Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-vpsfw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T00:30:41.107Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 2 - Elbow

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2016

Anna L. Waterbrook
Affiliation:
University of Arizona
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Sports Medicine for the Emergency Physician
A Practical Handbook
, pp. 57 - 103
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Recommended Readings

Arundel, D, Williams, P, Townend, W. Deriving the east riding elbow rule (ER2): A maximally sensitive decision tool for elbow injury. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2014; 31(5): 380383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eiff, M, Hatch, R. Fracture Management for Primary Care. Saunders-Elsevier. Philadelphia. 2012.Google Scholar
Ladenhauf, HN, Schaffert, M, Bauer, J. The displaced supracondylar humerus fracture: Indications for surgery and surgical options, a 2014 update. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2014; 26(1): 6469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeLee, JC, Drez, D, Miller, MD. Delee and Drez’s Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, 3rd Edition. Saunders-Elsevier. Philadelphia. 2010.Google Scholar
Sears, BW, Spear, LM. Evaluation and management of adult elbow dislocations in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine. 2014; 4(2): 175.Google Scholar

References

Sheehan, SE, Dyer, GS, Sodickson, AD, Ketankumar, IP, Khurana, B. Traumatic elbow injuries: What the orthopedic surgeon wants to know. Radiographics. 2013; 33(3): 869889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freed, HA, Shields, NN. Most frequently overlooked radiographically apparent fractures in a teaching hospital emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1984; 13(10): 900904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrast, MA, Finnoff, JT. Elbow and forearm. In Sports Medicine Study Guide and Review for Boards. Demos Medical. New York. 2012; 245.Google Scholar
Beals, RK. The normal carrying angle of the elbow: A radiographic study of 422 patients. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1976; 119: 194196.Google Scholar
Hoppenfeld, S. Physical Examination of the Spine and Extremities. Prentice-Hall. Upper Saddle River. 1976; 37.Google Scholar
Tullos, HS, Erwin, W, Woods, GW, et al.. Unusual lesions of the throwing arm. Clinical Orthopaedics. 1972; 88: 169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Driscoll, SW, Goncalves, LB, Dietz, P. The hook test for distal biceps tendon avulsion. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2007; 35(11): 18651869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Driscoll, SW, Lawton, RL, Smith, AM. The “moving valgus stress test” for medial collateral ligament tears of the elbow. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2005; 33(2): 231239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Josefsson, PO, Nilsson, BE. Incidence of elbow dislocation. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1986; 57(6): 537538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, MS, Hastings, H. Acute elbow dislocation: Evaluation and management. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 1998; 6: 1523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konya, MN, Aslan, A, Sofu, H, Yildirim, . Biepicondylar fracture dislocation of the elbow joint concomitant with ulnar nerve injury. World Journal of Orthopedics. 2013; 4(2): 9497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stoneback, JW, Owens, BD, Sykes, J, Athwal, GS, Pointer, L, Wolf, JM. Incidence of elbow dislocations in the United States population. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2012; 94(3): 240245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linscheid, Rl, Wheeler, DK. Elbow dislocations. JAMA. 1965; 194: 11711176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bracker, MD, Achar, SA, Pana, AL, Taylor, KS. Elbow dislocations. The 5-Minute Sports Medicine Consult, 2nd Edition. Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. Philadelphia. 2011.Google Scholar
Miller, M, Hart, J, MacKnight, J. Elbow dislocations. In Essential Orthopaedics. Saunders-Elsevier. Philadelphia. 2010; 258.Google Scholar
Sparks, SR, De La Rosa, J, Bergan, JJ, Hoyt, DB, Owens, EL. Arterial injury in uncomplicated upper extremity dislocations. Annals of Vascular Surgery. 2000; 14: 110113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanley, D, Trail, IA. Elbow dislocations. In Operative Elbow Surgery. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Philadelphia. 2012; 361.Google Scholar
Marcheix, B, Chaufour, X, Ayel, J, Hollington, L, Mansat, P, Barret, A, Bossavy, JP. Transection of the brachial artery after closed posterior elbow dislocation. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2005; 42(6): 12301232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolfson, AB, Hendey, GW, Harwood-Nuss, A, et al.. Harwood-Nuss’ Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine, 5th Edition. Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. Philadelphia. 2010: 270.Google Scholar
O’Driscoll, SW. Classification and evaluation of recurrent instability of the elbow. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2000; 370: 3443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, K, Cannada, LK, Archer, KR, Dean, DB, Lee, S, Obremskey, W. Incidence and risks factors of heterotopic ossification following major elbow trauma. Orthopaedics. 2012; 35(6): e815e822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baird, EO, Kang, QK. Prophylaxis of heterotopic ossification: An updated review. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2009; 4(12): 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korus, L, Morhart, M, Jarman, A, Olson, J. Median nerve reconstruction after entrapment in the elbow. Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2009; 17(4): 130132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehta, JA, Bain, GI. Elbow dislocations in adults and children. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2004; 23(4): 609627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schunk, JF. Radial head subluxation: Epidemiology and treatment of 87 episodes. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1990; 19(9): 10191023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macias, CG, Bothner, J, Wiebe, R. A comparison of supination/flexion to hyperpronation in the reduction of radial head subluxations. Pediatrics. 1998; 102(1): e10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaider, JJ, Barkin, RM, Hayden, SR, Wolfe, RE, Barkin, AZ, Shayne, P, Rosen, P. Rosen and Barkin’s 5-Minute Emergency Medicine Consult, 5th Edition. Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. Philadelphia. 2011.Google Scholar
Kaplan, RE, Lillis, KA. Recurrent nursemaid’s elbow (annular ligament displacement) treatment via telephone. Pediatrics. 2002; 110(1): 171174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Illingworth, DM. Pulled elbow: A study of 100 patients. British Medical Journal. 1975; 2: 672675.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roidis, NT, Papadakis, SA, Rigopoulos, N, Basdekis, G, Poultsides, L, Karachalios, T, Malizos, K, Itamura, J. Current concepts and controversies in the management of radial head fractures. Orthopedics. 2006; 29(10): 904916.Google ScholarPubMed
Calfee, R, Madom, I, Weiss, APC. Radial head arthroplasty. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2006; 31(2): 314321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papageorgiou, TG, Panos, NE, Gigis, IP, Samoladas, EP, Beslikas, TA, Christoforidis, IE. Treatment of a late presenting displaced radial neck fracture in a 10 years-old girl. Journal of Medical Cases. 2011; 2(6): 252254.Google Scholar
Darracq, MA, Vinson, DR, Panacek, EA. Preservation of active range of motion after acute elbow trauma predicts absence of elbow fracture. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2008; 26(7): 779782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arundel, D, Williams, P, Townend, W. Deriving the east riding elbow rule (ER2): A maximally sensitive decision tool for elbow injury. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2014; 31(5): 380383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iannuzzi, NP, Leopold, SS. In brief: The mason classification of radial head fractures. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2012; 470(6): 17991802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chalidis, BE, Papadopoulos, PP, Sachinis, NC, Dimitriou, CG. Aspiration alone versus aspiration and bupivacaine in the treatment of undisplaced radial head fractures: A prospective randomized study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2009; 18(5): 676679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammacher, ER, van der Werken, C. Radial head fracture: Operative or conservative treatment? The Greek temple model. Acta Orthopaedica. 1996; 62(Suppl. 1): 112115.Google ScholarPubMed
Guido, Z, Galli, S, Marchese, M, Mascio, L, Pazzagliz, UE. The surgical treatment of isolated Mason type 2 fractures of the radial head in adults: Comparison between radial head resection and open reduction and internal fixation. Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2012; 26(4): 229235.Google Scholar
Janssen, RP, Vegter, J. Resection of the radial head after Mason type-III fractures of the elbow: Follow-up at 16 to 30 years. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 1998; 80: 231233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hotchkiss, RN, Green, DP. Fractures and dislocations of the elbow. In Rockwood and Green’s Fractures in Adults, 3rd Edition. Lippincott-Raven. Philadelphia. 1991: 805825.Google Scholar
Pappas, N, Bernstein, J. Fractures in brief: Radial head fractures. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2010; 468(3): 914916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omid, R, Choi, PD, Skaggs, DL. Supracondylar humeral fractures in children. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2008; 90(5): 11211132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eiff, M, Hatch, R. Elbow fractures. In Fracture Management for Primary Care. Saunders-Elsevier. Philadelphia. 2012; 130153.Google Scholar
The treatment of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures: evidence-based guideline and evidence report. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2011; 1-249. Available at: www.aaos.org/research/guidelines/SupracondylarFracture/SupConFullGuideline.pdf.Google Scholar
DeLee, JC, Drez, D, Miller, MD. Delee and Drez’s Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, 3rd Edition. Saunders-Elsevier. Philadelphia. 2010.Google Scholar
Baldo, J. The Monteggia lesion. Clinical Orthopaedics. 1967; 50: 7176.Google Scholar
Perron, AD, Hersh, RE, Brady, WJ, et al.. Orthopaedic pitfalls in the ED: Galeazzi and Monteggia fracture-dislocation. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001; 19(3): 225228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ring, D, Jupiter, J, Waters, P. Monteggia fractures in children and adults. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery. 1998; 6: 215224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chhabra, AB. ORIF forearm fractures. In Sports Medicine Conditions: Return to Play: Recognition, Treatment, and Planning. Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. Philadelphia. 2014.Google Scholar
Eathiraju, S, Dorth, D, Mudgal, C, Jupiter, J. Monteggia fracture-dislocations. Hand Clinics. 2007; 23(2): 165177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edmonds, EW, Polousky, J. A review of knowledge in osteochondritis dissecans: 123 years of minimal evolution from Konig to the ROCK Study Group. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2013; 471: 11181126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, MS, Bruno, RJ. The collateral ligaments of the elbow anatomy and clinical correlation. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001; 383: 123130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reichel, LM, Milam, GS, et al.. Elbow lateral collateral ligament injuries. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2013; 38: 184201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, JR, Andrews, JR. Ulnar collateral ligament injuries in the throwing athlete. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2014; 22: 315325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langer, P, Fadale, P, Hulstyn, M. Evolution of the treatment options of ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the elbow. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2006; 40: 499506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutton, KM, Dodds, SD, Ahmad, CS, Sethi, PM. Surgical treatment of distal biceps rupture. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2010; 18: 139148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El Maraghy, A, Devereaux, M, Tsoi, K. The biceps crease interval for diagnosing complete distal biceps tendon ruptures. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2008; 466(9): 22552262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauman, GI. Rupture of the biceps tendon. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 1934; 16: 966967.Google Scholar
Ramsey, ML. Distal biceps tendon injuries: Diagnosis and management. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 1999; 7(3): 199207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Safran, MR, Graham, SM. Distal biceps tendon ruptures: Incidence, demographics, and the effect of smoking. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002; 404: 275283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, HG. Traumatic avulsion of tendon of insertion of biceps brachii. American Journal of Surgery. 1951; 82: 290292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Virk, MS, DiVenere, J, Mazzocca, AD. Distal biceps tendon injuries: Treatment of partial and complete tears. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine. In press.Google Scholar
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Biceps tendon tear at the elbow. OrthoInfo. 2009. Available at: orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00376.Google Scholar
Morrey, BF, Askew, LJ, An, KN, Dobyns, JH. Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii: A biomechanical study. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 1985; 67: 418421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, BE, Bierwagen, D. Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii: Operative versus non-operative treatment. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 1985; 67: 414417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klonz, A, Loitz, D, Wohler, P, Reilmann, H. Rupture of the distal biceps brachii tendon: Isokinetic power analysis and complications after anatomic reinsertion compared with fixation of the brachialis muscle. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2003; 12: 607611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, EW, Morrey, NF, O’Driscoll, SW. Complications of repair of the distal biceps tendon with the modified two-incision technique. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2000; 82A: 15751581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, RA, Nydick, JA, Stein, MI, Williams, BD, Polikandrioitis, JA, Hess, AV. Complications following distal biceps repair. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2012; 37(10): 21122117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bach, BR, Warren, RF, Wickiewicz, . Triceps rupture: A case report and literature review. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1987; 15: 285289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kokkalis, ZT, Mavrogenis, AF, Spyridonos, S, Papagelopoulos, PJ, Weiser, RW, Sotereanos, DG. Triceps brachii distal tendon reattachment with a double row technique. Orthopedics. 2013; 36(2): 110116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeh, PC, Dodds, SD, Smart, LR, Mazzocca, AD, Sethi, PM. Distal triceps rupture. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery. 2010; 18(1): 3140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sollender, JL, Rayan, GM, Barden, GA. Triceps tendon rupture in weight lifters. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 1998; 7: 151153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherman, OH, Snyder, SJ, Fox, JM. Triceps tendon avulsion in a professional body builder: A case report. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1984; 12: 328329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mair, SD, Isbell, WM, Gill, TJ, et al.. Triceps tendon ruptures in professional football players. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004; 32: 431434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slocum, DB. Classification of elbow injuries from baseball pitching. Journal of Texas Medicine. 1968; 64: 4853.Google ScholarPubMed
Match, RM, Corrylos, EV. Bilateral avulsion fracture of the triceps tendon insertion from skiing with osteogenesis imperfect tarda: A case report. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1983; 11: 99102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, FS, Adicoff, A. Hyperparathyroidism with avulsion at three major tendons. New England Journal of Medicine. 1961; 266: 968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrar, EL, Lipper, FG. Avulsion of the triceps tendon. Clinical Orthopaedics. 1981; 161: 242246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stannard, JP, Bucknell, AL. Rupture of the triceps tendon associated with steroid injections. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1993; 21: 482485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strauch, RJ, Rosenwasser, MP. Single incision repair of distal biceps tendon rupture. Techniques in Hand and Upper Extremity Surgery. 1998; 2: 253261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Riet, RP, Morrey, BF, Ho, E, O’Driscoll, SW. Surgical treatment of distal triceps ruptures. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2003; 85: 19611967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pantazopoulos, T, Exarchou, E, Stavrou, Z, Hartofilakidis-Garofalidis, G. Avulsion of the triceps tendon. Journal of Trauma. 1975; 15: 827829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarsney, FF. Rupture and avulsion of the triceps. Clinical Orthopedics of North America. 1972; 83: 177183.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldman, L, Schafer, A. Goldman’s Cecil Medicine, 24th Edition. Philadelphia. 2012; 16761681.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Z, Siddiqui, N, et al.. Lateral epicondylitis: A review of pathology and management. Bone and Joint Journal. 2013; 95B: 11581164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shin, R, Ring, D. The ulnar nerve in elbow trauma. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2007; 89(5): 11081116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rishi, G, Adamson, G, et al.. A prospective randomized study comparing a forearm strap brace versus a wrist splint for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2010; 19: 508512.Google Scholar
Coombes, BK, Bisset, L, et al.. Effect of corticosteroid injection, physiotherapy, or both on clinical outcomes in patients with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2013; 309(5): 461469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahmad, Z, Brooks, R, Kang, SN, et al.. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on clinical outcomes in lateral epicondylitis. Arthroscopy. 2013; 29(11): 18511862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabago, D, Best, TM, Zgierska, AE, et al.. A systematic review of four injection therapies for lateral epicondylosis: Prolotherapy, polidocanol, whole blood and platelet-rich plasma. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009; 43(7):471-481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calfee, RP, Patel, A, et al.. Management of lateral epicondylitis: Current concepts. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2008; 16(1): 1929.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bozentka, DJ. Cubital tunnel syndrome pathophysiology. Current Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1998; 351: 9094.Google Scholar
Aoki, M, Takasaki, H, Muraki, T, et al.. Strain on the ulnar nerve at the elbow and wrist during throwing motion. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2005; 87(11): 25082514.Google ScholarPubMed
Buehler, MJ, Thayer, DT. The elbow flexion test: A clinical test for the cubital tunnel syndrome. Clinical Orthopaedics. 1988; 233: 213216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrey, BF. The Elbow and Its Disorders. WB Saunders. Philadelphia. 1985; 497501.Google Scholar
Beekman, R, Schreuder, AH, Rozeman, CA, Koehler, PJ, Uitdehaag, BM. The diagnostic value of provocative clinical tests in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow is marginal. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2009; 80(12): 1369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, CJ, Mackinnon-Patterson, B, Beck, JL, et al.. Scratch collapse test for evaluation of carpal and cubital tunnel syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2008; 33: 15181524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szabo, RM, Kwak, C. Natural history and conservative management of cubital tunnel syndrome. Hand Clinics. 2007; 23: 311318, v-vi.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keefe, DT, Lintner, DM. Nerve injuries in the throwing elbow. Clinical Sports Medicine. 2004; 23: 723742, xi.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charles, YP, Coulet, B, Rouzaud, JC, et al.. Comparative clinical outcomes of submuscular and subcutaneous transposition of the ulnar nerve for cubital tunnel syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2009; 34: 866874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stål, M, Hagert, C, Moritz, U. Upper extremity nerve involvement in Swedish female machine milkers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1998; 33(6): 551559.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, NF, Ming, NL. Persistent median artery as a cause of pronator syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery. 1988; 13(5): 728732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartz, CR, Linscheid, RL, Gramse, RR, Daube, JR. The pronator teres syndrome: Compressive neuropathy of the median nerve. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 1981; 63(6): 885890.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klauser, As, Tagliafico, A, Allen, GM, et al.. Clinical indications for musculoskeletal ultrasound: A delphi-based consensus paper of the European society of musculoskeletal radiology. European Radiology. 2012; 22(5): 11401148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, RK, Spinner, M, Shrewsbury, MM. Median nerve entrapment syndrome in the proximal forearm. Journal of Hand Surgery. 1979; 4(1): 4851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dang, AC, Rodner, CM. Unusual compression neuropathies of the forearm, part II: Median nerve. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2009; 34(10): 19151920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumbach, SF, Lobo, CM, et al.. Prepatellar and olecranon bursitis: Literature review and development of a treatment algorithm. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2014; 134: 359370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abzug, JM, Chen, NC, Jacoby, SM. Septic olecranon bursitis. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2012; 37A; 12521253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pineda, C, Vargas, A, Rodriquez, AV. Imaging of osteomyelitis: Current concepts. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 2006; 20(4): 789825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maxwell, DM. Nonseptic olecranon bursitis management. Canadian Family Physician. 2011; 57: 21.Google ScholarPubMed
Herrera, FA, Meals, RA. Chronic olecranon bursitis. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2011; 36A: 708709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, J, Schaefer, E, Gallo, RA. Indicators for detection of septic arthritis in the acutely swollen joint cohort of those without joint prostheses. Orthopedics. 2014; 37(2): 98102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehta, P, Schnall, SB, Zalavras, CG. Septic arthritis of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2006; 451: 4245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, CR, Schuur, JD, Everett, WW, Pines, JM. Evidence-based diagnostics: Adult septic arthritis. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2011; 18(8): 781796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muñoz-Egea, MC, Blanco, A, Fernández-Roblas, R, et al.. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with septic arthritis: A hospital-based study. Journal of Orthopaedics. 2014; 11(2): 8790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trampuz, A, Zimmerli, W. Diagnosis and treatment of implant-associated septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. Current Infectious Disease Reports. 2008; 10(5): 394403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowakim, J, Marti, R, Curto, A. Elbow septic arthritis in children: Clinical presentation and management. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 2010; 19(3): 281284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×