CD: Let's start at the very beginning with some sense of where you came from. Could you say something about your family background?

JA: It's not a musical one, in the sense that there are no professional musicians in the family now, and there never were that I know of, but there's a lot of good amateur music in the family. My father was a microbiologist, but he was very musical. He played the violin well enough to be able to play the Mendelssohn and the Bruch Concertos to a pretty good standard, so he was a talented violinist. I don't know if he ever could have been a pro, but he was a very gifted amateur. He was a literate music lover, whose tastes did not go beyond about The Rite of Spring and The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, but the standard repertoire he knew very well.

His microbiological activity interests me a lot. It's rather relevant now, because he discovered the mechanism by which bacteria spread resistance to antibiotics among themselves, a technique he termed ‘transferable resistance’. The important factor is that bacteria who have never encountered the antibiotic, with the help of this mechanism, can already be resistant to it. That's what they couldn't understand: how the bacterial resistance was spreading so quickly. This was a problem in farming originally, in the late ‘50s, early ‘60s, but it soon became a problem in the human use of such drugs. My father was very important in raising significant public awareness of the dangers of overusing antibiotics.