar
Zuckerman, A. J.The Nasi of Frankland in the Ninth Century and Colaphus Judaeorum in Toulouse.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 33 (1965), 51–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Shmuel Shepkaru, University of Oklahoma
  • Book: Jewish Martyrs in the Pagan and Christian Worlds
  • Online publication: 17 July 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499111.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Shmuel Shepkaru, University of Oklahoma
  • Book: Jewish Martyrs in the Pagan and Christian Worlds
  • Online publication: 17 July 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499111.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Shmuel Shepkaru, University of Oklahoma
  • Book: Jewish Martyrs in the Pagan and Christian Worlds
  • Online publication: 17 July 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499111.014
Available formats
×