Chapter 3 presents findings from an experiment that helps to distinguish between ethnic and religious preferences at the individual level. The experimental treatments evoked either the ethno-linguistic or the religious identity of over 1,300 respondents in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, using radio reports created solely for the purpose of this study. The data suggests that individuals in ethnic contexts favor a candidate who prioritizes local development, they prefer to live in a wealthy community in greater numbers than their counterparts, and they are more willing to engage in corruption if it means a material advantage for their family. Otherwise identical individuals placed in a religious context favor moral probity and behavioral rules without regard for geographically local advantages: they prefer a candidate that fights moral decay, they are relatively more likely to prefer living in a community with strong moral values, and they are less likely to accept corruption. I link these findings to the land-based nature of ethnic groups and the rule-based nature of religion in the region. The chapter also provides novel evidence to elucidate the mechanism behind those findings.