In Chapter 8, it was noted that the student's thoughts on the project outcome should begin even whilst information is still being collected. This process is likely to start with the compilation of a basic annotated bibliography, which may itself commence as soon as the learner has located a source which meets the evaluative criteria they have chosen to apply. This chapter will deal with the nature of annotated bibliographies and offer suggestions on how they may be constructed. Many assignments set in university courses demand the compilation of an annotated bibliography, with the document forming the outcome of a systematic literature search. In independent learning projects in schools, however, the annotated bibliography is usually intended merely as one stage within an ongoing study. I will also consider the value of students’ drafting early essay plans, the educator offering insights into the characteristics of an effective outcome and use of an exemplar to model what may be considered an ‘ideal’ end product.

Annotated bibliographies

Educators may want to encourage their students to aim towards the collection of a minimum number of useful sources in the first instance. In my EPQ role, I suggest that learners initially set their sights on locating 12. This forms a realistic target for the students; it is not a daunting figure and working to it should give them exposure to a sufficiently wide range of issues and commentator viewpoints. Beyond the EPQ, the number recommended will differ according to the scale and complexity of the study. The rigorous application of the assessment criteria found in any of the frameworks discussed in Chapter 7 should enable the young person to be confident that items which have been retained are of sufficient authority, calibre and relevance to their research question to make a significant contribution to the project.

Students may be asked to record in an annotated bibliography the details of each source that has been accepted after the appraisal process. An annotated bibliography differs from a conventional essay bibliography. The latter is found at the end of the product but still forms an integral part of it. Unless the assignment includes appendices, the essay bibliography is likely to be the last section of the work. The items should be ordered alphabetically by author surname.